Improvement Plans of Accounting in Korean Casinos: Focus on Promotional Activity Expenses

Jae-Woo Kwak(곽재우),Myeong-Jun Park(박명준) 융복합지식학회 2021 융복합지식학회논문지 Vol.9 No.4

본 연구는 카지노 산업의 활성화를 위한 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 주요 국가의 카지노 프로모션 회계의 사례에 대한 검토를 통하여 프로모션 활동과 관련된 비용을 중심으로 국내의 카지노 회계의 문제점과 이슈들을 검토하고, 이에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이에 대한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 카지노 마케팅 활동으로 제공되는 프로모션 쿠폰 및 칩스를 고객이 제출하면 수입금액에 포함하는 동시에 동일금액을 총지급 금액에 포함함으로써 총매출액에 영향을 미치지 못 하게 하는 방안을 제시하였다. 둘째, 프로모션 칩스 및 쿠폰에 해당하는 금액을 총매출액에 포함시키고, 고객이 승리하는 경우 해당 금액을 총매출액에서 차감하는 방안을 제시하였다. 셋째, 고객으로부터 수입한 총수입 중에서 프로모션 칩스 및 쿠폰에 해당하는 금액은 포함하지 않고, 고객이 승리하였을 때 지급하는 금액을 총지불금에 포함하는 방안을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the problems and issues of casino accounting in Korea forced on the expenses related to promotional activities through reviewing cases of casino promotional accounting in other major countries and tried to suggest improvement plans for casino accounting in Korea. The results of this study are as follows. First, we suggested that the promotional coupons and chips provided by casino marketing activities should be included in the amount of income when the customer drops it, and at the same time include the same amount in the total payment amount so as not to affect the total sales amount. Second, we included the number of promotional chips and coupons in total sales, and suggested that if the customer wins, the amount would be subtracted from total sales. Third, we proposed to include the amount of money to be paid when the customer wins, not including the amount corresponding to the promoted chips and coupon, from the total income collected from the customer.

음악 스트리밍 서비스의 이용은 복제권 침해인가

곽재우(Jae-Woo Kwak) 세창출판사 2007 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.46

The purpose of this study is to examine whether: (1) the use of a music streaming service corresponds to "reproduction" under the Korean Copyright Law (2) such use corresponds to a temporary reproduction even if not a complete reproduction (3) as a result of (1) and (2), public users infringe the right of reproduction of music copyright holders through such use. The study was carried out asfollows; 1. It analyzed the meaning of streaming service by examining the concept, nature, structure, and support protocol of music streaming service. 2. It studied whether the storage in a hard disk or RAM that accompanies the use of music streaming service corresponds to a "reproduction" under the Korean Copyright Law in a technical point of view. 3. Because there is a debate about whether the use of a music streaming service can be regarded as a temporary reproduction, this study examined the concept of temporary reproduction, and whether it may be accepted. 4. This study thenexamined whether public users can use a music streaming service freely for private use without the approval of music copyright holders, even if the use of the music streaming service is regarded as a temporary reproduction. This study reached the following conclusions: 1. Temporary reproduction does occur in a hard disk or RAM by the use of a music streaming service. But the use of a music streaming service itself cannot be regarded as a reproduction because it does not fix any data at all. 2. Even if a concept of temporary reproduction is accepted, the use of a music streaming service merely corresponds to a "private use" under Article 27 of the Korean Copyright Law, which is an exemption from illegality. 3. Claims against the use of a music streaming service based on "temporary reproduction" could be limited by the 'abuse of rights doctrine' in the Korean Civil Code.

연구논문(硏究論文) : 감사인의 세무서비스 제공이 이익조정에 미치는 영향

곽재우 ( Jae Woo Kwak ),조문기 ( Mun Kee Cho ),서정모 ( Jung Mo Seo ) 한국세무회계학회 2015 세무회계연구 Vol.0 No.44

본 연구는 감사인의 세무서비스 동시 제공이 기업의 이익조정에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2006년부터 2011년까지의 감사인으로부터 제공받는 세무서비스를 대상으로 분석을 실시하였으며, 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 감사인의 세무서비스 제공과 기업의 재량적 발생액 간에 양(+)의 관련성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는, 기존의 선행연구 결과인 감사인의 세무서비스 제공이 기업의 조세부담을 감소시킨다는 연구결과와 함께 비추어 볼 때, 경영자는 세무보고이익을 최소화하려는 전략을 수행하면서 회계이익의 극대화를 추구한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 감사인이 제공하는 세무서비스의 유형이 기업에 미치는 영향에 있어서 감사인이 제공하는 세무조정서비스만이 이익을 상향 조정시키고, 감사인이 제공하는 세무서비스는 상장시장별 유형에 따라 기업의 이익조정에 있어서 차별적으로 영향을 미침을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 기업의 외부정보이용자들에게 기업에 대한 투자 등의 의사결정을 하는데 있어서, 감사법인과 세무서비스 법인의 일치가 기업의 이익조정에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점을 발견하였다. 다음으로 감사인의 세무서비스 동시 제공이 이익조정에 미치는 영향을 검증한 본 연구의 결과는 기업이 회계이익에 대하여 공격적으로 기회주의적인 재무보고를 하는 동시에 조세부담을 낮추는 경우, 금융감독기관 및 과세기관 입장에서 이러한 기업들에 대하여 보다 주의 깊은 관찰이 필요하다는 점을 시사할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study investigates the effects of tax services provided by auditors on firm’s earnings management. This study analyzes tax services received by listed Korean firms from 2006 to 2011 to examine the effects of tax services provided by auditors and the main findings are as follows. First, this study finds that manager pursues a strategy which tries to minimize the tax income and, at the same time, to maximize the accounting income. The result shows that the provision of tax services from an auditor reduces the tax burden of firm and has a significantly positive relationship with firm’s discretionary accruals. Second, among the different types of auditor-provided tax services, tax return service increases earnings management, In addition to these, this study finds that the auditor’s tax services have a different effect to earnings management for firms listed in different stock exchanges. Next, the implications of this study are as follows. First, the results of this study can provide the information to potential investors when they decide to invest in firms that the provision of audit service and tax service from the same auditor could affect to firm’s earnings management. Second, the results of this study which investigate the effects of auditor’s tax services to earnings management can provide a policy support that the Financial Supervisory Service and National Tax Service need a careful supervision for some firms which try to reduce the firm’s tax burden, together with aggressively opportunistic reporting in regard to firm’s accounting income.

합병기업의 합병공시 효과와 재무적 특성

양준선(Yang, Joon-Sun),곽재우(Kwak, Jae-Woo) 글로벌경영학회 2014 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether positive CAR was occurred or not before and after M&A public announcement from 2000 year to 2010 year and to verify the difference of M&A effects in accordance with company financial characteristics which affect to continuance and growth of company. In addition to this, the secondary purpose of this study is to compare the difference of M&A effect on pre and post global financial crisis. In relation to this study, first of all, for the verification of hypothesis about effect of M&A public announcement, we have verified the CAR from before 3 days till after 3 days of public announcement day (Total 7 days). Next, we have multi regression analysis which set CAR as subordinate variable and set DEBT, ROE, CFO, MTB as autonomous variables to verify the difference of M&A effect by company financial characteristics and for this study, we have a verification of hypothesis from 2000 year to 2010 year and selected the 185 companies sample which were issued the stocks in stocks market of Korea. The summaries of results are as follows. First, there are statistically significant positive ARR and CAR before 1 day of M&A public announcement and M&A public announcement day and the stockholders of M&A companies have acquired the 0.96% AR before 1 day of M&A public announcement and 1.13% AR at M&A public announcement day. Second, DEBT of M&A companies before M&A has a positive relation with CAR and this result can be considered that investor of stocks market will have an affirmative anticipation that improvement of financial structure by M&A lead to increase effect of borrowing capacity. Third, ROE of M&A companies before M&A has a negative relation with CAR in 1% significant level. Forth, CFO of M&A companies before M&A has a negative relation with CAR in 10% significant level and this result can be considered that the purpose of company M&A is create new value and increasing of new cash flow according to synergy effect theory. Fifth, MTB of M&A companies before M&A has a positive relation with CAR in 1% significant level. Finally, The result and graph changes have shown different result in post global financial crisis from 2009 to 2010, otherwise additional analysis for market response regarding M&A announcement of pre and post global financial crisis has shown similar result and graph changes for CAR during pre global financial crisis from 2000 to 2008.

관계학습이 관계성과에 미치는 영향

한상호(Han, Sang-Ho),곽재우(Kwak, Jae-Woo) 한국외식산업학회 2017 한국외식산업학회지 Vol.13 No.2

국내 부동산 투자이민제도의 합리적 개선방안

양준선(Yang, Joon-Sun),곽재우(Kwak, Jae-Woo) 글로벌경영학회 2013 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.10 No.2

정부는 글로벌 경기침체 이후 국내 경제 활성화 및 외국인들의 직접투자 유치를 위하여 부동산 투자이민제도를 도입 시행하고 있다. 그러나 현행 제도 하에서는 여러 가지 문제점들로 인하여 투자이민의 활성화가 거의 되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 특히 부동산 투자이민제도의 투자대상 부동산인 휴양 목적 체류시설은 현행 조세법상 상시 업무용 혹은 상시 주거용이 아닌 경우에는 사치성 재산(별장)에 해당되어 각각의 취득 및 보유, 처분 단계 등에서 취득세, 재산세 및 양도소득세가 중과세되는 문제점과 우리나라는 경쟁국들에 비하여 부동산에 대한 투자수익률이 낮다는 문제점 등이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 부동산 투자이민제와 관련된 현행 제도의 패러다임이 전환되어야 함을 인식하고, 현행 국내 부동산 투자이민제도에 대한 문제점들을 살펴본다. 이에 그에 대한 합리적인 개선 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 현재 다른 경쟁 국가들과 제주도의 사례와 같이, 특별법 제정 등을 통하여 부동산 투자이민 대상 부동산에 대한 세금에 한하여 중과세를 상당부분 완화 및 폐지하거나 세금 감면 혜택을 부여하는 방식으로 탄력적인 조세 정책의 운영이 필요하다. 다음으로 사치성 재산으로 분류될 가능성이 매우 높은 부동산 투자이민 대상 부동산에 대하여 명확한 과세당국의 해석이 필요하며, 법인보다 개인의 경우에 세금 등에 보다 민감하므로 현재 주로 대형 법인 및 외국인 투자 기업 중심으로 되어 있는 외국인 투자자의 조세 인센티브를 부동산 투자이민제 대상 부동산에 대한 개인 투자자에게도 확대 적용할 필요가 있다. 또한 우리나라의 투자수익률은 주요 경쟁국에 비하여 낮은 투자수익률을 보이는 등의 여러 문제점이 있다. 이에 투자유치 경쟁국과의 비교를 통해 합리적 투자인센티브, 투자대상 부동산, 투자금액 및 투자기간 등의 선정이 필요하며, 정부는 부동산 투자이민제 본래의 도입 취지 및 활성화를 위하여 위와 같은 문제점들을 검토 및 인식하여 이와 관련된 제반의 문제점들을 개선하고자 하는 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. The real estate investment immigration system is to grant the right of temporary residence to foreigner who invests above fixed amount in leisure purpose facilities such as condominium, resort, pension and villa within the real estate properties and to give the right of permanent residence to these foreigners who have stayed in Korea more than 5 years. Then the real estate investment immigration system was introduced as like above desirable purpose but leisure purpose facilities for Investment Immigration may be treated as Villa which is deemed to be a luxury property in accordance with the Korea Tax Law, if it is not used for daily business or daily residence, and may be imposed with high possibility, a heavy tax on the acquisition tax, property tax and the transfer income tax. Therefore, this study is to indicate the rational improvement plans in relation to these because we recognized a necessity for change of tax paradigm regarding current real estate investment immigration system. To summarize the results of this study, based on analysis for taxation of each stage, it is necessary that the Korean government shall operate the flexible taxation policies which relax considerable portion of heavy taxation system and abolish these heavy taxation system only regarding real estate investment immigration system just only such as other competing countries and JeJu have relaxed and abolished these heavy taxation system. Next, it is necessary to interpret clearly a real estates regarding real estate investment immigration system by government and tax incentives which were just forced on big company should be applicable to individual investors. In addition to these taxation policies, Korea government should select and adjust the investment area, subjects for investment real estate, investment amount and investment period etc. by comparison with other competing countries because the ROI of Korea is low etc. than that of other competing countries.

관리종목지정이 감사시간 및 감사보수에 미치는 영향

권기현 ( Ki Hyon Kwon ),곽재우 ( Jae Woo Kwak ),조문기 ( Mun Kee Cho ),김종대 ( Jong Dae Kim ) 한국세무회계학회 2012 세무회계연구 Vol.0 No.32

본 연구는 관리종목 지정 기업이 비지정 기업보다 감사시간과 감사보수가 더 많을 것이라는 가설을 검증하고자 한다. 표본은 2006년부터 2009년까지의 한국거래소로부터 관리종목으로 지정된 기업과 쌍대표본 추출법을 통해서 기초자산을 기준으로 동종산업 군중분류 비교기업을 분석대상으로 하였다. 분석결과, 관리종목 지정 기업이 비지정 기업보다 감사보수가 더 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 관리종목 지정 기업에 대해 감사인은 일회성을 인식하여 감사할인을 하지 않는 동시에 감사실패에 대한 위험보수를 받는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 한편 감사시간에 대해서는 LOSS(손실) 변수를 제외시킨 모형(Model 1)에서 10% 수준에서 통계적으로 유의하게 감사시간이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부실우려 기업의 관리종목 지정과 감사 변수들에 대한 연구를 통하여 투자자를 포함한 외부정보이용자들에게 부실우려 기업에 대한 투자에 대하여 환기시켜 주는 역할을 할 수 있다. 둘째, 최근 관리종목 지정 및 관리종목 지정 사유의 지속에 따른 상장폐지를 모면하기 위한 기업의 분식회계 혹은 회계부정 문제가 사회적으로 중요 관심사로 대두되고 있다. 이에 관리종목 지정 기업과 감사관련 변수에 대한 연구를 통하여 회계실무의 개선과 감독당국 및 회계정책 입안 기관 등에 갖는 정책적 시사점이 있다. 마지막으로 본 논문은 기업의 관리종목 지정이 이해관계자에게 미치는 영향이 매우 큼에도 불구하고 활발한 연구가 이루어 지지 않고 있는 실정에서 관리종목 지정에 대한 연구 발전에 조금이나마 보탬이 될 수 있을 것이다. This study investigates the hypothesis that a company which was designated as issues for administration has a much more audit hours and audit fees than a company which was not designated as issues for administration. The sample consists of non-banking firms which was designated as issues for administration listed in Korean Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2009 and a company which was not designated as issues for administration in the same asset-scale and industry. The empirical results presented that a company which was designated as issues for administration had a much more audit fees than a company which was not designated as issues for administration. This result could be analyzed that auditors of designated firm recognized this administration issue as temporary issue, so they did not discount an audit fee and received the risk fee for audit failure. By the way, regarding the audit hours, there was no significant difference between designated firm and non-designated firm.

합병기업의 실제이익조정에 관한 연구

조문기(Cho, Mun-Kee),곽재우(Kwak, Jae-Woo),문성훈(Moon, Seong-Hoon) 글로벌경영학회 2014 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Generally, the acquiring firms have a incentive to raise the earnings of firms before M&A for the purpose of profit maximization of shareholders. The previous studies showed that the acquiring firms had raised the earnings before M&A. The earnings management is divided into the earnings management by accruals and by real activities. The earnings management through real activities are considered as comparatively safe method in a regard that they do not receive the external audit and the regulation from supervisory institution compared to the earnings management through accruals. This study analyzed that the firms prefer the earnings management through real activities rather than the earnings management through accruals to raise the earnings of firms before M&A targeting acquiring firms. According to the analysis result, there was no significant difference between the earnings management through discretionary accruals and the earnings management through real activities during previous period of M&A(from 3 year before to 1 year before). However, we finded that the increase of earnings management by earnings management through real activities rather than earnings management through discretionary accruals was high during current M&A year. In additional analysis for whether M&A wold be accomplished or not as dummy variable, the increase of earnings management through real activities regarding acquiring firms was statistically high compared to the earnings management regarding non-acquiring firms. In conclusion, we fined that the acquiring firms prefer the earnings management through real activities which was more safe method rather than the earnings management through discretionary accruals in M&A. This study is meaningful in the point that we analyzed the type of earnings management for acquiring firms through discretionary accruals and real activities.

ESG and Accounting in Korea: Focus on Case Studies and Analysis of ESG Accounting Standards

안형태(Hyoung Tae An),곽재우(Jae Woo Kwak) 글로벌경영학회 2024 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.21 No.6

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices and accounting in Korea, focusing on the practical implications drawn from major corporate case studies. The increasing importance of ESG in corporate management and financial reporting has necessitated a closer examination of how these practices impact accounting transparency, stakeholder trust, and overall financial performance. Through case studies of leading corporations such as Samsung Electronics, Samsung SDI, and POSCO, this research illustrates the significant benefits that come from integrating ESG practices into accounting. These companies have demonstrated enhanced accounting transparency, stronger governance structures, and improved market valuations as a result of their ESG initiatives. The findings underscore the necessity of standardized ESG reporting frameworks to ensure consistency and comparability across different sectors. The study also identifies challenges, including variability in reporting practices and resource limitations faced by smaller enterprises. Addressing these issues is vital for fostering broader ESG adoption and improving the overall reliability of corporate disclosures. The study concludes by highlighting the implications for policy-makers and corporate leaders, suggesting that future policy initiatives should focus on mandating comprehensive ESG reporting standards and promoting third-party verification to enhance credibility. Additionally, future research should explore sector-specific ESG challenges, long-term financial impacts, and the role of digital tools in facilitating more efficient ESG reporting. By addressing these areas, Korean companies can align more closely with global ESG standards, promoting sustainable growth and building trust with stakeholders.