3D 기술을 활용한 천연기념물 화석산지 연구 : 디지털 측량기술의 적용과 활용을 중심으로

공달용,임종덕,김경수,김태형,최동원 한국고생물학회 2010 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.2010 No.2

울산 태화강 하상에서 발견된 4족 보행 조각류 발자국과 고성 두호리에서 발견된 조각류 발자국에 관한 예비연구

공달용,김태형,정승호,임종덕,한석운,김항묵 한국고생물학회 2013 한국고생물학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.2013 No.2

천연기념물 화석산지의 3차원 디지털 기술 적용

공달용,임종덕,원광연,안재홍,김경수 한국고생물학회 2012 고생물학회지 Vol.28 No.1-2

천연기념물 화석산지의 3차원 디지털 기술 적용 : 천연기념물 제394호 해남 우항리 공룡화석산지를 대상으로

공달용,임종덕,원광연,안재홍,김경수 한국고생물학회 2012 한국고생물학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.2012 No.2

남해 가인리 공룡발자국 화석에 대한 디지털 사진 측량 기법의 활용

공달용,임종덕,김정률,김경수 한국지구과학회 2010 한국지구과학회지 Vol.31 No.2

A number of dinosaur tracksites located at southern coast of the Korean Peninsula have continuously been damaged by sea-waves and weathering. To protect the dinosaur tracksites from the damage permanently and safely, we need to develop conservation programs as well as to collect data documenting the sites. We specifically applied digital photogrammetry to extensively record and document dinosaur tracks in the Namhae Gain-ri tracksite (Natural Monument No. 499) and were able to obtain 3D images data with it. The data of 3D images enable us to produce permanent documentation and preservation of the morphology of dinosaur tracks and tracksites. Moreover the weathering rate on time can be numerically analyzed by periodic measurements of the dinosaur tracksite and comparison of those measurements. The 3D modeling techniques also can be used in various ways including analyzing morphology of tracks,duplicating replicas for museum exhibitions, and posting the results on the Internet homepage. 한반도 남해안 일원에 분포하는 공룡발자국 화석산지는 파도와 조석의 영향을 받아 지속적으로 훼손되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 공룡발자국 화석의 훼손 및 멸실 등에 대비한 보존 방안과 자료의 확보가 시급하다. 본 연구에서는천연기념물 제499호 가인리 화석산지의 공룡발자국 화석을 대상으로 디지털 사진 측량 기법을 이용하여 3D 이미지 기록을 획득하였다. 획득한 3D 이미지 자료는 공룡발자국 화석과 화석산지에 대한 형태적 정보의 영구 기록과 보존이 가능하다. 또한 공룡발자국 화석의 변화 양상을 주기적으로 측정하여 그 값을 수치적으로 비교함으로써 시간에 따른 자연적 풍화율을 수치적으로 분석할 수 있다. 이외에도 3D 모델링 기법은 발자국 화석의 형태 분석, 복제 및 전시, 홈페이지 탑재 등을 통하여 다양하게 활용될 수 있다.

Possibility for Heliotropism from Inclined Columns of Stromatolites, Socheong Island, Korea

공달용,이성주 한국지구과학회 2013 한국지구과학회지 Vol.34 No.5

Socheong island is a unique island containing Precambrian stromatolites in South Korea. Most of Socheong stromatolites are domes and columns, occurring as 10 cm to 1 m thick stromatolite beds. Lower parts of the stromatolite beds are predominantly composed of domes, but columns increase toward the upper level of stromatolite beds. In many of the stromatolite beds, inclined columns are easily identifiable, which is generally considered as a result of heliotropism. From general lithology, sedimentary structures, inclined angles and distributional pattern, and structural deformation of sedimentary rocks of Socheong island, the inclination of Socheong stromatolites could be better interpreted as a secondary structural deformation probably after formation of stromatolite columns, rather than as a result of heliotropism. However,at this moment, we do not clearly reject heliotropism interpretation for inclined columns of Socheong stromatolites. This is because the original position of stromatolite columns could have been lost if structural deformation had affected the whole sedimentary rocks of Socheong island.

Significance of “Pre-Study Post-Designation” Strategy in Natural Monument Designation System: With Special Reference to Geologic Heritage

공달용,이성주 한국지구과학회 2014 한국지구과학회지 Vol.35 No.5

Many problems in naming natural monuments have been repeatedly argued by many researchers, and fourdifferent types of naming problems were identified: 1) name of unknown nationality (natural monument no. 82 and 108),2) morphological name rather than scientific name (natural monument no. 180, 295, and 409), 3) name of fable character(local cultural property of Changnyeonggun), and 4) scientifically wrong name (natural monument no. 413). Among them,two cases (case 3 and 4) using wrong names are found in natural monument of geologic heritages, which should beascribable to a hasty designation without an accurate and thorough scientific research. In order to solve these problemsand to establish an ideal policy in designating natural monument, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage hasbeen carrying out a research project of “Pre-study and Post-designation (PSPD)”, especially targeting the rod-shapedstromatolite. It is likely that this new strategy of PSPD is a unique and the first step to solve many problems indesignating and naming geologic heritages as natural monuments. As a consequence, we strongly suggest that PSPDsystem must be applied to natural monument designation as an institutional arrangement.

천연기념물 제222호 함안층의 새발자국 화석산지에서 발견된 물갈퀴달린 새발자국 화석의 의미

공달용,임종덕,김태형,남상찬,강정훈,최돈원 한국고생물학회 2009 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.2009 No.-

신생대 제3기 포항분지의 학전층과 두호층에서 산출된 굴족류 화석

공달용,이성주,Kong, Dal Yong,Lee, Seong Joo 국립문화재연구원 2012 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.45 No.1

신생대 제3기 포항분지의 학전층(121개체)과 두호층(5개체)에서 총 126개체의 굴족류 화석이 산출되었다. 이들은 총 2속 5종(Fissidentalium yokoyamai, F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B)으로 분류되었으며 가장 풍부하게 산출된 종은 Fissidentalium yokoyamai이다. Fissidentalium 종들은 패각(貝殼)이 작은 각을 이루며 휘어져있고 표면에 세로의 촘촘한 선구조가 발달되어 있는 반면, Rhabdus 종들은 일직선의 패각으로 세로로 발달된 선구조 대신 촘촘한 가로 성장선(成長線)이 우세하게 나타나기 때문에 두 속을 구분하는 것은 어렵지 않다. 하지만 두 속 모두 분류의 기준이 되는 패각의 단면이 보존되지 않아 종 수준의 분류는 어렵다. 학전층 하부의 역질 사암에서는 대부분의 화석이 3차원의 입체적으로 보존된 반면 학전층 상부의 세립질 사암과 두호층의 이암에서는 납작하게 눌린 형태의 굴족류 화석이 산출되었다. 입체적으로 보존된 굴족류 화석의 내부는 주변의 퇴적물(堆積物)과 동일한 퇴적물로 채워져 있으며 납작하게 눌린 화석은 배쪽과 등쪽 부분의 패각이 납작하게 붙어서 산출된다. 입체적으로 보존된 화석은 퇴적당시 내부가 퇴적물로 채워져서 압력에 의해 눌림 현상을 방지 할 수 있었다고 판단되며 납작하게 눌린 화석은 퇴적당시 패각이 비어 있었기 때문에 압력에 의해 눌려서 보존된 것으로 판단된다. A total of 126 fossil scaphopods (121 specimens from the Hagjeon Formation and 5 specimens from the Duho Formation) were found from the Cenozoic strata, Hagjeon and Duho Formations, Pohang Basin, Korea. Five species belonging two genera (Fissidentalium yokoyamai, F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B) were classified: the most dominant species is Fissidentalium yokoyamai. The species of Fissidentalium yokoyamai is characterized by curved shell (accuration=3.90%) and very closely spaced longitudinal ribs on shell surfaces, while the species of Rhabdus is a nearly straight shell characterized by concentric growth lines without longitudinal ribs. Identification of two genera is somewhat easy due to such morphological differences but classification at generic level is hard because diagnostic features (e.g., cross section and apical structure) are lost in the most specimens. Consequently, except for Fissidentalium yokoyamai, the rest were classified temporarily as F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B. Two types of preservation state were recognized: one is three-dimensionally preserved specimen (3D specimen) and the other is compressed specimen. Internal parts of the 3D specimen is filled with clastic sediments identical to the surrounding sediments of the shells, which is not observed in the compressed specimens. It is, thus, concluded that the 3D fossils were originally empty but internal cavity were immediately filled with the sediments, which may have protect from the compaction due to pressure during deposition of the gravelly to coarse sandstone of the Hagjeon Formation.

천연기념물 경산 대구가톨릭대학교백악기 스트로마톨라이트: 산상, 자연유산적 가치 및 보존·활용 방안

공달용,이성주 국립문화재연구원 2023 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.56 No.3

Stromatolite at the Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan was designated as a natural monument in December 2009 because it was very excellent in terms of rarity, accessibility, preservation and scale. From the time of designation, the necessity of confirming the lateral extension of the stromatolite beds with the excavation of the surrounding area, and preparing a preservation plan was raised. Accordingly, the Cultural Heritage Administration conducted an investigation of the scale, production pattern, and weathering state of stromatolites with an excavation from April to December 2022, and based on this, suggested natural heritage values and conservation and use plans. The excavation was carried out in a 1,186m2 area surrounding the exposed hemispherical stromatolite (approximately 30m2). Stromatolites are continuously distributed over the entire excavation area, and hemispherical stromatolites predominate in the eastern region, and the distribution and size of hemispherical domes tend to decrease toward the west. These characteristics are interpreted as a result of long-term growth in large-scale lakes, where stratiform or small columnar domes continued to grow and connect with each other, finally forming large domes. Consequently, large and small domes were distributed on the bedding plane in clusters like coral reefs. The growth of plants and lichens, as well as small-scale faults and joints developed on the stromatolite bedding surface, is the main cause of accelerated weathering. However, preservation treatment with chemicals as with dinosaur footprints or dinosaur egg fossil sites is not suitable due to the characteristics of stromatolites, and preservation with the installation of closed protection facilities should be considered. This excavation confirmed that the distribution, size and value of stromatolites are much larger and higher than at the time of designation as a natural monument. Therefore, additional excavation of areas by experts that could not be excavated due to the discovery of buried cultural properties (stone chamber tombs) and reexamination of the expansion designation of natural monuments are required.