東北亞國家之間直接投資環境和規制水平分析

고정식 ( Jeongsik Ko ) 한중사회과학학회 2018 한중사회과학연구 Vol.16 No.4

This study analyzes the foreign direct investment (FDI) environment and obstacles between three countries in Northeast Asia by comparing FDI trends and regulations with China, Japan and Korea. Furthermore, based on this, I would like to examine in depth the possibility and limitations of economic cooperation and FTA between these countries. The purpose of the three countries of China, Japan and Korea actively promoting mutual trade and investment is to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. In the promotion of trade and investment, it will inevitably encounter various obstacles. Whether or not each investment environment and conditions are united is core condition to realize FTA among these three countries. According to the China, Japan, and the Korea’s FDI Regulatory Restrictive Index released by OECD, China’s FDI Regulatory Restrictive index is the highest, at 0.33, Korea is at the center, at 0.14, and Japan has the lowest investment attraction, at 0.05. In addition, according to the relevant data and analysis of the Global competitiveness index and FDI induced factors published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF), Japan is ranked at the 8th, South Korea 26th, China 28th in the ranking of 2016 Global competitiveness including FDI competitiveness. It can thus be seen that there are certain differences between the three countries in terms of global competitiveness index and FDI’s regulatory restrictive index. These differences are an important obstacle in the agreement of multilateral FTA between the three countries of China, Japan and the Korea. As a result, we can effectively advance and realize bilateral economic cooperation among China, Japan, and the Korea as well as the agreement of multilateral FTA in Northeast Asia countries by overcoming these obstacles.

중국 농산물에 대한 한국 소비자 인식 연구

고정식 ( Ko Jeongsik ),김영애 ( Kim Young Ae ) 한국비교경제학회 2017 비교경제연구 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구에서는 기존 연구와는 차별적으로 중국산 농산물에 대한 한국의 소비자들의 인식이 성별, 학력별, 소득별, 연령별, 직업별, 거주지역별로 구분하여 볼 때 차이가 있는지를 분석해 보고, 중국 농산물의 한국 소비시장에서의 경쟁력 요인을 파악해보고자 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 중국산 농산물에 대한 한국 소비자들의 인식을 설문조사 한 내용을 토대로 ANOVA 분석을 진행하고자 한다. 본 연구에 있어서 한국의 소비자들이 중국산 농산물에 대해서 몇 가지 기준 측면에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타날 경우 중국산 농산물의 한국 소비시장에 있어서의 경쟁력은 성별, 학력별, 소득별, 연령별 등 각 분석요인의 차이에 의해서 달리 나타날 수 있다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 설문 조사 문항에 대하여 통계적 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타날 경우 분석 요인의 차이는 중국산 농산물의 인식 차이에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하며, 해당 설문 문항에 대한 주요 응답자의 누적빈도가 많은 답변위주로 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 종합적으로 볼 때, 중국산 농산물에 대한 인식의 차이에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인변수를 보면 연령과 직업, 거주지역으로 나타났으며, 상대적으로 성별, 학력 차이는 영향이 적은 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 중국산 농산물의 한국 소비시장에서의 경쟁력은 한국 소비자들의 연령, 직업, 거주지역 등에 의해서 영향을 받는 것으로 풀이할 수 있다. 정부의 중국 농산물에 대한 정책대응도 이러한 소비자 인식에 영향을 미치는 변수를 고려해서 보다 구체적으로 수립되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of Korean consumers’ perceptions of Chinese agricultural products by gender, educational background, income, age, occupation, and residence area, We will try to understand the competitive factors of Chinese agricultural products in the Korean consumer market. Therefore, in this paper, the ANOVA analysis will be conducted based on the questionnaire survey of Korean consumers’ perception of Chinese agricultural products. The main items of the questionnaire according to the purpose of the research are purchase experience and recommendation intention for Chinese agricultural products, assessment of the price level of Chinese agricultural products and the share rate of Korean agricultural products market, Identification to the differentiation of raw materials, taste and flavor of Chinese and Korean agricultural products, the impact of image change to the China on cognition to the Chinese agricultural products, the satisfaction and reliability of the quality and safety of Chinese agricultural products, and so on. This study analyzes whether there are statistically significant differences in the perception of Korean consumers by gender, education, income, age, occupation, and residence area. In this study, when Korean consumers have a statistically significant difference in terms of some criteria for Chinese agricultural products, The competitive power of Chinese agricultural products in the Korean consumer market can be differentiated by the difference of analysis factors such as gender, educational background, income, and age. In addition, when there is no statistical significance on the questionnaire items, the difference of analysis factors does not affect the recognition difference of Chinese agricultural products, the cumulative frequency of the main respondents to the questionnaire items can be interpreted as having an effect mainly on the answers. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and ANOVA analysis for Korean consumers about Chinese agricultural products. Based on these studies, Korean consumer perceptions of the Chinese agricultural products differ according to age, income, occupation, and other factors. Therefore, based on this research, it is necessary that the government’s agricultural policies to the Chinese agricultural products should be established specifically in the microscopic level. The main analysis contents of this study are summarized as follows. First, in terms of gender, it is analyzed that they have a common perception without gender discrimination. Second, by age group, age related differences were found to be significant among 16 questionnaires of Chinese agricultural products. There was a significant difference in age-specific perceptions. Third, the effect of the income difference of Korean consumers on the recognition of Chinese agricultural products is not significant. Fourth, by the occupation, the perception difference was significant in the 10 items of questionnaire, the differences in the perception of Chinese agricultural products in 13 items were significant. This is because urban consumers and rural residents are perceived to have a big difference in perception of Chinese agricultural products, as revealed by the characteristics of the survey. Overall, age, occupation and residence were the major factors influencing perceptions of Chinese agricultural products, gender and educational background were not relatively affected. Therefore, it can be concluded that the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products in the Korean consumer market is influenced by the age, occupation and residence of Korean consumers.

FDI对中国区域全要素生产率的溢出效应研究

두화경(Huaqing Du),고정식(Jeongsik Ko) 한국동북아경제학회 2023 동북아경제연구 Vol.35 No.2

本文采用DEA-Malmquist指数法计算2000~2018年我国30个省市自治州(西藏除外)的总尿素生产力,利用静态面板数据和动态面板数据,实证分析FDI对中国各地区尿素总生产率的波及效果。 现将实证分析结果总结如下。 一是2000—2018年我国30个省市尿素总生产力总体呈上升趋势。 在总尿素生产力成分中,技术进步指数已证实大于技术效率指数,因此目前我国总尿素生产率的提高主要依靠技术进步的提高。 其次,分析FDI和贸易扩大显著促进了我国地区总尿素生产率的提高,得出与现有研究“促进论”一致的结果。 这表明,中国地区总要素生产率的增加并不单纯依靠海外企业的技术示范和模仿等,而是通过FDI的技术传播和自主创新的结合得以提高。 第三, 通过发达国家引进、消化、吸收、再创新的循环过程,实现了技术进步,进而有助于提高总要素生产率,缩短了与发达国家的技术差距。第四, 进一步的研究结果表明,总尿素产量的增长是逐步积累的,可以说对外开放和FDI承包都是通过促进技术进步而不是技术效率来提高我国各地区总尿素产量的增长。 본 논문은 DEA-Malmquist 지수법을 이용하여 2000∼2018년까지 중국 30개성시자치주(티베트 제외)를 대상으로 총요소생산성을 산정하고 정태적 패널 데이터와 동태적 패널 데이터를 이용하여 FDI가 중국 각 지역의 총요소생산성에미치는 파급효과를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국의 2000년부터 2018년까지 30개 성, 시의 총요소생산성은 전반적으로 상승 추세를 보였다. 총요소생산성 구성 요소 중 기술진보지수는 기술효율지수보다 큰 것으로 확인되었으며, 따라서 현재 중국의 총요소생산성 향상은 주로 기술진보의 제고에 의해서 이루어지고 있다. 둘째, FDI와 무역확대는 중국 지역의 총요소생산성의 증가를 현저하게 촉진시킨 것으로 분석되어 기존 연구들의 “촉진론”과 일치하는 결과가 도출되었다. 중국 지역의 총요소생산성 증가는 단순히 해외기업의 기술시범과 모방 등에만의존하지 않고 FDI의 기술파급과 자주적 혁신의 결합을 통해 향상될 수 있었음을 나타내고 있다. 셋째, 선진국의 고기술 도입, 소화, 흡수, 재혁신의 순환과정을 통해 기술진보가 이루어졌으며, 나아가 총요소생산성 향상에 기여하고 선진국과의 기술격차를 단축할 수 있었다. 넷째, 추가적인 연구 결과에 따르면, 총요소생산성의 증가는 점진적으로 누적된 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 대외개방과 FDI 도임은 모두 기술 효율이 아닌기술 진보를 촉진함으로써 중국 각 지역의 총요소생산성의 증가를 제고시키는것으로 이어졌다고 할 수 있다. This paper uses the DEA-Malmquist index method to calculate the total factor productivity and its composition of 30 provinces, autonomous prefectures (except Tibet) in China from 2000 to 2018, and then uses static panel data and dynamic panel data to analyze the spillover effect of FDI on China’s regional total factor productivity carried out empirical analysis. The results show that. Firstly, the total factor productivity of 30 provinces and cities in China showed an overall upward trend from 2000 to 2018. Among the components of total factor productivity, the technological progress index is greater than the technical efficiency index, that is, the current improvement of China’s total factor productivity mainly depends on the improvement of technological progress. Secondly, FDI and trade openness have significantly promoted the growth of China’s regional total factor productivity, which is consistent with the “facilitation theory” in previous studies. The improvement of China’s regional total factor productivity no longer relies solely on the absorption of spillover channels such as FDI technology demonstration and imitation, and can be improved to a certain extent through the combination of FDI technology spillover and independent innovation. Thirdly, through the introduction-digestion-absorption-re-innovation of advanced technologies from developed countries, technological progress can be obtained relatively easily, which will help improve total factor productivity and shorten the gap with developed countries. Fourthly, further research shows that the growth of total factor productivity is a process of gradual accumulation. Both trade openness and FDI increase China’s regional total factor productivity growth by promoting technological progress rather than technological efficiency.