소프트웨어 라이선스 계약에 대한 민사법 접근 -스트리밍소프트웨어를 중심으로-

고세일 한국경영법률학회 2010 經營法律 Vol.20 No.2

In order to run a computer, software or several programs are necessary. Relatively the software history in technology world is short as computer systems’ is. When we look at this issue in legal perspective, its history becomes much shorter. Network, especially the Internet has changed people's life. Traditionally the concept, “1 pc and 1 program” has been used. However, the development of network has modified the software environment as well. Thus this author deals with software license issues in this Article. In most of cases, legally software is not sold, but just licensed between parties. Accordingly a licensor and a licensee make an agreement concerning their legal relationship of permitting and of using a copy or copies of software. In this respect, a software license is made based on private-autonomy or freedom of contract. Yet, considering how a software license is concluded in a real world, regulations between licensors and licensees are necessary to make their legal relations advisable. Concretely speaking, these are software licensee contract processes, and terms & conditions of licensee contracts. Additionally network development has raised a new question: distribution of a copy of software through network. Thus can a software copyright holder or licensor ask a licensee to stop his or her distribution of a copy or copies of software through network? Regarding this issue, can a software licensee defense using abuse of rights against licensor? These are main issues of this Article. This author explains software and various network technologies in Ⅱ. And then this author deals with principle of private-autonomy or freedom of contract, concerning software licensee agreements in Ⅲ. In addition, this author looks at whether a software copyright holder or licensor can ask a licensee to prevent him or her from distributing a copy or copies of software through network. Also this author examines whether a software licensee can make a defense using abuse of rights against licensor. Finally this author suggests how a software licence would be dealt with in a public policy perspective in Ⅴ.

Is There a Role for Adjuvant Therapy in R0 Resected Gallbladder Cancer?: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

고세일,김영생,황인규,김은영,오성용,지준호,송하나,박세훈,박준오,강정훈 대한암학회 2016 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.48 No.4

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the role of adjuvant therapy in stage I-III gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients who have undergone R0 resection. Materials and Methods Clinical data were collected on 441 consecutive patients who underwent R0 resection for stage I-III GBC. Eligible patients were classified into adjuvant therapy and surveillance only groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) between the two groups was performed, adjusting clinical factors. Results In total, 84 and 279 patients treated with adjuvant therapy and followed up with surveillance only, respectively, were included in the analysis. Before PSM, the 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was lower in the adjuvant therapy group than in the surveillance only group (50.8% vs. 74.8%, p < 0.001), although there was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate (66.2% vs. 79.5%, p=0.089). After the PSM, baseline characteristics became comparable and there were no differences in the 5-year RFS (50.8% vs. 64.8%, p=0.319) and OS (66.2% vs. 70.4%, p=0.703) rates between the two groups. Conclusion The results suggest that fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant therapy is not indicated in stage I-III GBC patients who have undergone R0 resection.

인신손해에 대한 불법행위의 유형과 책임 내용에 대한 연구 - 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정을 중심으로 -

고세일 충남대학교 법학연구소 2019 法學硏究 Vol.30 No.1

The American Restatements are not binding laws. However, there have been many precedents in court cases so that it has not been clear what would be standards of current torts cases in the United States. For this reason, the American Law Institute has attempted to make similar legal codes after making professional groups, such as professors, judges, and lawyers, in each discipline as experts, and for a long time to create important contents in certain specific areas. The most cited Restatements in the US law schools have been the Restatements Second of Contracts. Recently, in tort law more and more legal authors have cited the contents of the Restatements third Torts compared to those of second editions. So far, three third Restatements have been published in the US Tort Law. The first is Product Liability Restatement released in 1998, and the second is Apportionment of Liability Restatement in 2000. The third is Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm published with two volumes in 2010 and 2012. The Liability for Economic Harm and Intentional Torts to Persons are the fourth and fifth Restatements of the Third Edition of the American Law Institute’s Tort Law projects. There are 65 sections in Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm Restatement, whose provisions have described the recent trends and theories of US Tort Law. The provisions of American Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm Restatement have partially replaced those of the second Restatement of Torts. Thus, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm Restatement have shown recent research achievements of US Tort Law. In this article, this author has examined the contents of Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm Restatement. In II. This author has studed the purposes and dealing areas pursued by Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm Restatement. In III, this author has explained how the provisions have worked, along with specific details of Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm. In IV, this author has finally summarized on what he has discussed so far, and proposed what the implications of the Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm would be for Korean tort law. 미국 보통법전집은 구속력 있는 실정법이 아니다. 그러나 법원 판례로너무나 많은 판례가 쌓여서, 미국 내에 무엇이 판단 기준이 되는 법이 무엇인지 명확하지 않은 경우가 많다. 그런 이유로 미국법률협회(American Law Institute)는 각 분야의 많은 교수, 판사, 변호사를 전문가 집단으로구성하고 오랫동안 일정 영역의 중요한 내용을 법전 형식의 내용으로 만들었다. 미국 법학전문대학원의 교육과정에서 가장 많이 인용되는 보통법전집은 계약법 제2판이고, 최근에는 불법행위 보통법전집 제2판과 견주어 제3판의 내용을 인용하는 추세가 늘어나고 있다. 지금까지 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판으로 세 가지 결과물이 간행되었다. ‘제조물책임’ 보통법전집이 1998년에 처음 나왔고, 두 번째로‘공동불법행위자의 책임분배’ 규정이 나왔다. 세 번째로 ‘재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정’이 2010년과 2012년에 걸쳐서 두 권으로 간행되었다. 그리고 ‘경제적인 손해에 대한 책임’(Liability for Economic Harm)과 ‘사람에 대한 고의 불법행위’(Intentional Torts to Persons)가 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판의 네 번째와 다섯 번째 결과물로 진행되고 있다. 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정에는모두 65개의 조문이 있다. 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와정신적 손해 규정은 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제2판과 달리, 최근 미국불법행위의 이론과 판례 흐름을 좀 더 친절하게 설명한다. 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제2판은 해당 조문이 어느 판례를 근거로 만들었는지 설명하지 않는다. 그러나 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정은 어느 조문이 어떤 판례를 기초로 만든 규정인지를 명확하게 설명한다. 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신 손해 규정은 부분적으로 불법행위 보통법전집 제2판을 대체한다. 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정은 인신손해에 대한 미국 불법행위의 최근 연구 성과를 보여준다. 이 글에서는 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정 내용을 살피고자 한다. 먼저II.에서는 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정이 추구하는 목적과 다루는 영역을 살핀다. III.에서는 미국 불법행위보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정의 구체적인 내용과 함께 그 규정이 어떻게 기능하는지를 설명한다. IV.에서는 지금까지 논의한 내용을 중심으로 미국 불법행위 보통법전집 제3판 재산 손해와 정신적 손해 규정이 현행 우리 불법행위법에 주는 시사점을 밝힌다.

정보화 시대 미국 근로자들의 사생활 보호

고세일 한국노동연구원 2005 국제노동브리프 Vol.3 No.11

불법행위의 예견가능성과 손해배상범위에 대한 연구 – 민법 제763조의 준용에 따른 민법 제393조의 해석문제 –

고세일 한국민사법학회 2014 民事法學 Vol.66 No.-

Historically the current Korean Civil Code has been succeeded by European Civil Codes, especially the German and French Civil Code through Japan. In aspect of non-performance and torts liability, Korea has imported general provisions, articles 390 and 750 of the Korean Civil Code from the French Civil Code. In the meanwhile the drafters had not enough time to make the Korean Civil Code, due to historical incidents. Therefore, there have been new provisions in the present Korean Civil Code for which interpretations have been difficult, because they had not been in the earlier Korean Civil Code. One of these tricky provision is article 763 of the Korean Civil Code, by which the article 393 (Scope of Damages in Non-performance) may be applicable by mutatis mutandis to tort claims. In this regard, drafters of the Korean Civil Code had attempted to treat the scope of tort damages as same as that of breach of contracts. However the provision which has treated scope of tort damages as same as that of non-performance, like the article 763 has hardly found in any other comparative laws. Therefore there have been controversies such as pros and cons of the current article 763. In this aspect, this author attempts to examine where the article 763 of the Korean Civil Code had come from in legal historical and comparative perspectives. This article has mainly six parts. In II, this author attempts to look into comparative examples of article 763 of the Korean Civil Code, and then explains the historical origin of the controversial provision. In III, this author studies English Hadley v. Baxendale, which has influenced the foreseeability rule in breach of contract world-widely. In IV, this author examines American Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad, which may be a historical starting point for the foreseeability rule of torts. In V. this author reviews provisions of foreseeability rules in American Restatements (Second and Third) of Torts. In VI, this author examines foreseeability rule of Principles of European Tort Law and Non-Contractual Liability Arising out of Damage Cause to Another in European perspective. Finally while summarizing foreseeability rules of Hadley, Palsgraf, American Torts Restatements, and European discussions, this author attempts to mention why mutatis mutandis of article 393 in article 763 of the Korean Civil Code may be abrogated and a new provision for scope of torts damages may be necessary.

Roman Iniuria and its influence on modern legal system - Is it a foundation of Right of Personality?

고세일 충남대학교 법학연구소 2007 法學硏究 Vol.18 No.2

미국 불법행위법의 구조와 내용에 대한 연구 - 보통법전집의 ‘과실’을 중심으로 -

고세일 한국민사법학회 2012 民事法學 Vol.59 No.-

In United States, there have been various sources of laws including positive laws. Further there have been various Restatements in which many members of American Law Institute have discussed and drafted. Although the Restatements may not be positive laws, they have worked similar functions as positive laws have done. Most of US law schools have used the Restatements as one of most important materials for their students’ education, and US courts have cited many provisions of the Restatements to make decisions in various civil cases. In this regard, this author has estimated that the Restatements would be a good guide to understand American law: structure and contents. Therefore this author has chosen the Restatements of Torts (Second) to show the foundation of current American Tort law, while focusing negligence as a founding part of American Tort law. In this aspect, this author attempts to explain principal provisions of negligence in US Restatements of Torts: mainly sections 281 through 328D. In II of this article, this author mentions history of american torts law prior to 19th century, and then explains history of the Restatement of Torts which was at birth in 20th. In III, this author refers to a general concept of negligence in the Restatements of Torts, while stating definition, requirements, criteria of negligence and standards of actor’s behaviors. In IV, this author explains various of negligent acts in the Restatements of Torts. Thus this author describes dangerous acts, danger of harms, and use of incomplete instruments, misrepresentations of physical harm, dangerous emotional distress, duties of affirmative action. In addition, this author explains burden of proof concerning negligent actions. In V, this author summarizes the contents of negligence provisions of the Restatements of Torts. Finally this author attempts to suggest what Korean Tort law, which has Civil Law tradition may be able to learn from the negligence provisions of the Restatement of Torts, which has Common Law tradition.

운동경기에 참가하는 사람의 주의의무에 대한 고찰 : - 미국 법원의 운동경기에 참여한 사람의 주의의무 판단을 중심으로 -

고세일 忠南大學校 法學硏究所 2021 法學硏究 Vol.32 No.2

When participating in athletic games, there have been risks in which participants may be injured by activities of other participants. If normal injuries have occurred, the player may consider that he or she should bear his or her injuries. However, if severe injures have come in the course of sports activities, the circumstances would be different. The sports player would not willingly take his or her injures, if the harms have been beyond its ordinary expectation. Several media have reported the Supreme Court’s decision sentenced on January 31, 2019, 2017 Da203596, and the Korean public have paid attention to the Court’s ruling. The first trial and the Supreme Court concluded that the defendant was not responsible for the goalkeeper’s injuries. On the other hand, the second trial court ruled in favor of some of the injured soccer player. In this article, this author has examined the duty of care of those who have participated in sports games. This article was made up of all five. In II., this author has summarized the facts and court’s judgments and their legal grounds. In III., this author has sought to find “safety care duty,” in structure of obligations and to categorize the Korean Supreme Courts’ cases concerning the safety care duty. In IV., this author has studied US courts cases which have occurred in sports and recreation games for a comparative legal viewpoint of duty of care. In V., this author has summarized and attempt to provide directions for which we may need to look for. 운동경기에 참여할 때 크고 작은 부상의 위험이 있다. 작은 부상인 경우에는 놀다가 다친 것으로 여길 수 있다. 그렇기 때문에 참가자가 스스로 그 부담을 져야 한다는 인식이 있다. 그런데 운동경기에 참여하여, 예상하지 못한 큰 부상을 입을 때 상황이 달라진다. 참가자가 그런 큰 부상을 일으킨 상대방 참가자에게 손해배상책임을 묻고자 한다. 여러 언론이 대상 판결인 대법원 2019. 1. 31. 선고 2017다203596 판결을 보도했고, 일반인도 이 사안에 큰 관심을 가졌다. 1심과 대법원은 피고에게 책임이 없다는 점에서 결론을 같이 했다. 반면에 2심인 고등법원은 원고 일부 승소 판결을 내렸다. 이 글에서는 대상 판결을 중심으로 운동경기에 참가하는 사람의 주의의무를 살펴본다. 이 글은 모두 다섯 부분으로 이루어졌다. II.에서는 대상판결의 사실관계와 법원의 판단 내용을 살핀다. III.에서는 대상 판결이 운동경기에 참가하는 사람의 주의의무의 주된 논거로 삼는 ‘안전배려의무’의 뜻과 안전배려의무에 대한 여러 유형의 대법원 판례를 검토한다. IV.에서는 운동경기에 참여한 사람의 주의의무를 검토하기 위해서 운동경기에서 발생한 사안이 많은 미국 판례 내용을 고찰한다. V.에는 지금까지 내용을 정리하고, 시사점을 제시한다.

교회공동체의 법 이해와 준수

고세일 기독교학문연구회 2023 신앙과 학문 Vol.28 No.1

When we think of laws in social communities, we may consider them as burdens to “do or not do.” Also, we might think of our social reality: “the rich are innocent, the poor are guilty.” This reality concerning laws might influence brothers’ and sisters’ perspectives of laws in church communities as well. However, ironically many laws in pre-modern and modern societies have come from Bible, the Word of God. If we look at laws in the Bible, there are law about the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil that God spoke to Adam and Eve, the Ten Commandments, and laws of God which God gave Israelites after God had saved them from Egypt in the Old Testament. In the New Testament, there are scenes in which Jesus criticizes the Pharisees concerning laws of God. In addition, the Apostle Paul provides two different views of laws of God. The present negative perspective of laws of God in church communities might be influenced by the Reformers or by misunderstanding their ideas. However, their slogan “by Faith alone,” is not contracting to laws of God. The contrasting opinions of laws and grace of God may come from misunderstanding of the entire Scriptures, especially the relationship between the Old and the New Testament. We can interpret laws and gospel of God with harmony. Particularly moral law of God can provide norms of practice in church communities. When we interpret laws of God in this way, we can restore the heart of the early churches in Acts 2:43-47. Also we can see and check laws of our world with laws of God. 사회공동체에 있는 사람이 ‘법’이라는 단어를 떠올리면, 보통 ‘유전무죄 무전유죄’라는 사회현실과 무언가를 하거나 하지 않아야 하는 부담으로 여긴다. 그러면 교회 공동체에 있는 그리스도인이 ‘법’ 을 좋지 않은 대상으로 바라보는지, 아니면 좋은 대상으로 바라보는지를 묻는다면, 그 대답은 사회 공동체에 있는 사람의 대답과 다르지 않을 것 같다. 현재 거의 모든 민법 교과서의 저자들은 권리주체로서 ‘비법인사단’을 설명하면서, ‘교회의 분열’에 대한 많은 법원의 판례를 소개한다. 이런 교회공동체의 판례 사안을 법의 눈으로 바라보면, 교회공동체는 법을 잘 지키는 공동체가 아니라고 여길 가능성이 있다. 이러한 문제는 교회 공동체가 하나님의 법에 대한 오해에서 나올 수 있다. 이런 측면에서 이 글은 이러한 문제가 어디에서 나오고 어떻게 해결할 수 있는지를 설명한다. 현대 사회의 많은 법은 근대 사회를 표본으로 한 것이고, 표본의 근간을 합리성에 둔다. 그런데 현재 쓰고 있는 여러 법 제도는 성경의 법에 근거를 둔다. 현대의 법이 하나님의 말씀인 성경에 근거한 것이다. 성경에서 법의 관점을 본다면, 구약성경에서 하나님이 아담과 하와에게 말씀하신 선과 악을 알게 하는 나무의 열매에 대한 법, 이스라엘 민족을 이집트에서 구해 내시고 주신 십계명과 모세를 통해서 주신 하나님의 법이 있다. 신약성경에서는 예수님이 바리새인들을 비판하시는 장면이 있고, 사도 바울이 하나님의 법을 바라보는 두 개의 시각을 제시한다. 교회 공동체에서 하나님의 법을 좋지 않게 보는 시각은 종교개혁자들의 영향 또는 종교개혁자들이 사고를 오해한 것에서 나왔다. 그러나 “오직 믿음으로”이라는 종교개혁의 구호도 하나님의 법과 대치되는 사고가 아니다. 하나님의 법과 은혜를 반대로 보는 시각은 성경 전체의 흐름을 놓치는 위험에 빠진다. 하나님의 법과 복음을 조화롭게 해석할 수 있다. 특히 법의 3중 구분에 따른 ‘도덕법’은 하나님의 성품에 관한 법으로서 우리에게 실천의 문제를 풀어나갈 수 있는 말씀이다. 이렇게 해석할 때, 사도행전 2:43-47의 초대 교회의 마음을 회복할 수 있다고 판단한다. 교회 공동체에서 하나님의 법을 올바로 바라보고, 삶의 실천으로 나아갈 때, 세상에 있는 여러 법도 하나님의 법의 시각으로 점검할 수 있다. 그렇게 나와 하나님, 나와 이웃, 나와 세상을 연결하고 주님이 부르신 그곳에서 예수 그리스도를 증거하는 삶을 살아가는 실천의 힘을 얻는다. 따라서 교회 공동체에서 하나님의 성품인 도덕법을 이해하고 삶에 있어서 중요한 실천 덕목의 방향으로 삼을 때 하나님의 법의 관점에서 세상의 법을 확인할 수 있는 힘을 갖는다. 이렇게 하나님의 법을 이해하고 세상을 섬길 때, 여러 민법 교과서에 있는 비법인사단인 교회 분열 문제도 해소할 수 있다.

CD44 Variant 9 Serves as a Poor Prognostic Marker in Early Gastric Cancer, But Not in Advanced Gastric Cancer

고세일,고경혁,이원섭,김록범,이정희,정상호,이영준,홍순찬,하우송 대한암학회 2016 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.48 No.1

Purpose The present study is to investigate the significance of CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9) expression as a biomarker in primary gastric cancer. Materials and Methods With various gastric tissues, we performed immunohistochemical staining for CD44v9. Results The positive expression rates for CD44v9 in tumor, including adenoma, early gastric cancer (EGC), and advanced gastric cancer (AGC), were higher than those in non-tumor tissues (p=0.003). In addition, the higher expression for CD44v9 was observed as the tissue becomes malignant. In the analysis of 333 gastric cancer tissues, we found that positive expression rates for CD44v9 were higher in the intestinal type or well differentiated gastric cancer than in the diffuse type or poorly differentiated gastric cancer. Interestingly, the positive expression indicated poor prognosis in EGC (5-year survival rate [5-YSR] in stage I, 81.7% vs. 95.2%; p=0.013), but not in AGC (5-YSR in stage II, 66.9% vs. 62.2%; p=0.821; 5-YSR in stage III, 34.5% vs. 32.0%; p=0.929). Moreover, strong positive expression (3+) showed a trend suggesting worse prognosis only in EGC, and it appeared to be associated with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion This study suggests that CD44v9 may be a good biomarker for prognosis prediction and for chemoprevention or biomarker-driven therapies only for EGC.