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국제무역거래에 있어서 신용장 대금결제방식의 생성과정에 관한 연구
강진욱(Jin-Wook Kang) 한국무역연구원 2006 무역연구 Vol.2 No.1
The letter of credit transaction system has been recognized as the best means of settlement that guarantee safety and promptness in international trade since it can minimize the risks which might be caused by the geographically far distance and the differences in language, culture, custom and law, etc. between the trading parties concerned. So purpose of this study is to review formation and history of letter of credit. It is necessary for all of the parties engaged in the transaction have a fair knowledge and understanding of the mechanism and the peculiar features of the letter of credit.
신용장 발행은행의 대금 지급 거절에 관한 사례 연구: 일본의 대금지급거절 사례를 중심으로
강진욱(Jin-Wook Kang) 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.1
This paper analyzes the refusal to honour letter of credit transactions of Issuing banks in the through Japanese cases. According to the UCP 600, when a nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the issuing bank determines that a presentation does not comply with L/C conditions, it may refuse to honour the L/C under negotiation. There are some factors of refusing payment such as fraudulent practices by issuing bank and applicant, misunderstanding of discrepancy. First, if fraud actually arises, it is necessary to settled the dispute settlement procedure or settle the litigation as agreed in the contract. Second, if it is difficult to keep the quality, quantity and weight of the goods constant, if price adjustment occurs depending on the condition of the actual shipping goods, such details should be included in the L/C conditions
姜鎭旭(Kang Jin-Wook) 한국관세학회 2005 관세학회지 Vol.6 No.1
U.S. has an unique trade terms known as 'Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions of 1941.' This is nearly 60 years old, and thus could not chase the recent commercial and transportation practice effectively. Incoterms is the perfect worldwide standard for the interpretation of trade terms, Many U.S. foreign traders still have little working knowledge of this useful tool, under the assumption that all the involved parties have clear understanding of the other party's obligation. This paper investigates the practical application of actual conditions to international trade terms in U.S. and presents some suggestion and implication.
UNIDROIT 국제상사계약원칙의 제정에 있어서 Pre-Statement 방식의 적용에 관한 연구
강진욱(Kang Jin-Wook) 한국관세학회 2005 관세학회지 Vol.6 No.2
The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, published 1994, represent a totally new approach to international trade law. The UNIDROIT Principles aim to establish general rule of international commercial contracts. The UNIDROIT Principles are intended to enunciate rules that are common to most of the existing legal system and at the same time to provide the solution that seem best adapted to the special requirements of international trade. The working group of UNIDROIT Principles never considered their role to be that of legislators empowered to lay down entirely new rules. But UNIDROIT Principles are clearly innovative. The reasons for this is to be found partly in the desire better to meet the special needs of international trade practice and partly in the necessity to take account the different economic and political conditions existing in the world today. This is called Pre-Statement System. Therefore this paper aimed that analyze the UNIDROIT Principles provisions specially adapted to the Pre-Statement System and clarify the possibilities of application in international trade.
지역응급의료센터에서 손상구역 운용이 응급실 과밀화 지표에 미치는 영향
강진욱 ( Jin Wook Kang ),신상도 ( Sang Do Shin ),서길준 ( Gil Joon Suh ),유은영 ( Eun Young You ),송경준 ( Kyoung Jun Song ) 대한외상학회 2007 大韓外傷學會誌 Vol.20 No.2
Purposes: There have been many efforts to improve the service of emergency centers. In spite of these, no evidence is showing any landmark advancement of emergency services, especially in the hospital stage, exists. We need some efficient standard criteria to evaluate emergency service in the hospital stage, and a useful method might utilize the overcrowding index. We want to know the change in the overcrowding index at a regional emergency center after injury area administration. Injury area means an area in which only an assigned duty physician manages patients with injuries such as those from traffic accidents, falls, assualts, collisions, lacerations, amputations, burns, intoxication, asphyxia, drowning, animal bites, sexual assualts, etc. Methods: We started to operate an injury area in our emergency department from late 2004, and from January to June in 2004 and in 2005, we collected patients` data, age, sex, assigned department, and result from hospital order communication system to figure out overcrowding indices and result indices. We found the daily number of patients, the turnover rate, the admission rate, the ICU admission rate, the emergency operation rate, the ED stay duration, and the ED patient volume to be overcrowding indices. Also we found the withdrawal rate, the transfer rate, and mortality to be result indices. We compared these indices between 2004 to 2005 by using a t-test. Results: There was a significant increase in the daily number of visiting patients in 2005, overcrowding indices, such as the turnover rate, the admission rate, the ICU admission rate, and the emergency operation rate, also showed statistically significant increases in 2005 (P<0.001). As for the result indices, there was a noticeable decrease in the number of withdrawals (11.77/day in 2004 to 4.53/day in 2005). Conclusion: Operating an injury area in a mildly overcrowded local emergency center is beneficial. Evaluating the effect of operating an injury area and it`s impact on hospital finances by conducting a similar study analyziing patients for a longer duration would be valuable. (J Korean Soc Traumatol 2007;20:77-82)