인문 · 사회과학편 : 국민학교(國民學校) 체육수업(體育授業)의 학습시간(學習時間) 분석연구(分析硏究)

강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 1989 한국체육학회지 Vol.28 No.1

With increased understanding of importance of student time on task in the process of teaching, it is appropriate to examine tile teaching effectiveness in physical education with the ALT-PE System. The purpose of the study was to compare and describe academic learning time in physical education between elementary school leachers with different demographic backgrounds.Total of 26 certified full-time elementary school leachers in Seoul, Korea were selected on the basis of the demographic backgrounds of the teachers. Four demographic backgrounds of the subject teachers include sex, levels of academic degrees earned, years of teaching experiences, and types of professional preparation programs.Three students were randomly selected from earth class of 26 subject teacher. These three students were used for collecting data under the assumption that average data for them would be representative of the class.The observation instrument used in this study was the revised ALT-PE system developed by Siedentop, Tousignant, and Parker (1982). This instrument utilizes two levels of decisions during an observation, both on context and learner involvement. Each decision takes place at a different level within the interval, and each interval contains a set of behavioral definitions to describe what was observed during a given interval.After receiving the school administrator’s and the teacher’s permission to observe the clams, each class was observed twice on different days during October and November 1988.During observation, an observer listened to a cue tape through earphone jacks for signals to observe and record in alternating six-second interval recording procedures.Two trained persons participated in observation. Before observing the classes, the observers were trained in a sequential task program to be familiar with ALT-PE coding procedures. Inter-and intra-observer reliability were checked to maintain it’s satisfactory level with r=.90 or over.Descriptive statistical analysis of the data were conducted To determine whether significant differences were evident in ALT-PE between teachers with different demographic backgrounds, t-test was performed on all of the variables.On the basis of the results analysed, the conclusions were drawn as follows.1. There are differences in the skill practice and game category of ALT-PE between male and female elementary school teachers.2. There are no differences of ALT-PE between teacher who had 2-year teacher education programs and who had 4-year teacher education programs.3. There are no differences of ALT-PE between beginning leachers and experienced teachers.4. There is a difference in the motor appropriate category of ALT-PE between specialists in physical education and nonspecialists in physical education.

인문 · 사회과학편 : 체육 교수시간의 패턴 분석 연구

강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 1994 한국체육학회지 Vol.33 No.1

Research on teaching had given much attention to teaching effectiveness. The focus was either on identifying the skills of effective teaching and the characteristics of effective teacher or describing what’s going on in physical education classes.Pattern analysis describes how instructional time is used by a teacher in the physical education classroom. The purpose of the study is to determine how elementary and secondary school teachers and student teachers use their instructional time in the physical education classes.The subjects of this study were 40 teachers and 40 student teachers at elementary and secondary schools. All subjects were observed to teach lead-up games with balls for a lesson.Teaching behaviors of an hour for each of subjects were observed and recorded by four trained observers with the categories or the Pattern Analysis system developed by D. Zakrajsek(1988).An interval-recording method was used to collect data on teacher behaviors. Satisfying levels of inter- and intra- observer agreement were maintained to ensure the reliability of the data obtained.The instructional time used on each of the category with percentages(%) was obtained on each of the categories of the system. t Tests were also made to determine the differences between the sub-groups of the subjects.On the basis of results analyzed, the conclusions were drawn as follows :1. Both teachers and student teachers at teach level of schools use the instructional time on the developmental category with the highest percentage as compared to the other categories. The categories of organizational, content presentation(teaching), and preparatory were also among the higher ratio of percentages in the use of instructional time.2. Both teacher and student teachers at each Level of schools use the instructional time on the categories of summation, departure, and preparatory with the lowest percentage as compared to the other categories.3. There are differences between elementary and secondary school teachers on the use of instructional time in the categories of content presentation(teaching), developmental, nondirected, controlling, and recreational.4. There are differences between elementary and secondary school student teachers on the use of instructional time in the categories of controlling and recreational.5. There are differences between elementary school teachers and student teachers on the use of instructional time in all categories except summation, departure, and evaluation.7. There are differences between secondary school teachers and student teachers on the use of instructional time in the categories of preparatory, organization, content presentation(teaching), developmental, and recreational.

스포츠 교육학 : 현행 체육교육과정에 대한 현직 교사의 관심도 분석

강신복(SinBokKang),문호준(HoJunMoon) 한국체육학회 1996 한국체육학회지 Vol.35 No.4

교육부에서 개발한 체육교육과정은 교육현장에서 실행되는 것을 전제로 개발되고 그 역할을 수행하는 주역은 현장의 지도교사이다. 즉 체육교사들이 체육교육과정을 수용하여 올바르게 이해하고 해석하여 실제 수업에 적용하는 일은 곧 체육교육과정의 완성을 가져오는 일이다. 그런데 체육교육과정 실행의 중추적인 역할 담당자가 체육교사임에도 불구하고 실제로 체육교육과정을 적용하고 있는 교사수준에서의 체육교육과정에 대한 국내 연구는 극히 미진한 상태이다. 이에 본 연구는 체육교육과정의 실행 과정에 역점을 두고 국가수준에서 개발 고시한 체육교육과정을 교육현장에서 실질적으로 실행하는 교사들이 어느 정도 관심을 갖고 있는가를 탐색하려는 목적으로 수행되었다.연구결과 체육교육과정에 대한 중등체육교사의 관심도는 교사들의 61.1%가 무관심 단계(0단계)에서 있는 것으로 나타났다. 많은 체육교사들이 무관심 단계에 있다는 것은 현행 체육교육과정을 자신과 무관한 것으로 생각하며, 현행 체육교육과정은 학교현장에서 가르치는 일이나 교수 활동과는 관계가 없는 것으로 생각하고 있다는 것을 의미한다.이와 같은 연구결과를 종합해 본 결과 전반적으로 체육교사들은 현행 체육교육에 대해 관심을 갖지 않거나(0단계), 자신의 역할에 대해 관심(1, 2단계)을 갖는 수준에 머무르고 있어 우리나라의 체육교사들이 체육교육과정에 대한 관심도가 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teachers’ need and concern on the curriculum in physical education at secondary schools. The study has been conducted on the basis of review of literature on the research findings related the study.It is generally known that the teachers at schools have the lack of concern on the curriculum and its development in teaching physical education.The individual stages of needs and concern shown by the teachers on the physical education curriculum that was developed at the 6th revision period, it was discovered that 61.1% of all the teachers showed 0 level of awareness on it.Teachers showed the informational concerns with different degrees, ; there were level ‘1’ with 22.2%, level ‘2’ with 2.8%, level ‘4’ with 7.6%, and level ‘6’ with 6.3%.It was discovered that no teacher was concerned in level ‘5’ which is the collaboration concerns. Also no difference were discovered on the stages of concern by the individual background. However it was found that the concerns shown by the teachers was statistically associated with teaching experience, while there were no associated with level of education, sex, and types of school.Therefore, an effort should be made to revise the curriculum leting teachers taking major role in the process of developing and implementing the curriculum at schools.

스포츠교육학 / 중학교 체육교사의 수업지식과 교수활동의 관계분석연구

강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.4

학생의 학습성취는 지도교사의 교과내용에 대한 지식과 어떻게 지도하느냐의 수업지식과 같은 교사지식의 수준과 직결된다는 주장이어서 본 지식체계에 대한 심층적 분석이 요망되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 이와 같은 연구의 필요성에 부응하여 중학교 체육교사의 교육경력 수준에 따른 수업지식의 차이를 파악하기 위함이었다.구체적으로 본 연구는 체육의 수업지식중 ① 교수목표지식, ② 학생이해지식, ③ 교육과정지식, ④ 수업전략지식에 대한 초임교사와 경력교사간의 이해와 실천적 차이를 규명하는 데 그 목적을 두었다.본 연구의 설계는 양적 연구 접근의 한계를 극복하기 위하여 질적 연구방법인 사례연구(case studies)기법을 이용하였다. 이와 같은 사례연구 기법을 통해서 수집된 자료들은 문헌고찰을 통해 탐색된 결과들을 토대로 하여 논의 분석되었다. 연구대상은 중학교의 체육담당교사 4명이었다. 이들 연구대상은 초임교사(2명)와 경력교사(2명)집단으로 구분되었다. 여기서 초임교사와 경력교사 집단으로 나눈 배경은 경력교사가 초임교사보다 수업지식의 수준이 높을 것으로 전제했기 때문이었다.자료수집은 사례연구에서 적용되는 여러 기법들을 동원하였다. 즉, 심층면담, 수업관찰, 문헌조사등을 사용하였다. 자료분석은 수집된 자료를 수집·분류한 후 귀납적 범주분석을 통하여 분류조직화하였다. 또한 이들 수집된 자료의 진실성을 확보하기 위하여 구성원간 검토, 동료간 협의, 다각도 분석법과 같은 기법을 도입하였다.본 연구는 이상의 연구목적에 따라 수집된 자료를 수업지식의 하위 영역별로 분석하고 이를 초임교사와 경력교사간의 차이를 비교 논의하였다. 또한 본 연구결과를 토대로 심층논의가 이루어졌고 후속연구의 방향을 제시하였다. One of the important competencies of the teacher would be the teacher`s ability to teach the subject matter with effectiveness. Thus, teacher educators and researchers in education paid attention to teacher knowledge of the teacher as a crucial factor to the learning achievement for the students.The purpose of this study was to compare the pedagogical-content knowledge of teachers in terms of the educational experiences in teaching physical education at selected junior-high schools in Seoul. Multiple case study design was employed in this study. Four junior-high school teachers (two novice teachers and two experienced teachers) were interviewed and observed. Data were collected through various methods such as in-depth interviews and videotaping. The data collected were analyzed by using inductive categorical system. Also, the trustworthiness of data was confirmed through the member check, peer debriefing, and triangulation.In order to compare novice teachers` and experienced teachers` pedagogical-content knowledge in teaching physical education at junior-high school, the findings were presented and discussed with similarities and differences in Grossman`s four components of pedagogical-content knowledge; knowledge of objectives, knowledge of student understandings, knowledge of curriculum, and knowledge of teaching strategies.Recommendations for teacher educators and researchers in physical education and sport pedagogy were made to improve the quality of teacher education programs. Also, the future research directions were given for the teacher educators and researchers in the preservice and inservice education.

Warner Soccer Test에 의한 축구기술 검사 연구

강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 1972 한국체육학회지 Vol.7 No.-

울산공과대학 1 · 2학년 학생 229명을 피검자로 하여 1971년 10월, 11일 약 2개월 동안 대학생 각자의 축구기초기술을 측정했다.Warner Soccer Test를 본 연구의 검사 방법으로 채택하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.1. 정지되어 있는 볼을 오른 발로 멀리 차기의 평균(Mean)성적은 28.6m2. 정지되어 있는 볼을 왼발로 멀리 차기의 평균(Mean) 성적은 21.8m3. 소정의 장해물을 통과하여 되돌아오는 드리블링(Dribbling)시간 측정의 평균(Mean) 성적은 19.5초였다.보편적으로 2학년 학생이 1학년 학생 보다 모든 종목에서 그 평균 성적이 양호했다.

서울 청소년(靑少年) 운동적성(運動適性)의 비교연구(比較硏究)

姜信福(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 1969 한국체육학회지 Vol.3 No.-

1. PurposeThe purpose of study is to measure and validate status and achievements, youth in Seoul Korea, in the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test and to abtain the means of 7 asubtests and compare these results with those of foreigners(American and Japan).2. Procedure(1)SamplingElementary schoolboys, junior high school students in Seoul area.The ages of subjects ranged from 10 to 17.Total number of subjects were 3,047 of which 1521 were male and 1526 female.(2) The period of tests.March 2, 1968-April 30, 1968.3. Sub-TestMotor Fitness Test includes 7 sub-test.(1) Pull-up for boys and Modified pull-up for girls.(2) Sit-ups.(3) Shuttle run.(4) 50-yard Dash.(5) Softball throw for distance.(6) Standing broad jump.(7) 600-yard run-walk.4. Results and Conclusion1) Pull-up for boys and modified pull-up for girls.The results showed that the boys ranging in age from 11 to 13 were slower in pull-up, Compared with the rest age group, But the results by age group were superior th America and Japan. In case of girls, Japanese ones showed better progress.2) Sit-ups.Boys and girls were inferior those of two countries. Boys developed steadily until the age of sixteen. On other hand, girls who are over thirteen years old showed gradual descending phenomena.3) Shuttle Run.In this case, boys and girls of Korea & Japan made similar development and were more excellent than American ones.The developmental curve reached the peak at the age of sixteen in three countries(Korea, America and Japan).4) 50-yard Dash.The results were almost the same among the three countries.Undulating developmental curve was found in case of girls showing the highest development at thirteen. The records between Korea and Japan were mostly equal, but the results were superior to America.5) softball throw for distance.Boys as well as girls showed sluggish development in comparison with those of America and Japan. According th the results, boys displayed straight progress as they grow older.Girls who have passed over the age of fourteen showed standstill or decreasing.6) StandingBroad Jump. Boys made steady development until fifteen as they get old, but the development was stopped between the age of 15 and 16. After that, they began to develop.Girls fitness improved until fifteen since that they were inclined the fall down. Boys and girls are inferior to Japan, but they are superior to America.7) 600-yard Run-Walk.In the event of the boys who twelve years old, over-all results were a little excellent, compared with Japanese boys of an age.In other age groups, it was left behind. Girls also showed more unsatisfactory results than those of Japan. Boys and girls showed remoarkable development than America. Girls best development was found at fourteen. And then, girls` fitness was tended to come down by degrees. This is probably due to their first menstrual period(puberty).

인문,사회과학편 : 체육과 교육과정 개정 과정에서의 참여 주체와 맥락의 이해

김원정(WonJungKim),강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 2006 한국체육학회지 Vol.45 No.3

본 연구는 체육과 교육과정 개정 참여자들의 관점과 철학 및 가치관을 상호주관적(inter-subjective) 관점으로 이해하고 개정 당시 있는 그대로의 포괄적이고 보편적인 주변의 ‘맥락’들을 먼저 이해하기 위하여, 공문서 및 문헌 분석을 병행하면서 제7차 체육과 교육과정 개정에 참여한 전형적인 인물들 중에서 일곱 명의 제보자에 대한 심층면담을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 참여자들은 ‘체육’과 ‘교육’을 바라보는 안목, ‘문화’, ‘활동’ 및 ‘체력’과 같이 문서화된 교육과정에 언급되는 체육과 관련된 주요 개념들이나 용어들에 대한 중층적인 해석과 복합적인 사고를 비롯하여 다양한 가치관을 가지고 있다. 제7차 체육과 교육과정 개정 당시의 포괄적인 맥락들은 ‘대상황’과, 이러한 대상황이 의사결정과정을 통하여 ‘소상황’으로 반영되도록 하는 과정에서 드러나는 ‘매개상황’으로 나누어 파악될 수 있다. 궁극적으로 이러한 심도 있는 이해를 통하여 참여자들과 연구자의 ‘체육의 가치’와 ‘교육적 삶’에 대한 성찰이 가능할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to understand inter-subjectively various viewpoints or philosophy of the informants who took part in curriculum revision process and the comprehensive and universal ‘context' surrounding lots of issues to the settlement revealed in the decision making process in that time. This study was mainly conducted open and unstructured in-depth interviews with seven key informants of typical curriculum developers who participated in the 7th PE curriculum revision process. And the analysis of the official documents and literature was conducted at the same time. The participants have different idea and complex mid-depths in the interpretation of the terms appearing in the enacted school curriculum concerning the PE subject like ‘education', ‘physical education', ‘culture', ‘activity' and ‘fitness'. It is expected to understand ‘comprehensive context' with two separated parts. One is ‘macro-situation', and the other is ‘mediation' entailed into the process that the macro-situation influenced on the 'micro-situation' through decision making process. Ultimately, such a deep understanding made it possible to let participants and me reflect ‘the value of PE' and ‘educational life'.

스포츠교육학 : 체육수업의 심리적 학습환경이 학생들의 잠재적 태도성향에 미치는 영향

조홍식(HongSikCho),강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyze how they cognize on the psychological learning environment of P.E class and the potential attitude inclination, and how psychological learning environment influence upon the potential attitude inclination. For this, 620 students of middle and high schools in Kyunggi-do were sampled an example using a purposive sampling method. The method of inquiry was a questionnaire. The collected data was enforced the analysis of t-Test and Multiple regression Analysis using the SPSS Ver 11.5. Therefore, it has got conclusions as follows;First, the degree of awareness on psychological learning environment as personal characteristic of student was rather higher that average. The psychological learning environment as gender difference, boys were more positive and highly cognized than girls, and statistically indicated differences between them. The psychological learning environment followed as school pattern, high school student showed higher cognition than middle school student.Second, the degree of awareness on potential attitude inclination as personal characteristic of student was rather higher than average. The potential attitude inclination as gender difference, boys were more positive and highly cognized than girls in all subordinate factors and indicated differences between the, And the potential attitude inclination followed as school pattern, high school student showed higher cognition on attitude inclination than middle school student.Third, the psychological learning environment of P.E class has statistically influences upon the potential attitude inclination of the student. Especially, the a sense of relationship, differentiation, independence have significantly influenced upon the potential attitude inclination of the student, but the a sense of investigation has not partly influenced on it.

인문,사회과학편 : 중학교 체육수업에서 신체활동의 성공과 실패 경험에 대한 학생의 인식

이승배(SeungBaeLee),박윤혁(YeounHyukPark),강신복(SinBokKang) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.1

본 연구는 중학교 체육수업에서 신체활동의 성공과 실패 경험에 대한 학생들의 인식을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 선행연구 검토 및 개방형 질문지를 활용한 예비조사를 토대로 총 113문항의 질문지를 구성하였고, 두 차례에 걸친 수정작업 후 6개 중학교 1ㆍ2ㆍ3 학년에 재학 중인 336명의 중학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 탐색적 요인분석과 문항내적 일치도를 검사하였다. 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학교 체육수업에서 신체활동에 대하여 학생들이 경험하는 성공 원인 39문항을 요인분석한 결과 총 7개의 요인(동료간 호흡, 우수한 운동 능력, 행운, 지속적인 노력, 교사의 긍정적 피드백, 동료의 격려, 과제 난이도의 적절성)으로 구성되었다. 둘째, 중학교 체육수업에서 신체활동에 대하여 학생들이 경험하는 실패 원인 41문항을 요인분석한 결과 총 7개의 요인(동료의 비난, 운동 능력 부족, 열악한 수업 환경, 노력 부족, 불운, 교사 지도의 부족 및 비효과성, 과제 난이도의 부적절성)이 추출되었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the student's perception on the success and failure experience of physical activity in middle school physical education classes. For this study, the 336 middle school students responded to the cause on the success and failure experience of physical activity. To analyze the results, factor analysis and reliability about each factor were used in SPSS window version 12.0. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, the 7 major success factors were consisted of 39 questions as causes of the success experience on physical activity in middle school physical education classes. The success factors were positive relationship with classmates, superior physical fitness, luck, constant effort, teacher's positive feedback, encouragement with classmates, and relevance of task difficulty. Second, the 7 major failure factors were decided from 41 questions as causes of the failure experience on physical activity in middle school physical education classes. The failure factors were negative relationship with classmates, inferior physical fitness, a poor of educational environment, effort insufficiency, unfortunateness, insufficiency and ineffectiveness of teacher's teaching, and irrelevance of task difficulty.

인문 · 사회편 : 생활체육 투자우선순위에 관한 연구

임번장(BurnJangLim),노희덕(HeeDurkRro),강신복(SinBokKang),김동진(DongJinKim),정응근(EungKeunChung) 한국체육학회 1991 한국체육학회지 Vol.30 No.2

The purpose of the study was to select factors of investment and to decide the order of priority among factors (of investment) based on fundamental principle of investment-equality, equity, and efficiency-in the development of sport for all.The study was conducted in expert group working at sport for all. 30 expert members who were 10 scholars. 10 administarors, and 10 men of business participated in the study.Data were collected through the use of Delphi-technique and Analytical hierachy process method.The results of the study are as follows:6 factors of investment are selected in using Delphi-technique : facility, program, leader, publicity, organization of like- minded persons, administration aid.Facility factor is divided to close-range facility, broad area facility, occupational facility, open of school facility, management and utilization of facility, and open of public institution facility. Program factor is divided to program development of event and object, and program popularization. Leader factor is divided to pre-service(cultivation), in-service, arrangement, and better treatment of leader. Publicity factor is divided to community and nation-wide publicity. Organization of like-minded persons factor is divided to organization and aid of club. Administration aid factor is divided to opening of event, establishment of long-range plan and systematic research, foundation of consultation office. and law maintenance & aid of tax system in Sport for All.The order of priority among factors of investment is decided to AHP method.The whole ranking within Sport for All followed facility, publicity, leader, administration aid, organization, and program(CH=0.03061). The ranking within facility of Sport for All is followed expansion of close range facility, open of school facility. management and utilization of facility, expansion of occupational facility, open o. occupational facility, and expansion of broad area facility (CR=0.00994). The ranking within program is followed program development of object, program development of event, and program popularization (CP=0.00102). The ranking within leader is followed arrangement, pre-service, better treatment, and in-service(CR=0.00878). Nation-wide publicity is higher ranking than community (CR=0.00001). Club organization of like-minded persons is higher ranking than club aid (CR=0.00001). The ranking within administration aid is followed law maintenance & aid of tax system, establishment of long-range plan and systematic research, opening of event, and foundation of consultation office (CR=0.00427).