Scatological Satire in Jonathan Swift's Poems

Kang Moon-Soon(강문순) 신영어영문학회 2001 신영어영문학 Vol.20 No.-

조나단 스위프트의 시에서 발견되는 인간의 분변(糞便, scatology)에 관련된 표현은 풍자의 효과를 증대하기 위하여 의도적으로 사용된다. 분변에 관한 묘사가 가장 극대화되어 보여지는 씰리아 시편 (Celia Poems)을 비롯한 여러 시에서의 스위프트의 기본적인 의도는 자극적이고 선정적인 표현 자체에 있는 것이 아니라 풍자와 도덕적인 가르침을 강조하기 위한 수단에 있다. 스위프트의 풍자가 늘 분노와 가혹한 공격만을 보여주는 것이 아니라 때로는 유머러스하고 역설적인 태도를 취하는 배경에는 풍자자체가 인간의 분변에 관한 묘사가 제공하는 유모와 역설과 매우 교묘하게 뒤섞여있기 때문이다.

Madness, Satire, and Jonathan Swift`s Gulliver`s Travels

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ) 근대영미소설학회 2001 근대 영미소설 Vol.8 No.1

광기(madness)와 광인을 가혹하게 비난했던 오거스트 시대(the Augustan Period)를 대표하는 작가인 조나단 스위프트(Jonathan Swift)의 풍자 작품에게 있어서 역설적으로 광기가 스위프트의 풍자 작품의 주제는 물론이고 작품의 구조, 방법론, 목적의식까지도 형성하고 있기 때문에 광기의 의미를 파악하는 것이 스위프트의 풍자 문학을 이해하는데 있어 매우 중요하다. 스위프트의 풍자 문학 작품에는 광기-실제적 의미의 광기 그리고 은유적 의미의 광기 둘 다 에 대한 문학적, 사회적, 정치적 함의가 존재한다. 스위프트는 풍자 문학이 인간과 인간 사회에 만연된 광기를 치료해주는 역할을 한다고 믿었기에 풍자 문학 작가를 사회의 건강을 회복시켜 주는 일을 하는 의사로 간주했다. 걸리버 여행기에서 스위프트는 인간 사회에서 흔히 발견되는 정치적, 사회적, 종교적, 그리고 도덕적 광인과 광기를 풍자적으로 묘사하고 있다. 걸리버 여행기에는 혼돈의 무질서로부터 인간 사회를 지켜주는 것으로 믿어왔던 이성(reason) 자체가 스위프트의 주요한 풍자 대상이 된다. 스위프트는 여타의 풍자 작품에서 이성의 결여나, 비이성성 자체를 혹독하게 비난하는데 반해 걸리버 여행기에서는 인간을 광기의 상태로 몰고 가는 과도한 이성을 비난하고 있다. 특히 걸리버 여행기의 제4부에서 보이는 걸리버의 광기를 통해서 스위프트는 이간은 순전히 이성으로만 살아갈 수 없음을 강조하는데 이와 같은 스위프트의 태도는 사무엘 존슨(Samuel Johnson)을 포함한 18세기 중반 이후의 풍자 작가들이 보여 주었던 인간성 자체에 대한 회의적이고 체념적인 태도와 어느 정도 일치한다고 할 수 있다.

희망과 정신 이상 사이에서-사무엘 존슨의 「젊은 작가」, 『램블러』, 『라쎌라스』 새롭게 읽기

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ),윤교찬 ( Kyo Chan Yoon ) 21세기영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학21 Vol.24 No.2

Samuel Johnson, a man of high intellect and rational judgment intended to show the relationship between hope in its extreme forms and the onset of insanity. "The Young Author," several Rambler essays, and Rasselas, respectively, reflects Johnson`s own personal struggle with madness and the way that excessive hope or complete lack of hope contributes to mental instability. Hope is a necessary element of human existence and it must be properly controlled and balanced with the function of reason. Hope that is excessive or unreasonable leads to mental imbalance, whereas rational and proper use of hope can aid mental health. In these three works Johnson deals primarily with two types of hope. Phantom hope, which is inspired by the imagination, overthrows reason and leads to idleness and despair. Reasonable hope, which is controlled by the intellect, motivates action, and inspires perseverance even under the most daunting circumstances. Whereas phantom hope leads to insanity, real hope leads to accomplishment. Johnson claimed that hope is the "blessing to mankind" when it is regulated by reason; it is the curse of man when it is inspired by the imagination. Hope, it can be said, plays an important role in both the cause and the cure of madness.

사무엘 존슨과 기독교적 인문주의

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ) 한국영미문화학회 2007 영미문화 Vol.7 No.3

조나단 스위프트의 화장방 담론: 여성의 아름다움, 몸, 그리고 젠더 위계

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ) 한국영미문화학회 2008 영미문화 Vol.8 No.2

Dressing-rooms undress the hierarchy between men and women in Restoration and eighteenth-century English literature. Although the eighteenth-century witnessed improved material conditions that made women more equal with men, the construction of the dressing-room conceptualized modern gender difference and introduced strategies to facilitate its regulation. This regulation functioned to hold men and women in a strict hierarchy that the dressing-room potentially threatened. The dressing-room first institutionalized privacy for women and foregrounded the possibility that women hid their true selves beneath clothing and cosmetics; but it also evoked a range of connotation that represented female subjects as having access to privileges ordinarily reserved for men. As a private space central for ordering structures outside of it, dressing-room scenes enact a logic that attempts to render women as spectacles and inferior to men, and men as spectators and superior to women. Therefore the trope of the dressing-room stages a profoundly performative structure of gender identity and gender difference that attempts to naturalize this hierarchy. Female subjects need to be watched by masculine subjects because this activity defines them both; yet the very act of observing women is confounded by the introduction of the private dressing-room. The possibility of a closed dressing-room thus gives rise to speculation about what sorts of activities might be happening inside.

사무엘 존슨과 여성: 존슨과 18세기 여류 문인들의 모임인 “The Bluestockings”와의 관계 연구

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ) 근대 영미소설 학회 2007 근대 영미소설 Vol.14 No.1

This article studies the relationship of Samuel Johnson with the group of literary women known as the Bluestockings, most of whom had achieved some works of literature and gathered to discuss and criticize various subjects, mostly in a literary vein. Johnson developed close relationships with many of these women. In chauvinistic English society their efforts were not only ignored by many, but severely criticized by those who felt that the Bluestockings were overstepping their bounds as women. Despite these obstacles, these women survived, and some important male allies joined their cause, one of whom is Samuel Johnson. The support of these men carried considerable weight. Among the two women selected, Lennox would not be included in the Bluestockings without Johnson`s affection for her and admiration for her literary talents and her great courage in the face of hardships in her life. Through all his years, Johnson had been Charlotte`s friend, support, and her adviser in almost all of her works. Johnson helped her in every way, including writing her several prefaces for her works. Burney`s importance rests on her own accounts of her relationship with Johnson, which was closer and much more intimate than that with any other of the Bluestocking women. Her accounts are provides a most accurate picture of Johnson in the circle of women. Without Burney`s accounts, a lot of information concerning not only her relationship with Johnson, but also his relationships with the other Bluestocking women would have been missed.

사적풍자와 일반풍자 -드라이든과 애디슨의 풍자론

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ) 21세기영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학21 Vol.26 No.1

The legality of satire was the key issue confronted by the Augustan theorists of satire. The issued originated in the debate about the merits of general and personal satire: is personal satire more libellous than general satire? Critics divide the Augustan satirists into groups according to their preferences for particular types of satire they wrote. Addison favors general satire and Dryden, who is equivocal, seems to favor both general and personal satire. While Dryden defends personal satire on legal grounds, he also acknowledges that personal satire violates the principle of Christian charity, a higher law. These two satirists develop those terms which dominate the study of satire, one of which is “libel.” with its source from Rome.

아감벤의 “목적 없는 수단”과 벤야민의 이미지로서의 역사철학그리고 드보르 영화의 몽타주 기법

윤교찬 ( Kyo Chan Yoon ),강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ) 21세기영어영문학회 2014 영어영문학21 Vol.27 No.1

The main aim of this paper is to examine the interconnected worlds of poetics of the three theorists, Agamben, Debord and Benjamin, and to see what they commonly aim at. Agamben`s ‘Means without End’ reflects Debord`s cinema poetics. In Debord`s cinema poetics montage image functions as ‘a prolonged hesitation between image and meaning`` just as Agamben`s pure means does as “uneasy hesitation” before the separation of the sacred and the profane. Debord`s montage poetics, which aims not the return of the identical but that of the possibility of what was, perfectly matches with Benjamin`s notion of history as image. Just as Debord`s montage image aims at the decreation of what was, Benjamin`s view of history as image aims at a history of salvation. Each image, according to Benjamin, is charged with history and it is the door through which the Messiah enters. We also see Debord`s notion of spectacle helps us understand not only Agamben`s notion of profanation but also Benjamin`s notion of secularization.

James Thomson's The Seasons and the Sublime

Kang, Moon-Soon 서강영문학회 1989 서강영문학 Vol.1 No.-

James Thomson's The Seasons is replete with descriptions and philosophical contemplation of nature. But his main concern is not nature itself. The Seasons is not simply a descriptive poem. Thomson borrows images from external nature to describe the state of mind which these inspired of stimulated as a response in the observer. Through descriptions and philosophical contemplation of nature, Thomson speaks about "the impact of nature on the sensations, imaginations, intellect and moral character of man." In this sense, it seems that he follows the Augustan tradition that assumes the presence of a divine harmony in the bewildering and apparently contradictory faces which nature presents to man.