기술적 보호조치의 정의에 관한 소고 : 대법원 2015.7.9. 선고 2015도3352 판결을 중심으로

강기봉(Kang, Gi-bong) 세창출판사 2015 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.80

In order to comply with the R.O.K.-E.U. Free Trade Agreement, a new provision for prohibiting incapacitation of technological protection measures of access control was added to the copyrights law on June 30th 2011, and entered effect on July 1st 2011. In the past, the old Computer Program Protection Act and the old Copyright Act had a provision related to the technological protection measure for use control. As a result, the case law rendered based on the old law had a presumption that the technological protection measures were meant as use control. However, with addition of the definition of the technological protection measures of access control in the Copyrights Law, the court had potentials of changing its standard for interpretation. And there were several precedents in relation to technological protection measures so far, and various discussions regarding the definition of technological protection measures in the process have been made. Recently, the Supreme Court interpreted the definition of technological protection measures on current copyright act, and ruled on the basis of the interpretation. And this decision is extremely significant in that it will affect the future decisions of the Court. So, This paper will study the definition of technological protection measures of the current copyright law Focusing on recent Supreme Court ruling.

일본 저작권등관리사업법의 검토 및 시사점

강기봉 ( Gi-bong Kang ),김상태 ( Sang-tae Kim ) 한국법정책학회 2021 법과 정책연구 Vol.21 No.1

The Management Business of Copyright and Neighboring Rights plays an important role in dealing with the right of works, in-person performances, records, broadcasting, and wire broadcasting (hereinafter referred to as ‘copyright and neighboring rights’), and the provisions of the 「Law on Brokerage Business of Copyright」 in Japan regarding such business have brought up opinions asserting that the 「Law on Brokerage Business of Copyright」 was not appropriate according to the changes in technologies or social circumstances. To address these problems, the Japanese Copyright Commission installed the intensive right management subcommittee, reviewed the law, and submitted the final report in January 2000 and the 「 Law on Brokerage Business of Copyright」 was abolished. Accordingly, the 「 Law on Management Business of Copyright and Neighboring Rights」 was newly established and it has been put in force since October 1, 2001. In this study, the copyright trust management system in the said law was reviewed, the discussions about the establishment of Law on Management Business of Copyright in Korea and the changes in systems related to copyright trust management were examined, and the implications of copyright trust management system in Japan were reviewed. Since theestablishment of the 「Law on Management Business of Copyright and Neighboring Rights」 in Japan, the discussions about the establishment of law on management business of copyright and the revision of the Copyright Act for the copyright trust management business have been carried out in Korea, but discussions on the changes in expanded intensive management system, trust range selection system, commercialization of copyright trust management business, copyright manager system, and copyright trust management business report system are currently underway. Recently, the introduction of expanded intensive management system with regard to legislation is being promoted. Introduction of systems beneficial to right holders and users with regard to works accompanies various overseas cases and discussions, and in this regard, it is necessary to review the cases of the 「Law on Management Business of Copyright and Neighboring Rights」 in Japan and continuously introduce the necessary parts for the copyright system in Korea in future.

기술적 보호조치 무력화 금지의 예외에 관한 연구 - 학술적 연구 및 교육 목적의 텍스트 및 데이터 마이닝 -

강기봉(Kang, Gi-Bong) 한국법이론실무학회 2022 법률실무연구 Vol.10 No.2

텍스트 및 데이터 마이닝은 자료들을 분석하여 유의미한 결과물을 도출할 수 있지만, 그 과정에서 이용해야 하는 자료들에 저작물이 포함되어 있어 저작권 침해와 기술적 보호조치의 무력화에 관한 문제가 있다. 이에 따라 미국의 2021년 10월 룰메이킹 결과에 ‘학술적 연구 및 교육 목적의 텍스트 및 데이터 마이닝에 관한 예외가 신설되었다. 그리고 우리나라도 지난 2021년에 도종환 의원이 대표발의하여 국회에 계류중인 저작권법 전부개정법률안에 저작재산권의 제한에 관한 규정이 포함되어 있다. 미국의 기술적 보호조치 무력화 허용 규정은 유럽 등의 입법례를 참고하여 주체나 실체적 범위를 상당히 제한하여 좁은 범위로 규정되어 있다. 이에 대해 우리나라 개정법률안의 저작재산권 제한은 일본과 마찬가지로 상당히 넓은 범위로 규정한다. 그런데 기술적 보호조치는 디지털화된 자료들에 대한 저작권을 효과적으로 보호하기 위한 것이므로, 저작물의 이용자들과 저작권자들의 이해관계가 첨예하게 대립될 수 있다. 그렇지만 어문저작물과 영상저작물에 적용된 기술적 보호조치에 대해 일정한 요건 하에 학술적 연구나 교육을 위해 무력화하는 것에 대해서는 공익적인 측면에서의 효용성이 높다. 다만, 저작재산권을 제한하더라도 저작권자들의 본질적인 권리를 침해하지는 않아야 하며, 기술적 보호조치의 무력화 금지의 예외를 설정함에 있어서도 상당한 주의를 요한다. 미국에서는 룰메이킹 과정에서 명시적인 규정이나 관련 판례가 존재하지 않는 가운데 저작권법 제107조의 적용 문제와 함께 다양한 견해, 해외 입법 사례들 및 관련 시장에 미치는 영향이 고려되었고, 결과적으로 미국 룰메이킹 결과는 그 허용범위가 제한적이다. 그래서 미국의 예외를 그대로 수용하기 보다는 입법되는 규정과 우리 산업 현황을 고려하여 적절한 예외가 마련되어야 한다. Text and data mining can derive meaningful results by analyzing data, but there are problems with copyright infringement and the circumvention of technical protection measures because the materials that must be used in the process include copyrighted works. Accordingly, in the U.S. rulemaking results for October 2021, an exception was newly added for “text and data mining for academic research and education.” Also, in Korea, a related provision is included in All amendments to the Copyright Act proposed by National Assembly member Do Jong-hwan in 2021 and is pending in the National Assembly. The U.S. provisions to allow the circumvention of technical protection measures are defined in a narrow scope by significantly restricting the subject or substantive scope by referring to European and other legislative examples. On the other hand, the restriction on authors copyright in the revised bill in Korea is stipulated in a fairly wide range as in Japan. Since technical protection measures are intended to effectively protect copyrights for digitized materials, the interests of users of works and copyright holders may be in sharp conflict. However, it is highly effective in the public interest to circumvent technical protection measures applied to literary works and visual works for academic research or education under certain conditions. Nevertheless, even if the copyright is restricted, the essential rights of copyright holders should not be infringed. While there are no explicit provisions or related precedents in the U.S. rulemaking process, various opinions, overseas legislative cases, and the impact on the relevant market along with the application of Article 107 of the Copyright Act were considered. So, the permissible scope of the regulation by the U.S. rulemaking is limited. Therefore, rather than accepting the U.S. exception as it is, an appropriate exception should be prepared in consideration of the legislative provision and the current situation of our industry.

자유 및 오픈소스 소프트웨어의 잠재적 침해 조사에 관한 저작권법상 이슈

강기봉(Gi Bong Kang) 한국저작권위원회 2023 계간 저작권 Vol.36 No.3

저작권법상 호환에 관한 연구

강기봉(Kang, Gi Bong) 한국정보법학회 2017 정보법학 Vol.21 No.2

지금까지 국내외에서 리버스 엔지니어링은 소프트웨어 기술 및 산업의 발전에 중대한 역할을 해 왔다. 그리고 4차 산업으로 일컬어지는 인공지능, 사물인터넷, 3D프린팅 등의 미래 산업에서도 산업 내 또는 산업 간의 상호작용 및 상호연결이 가능하도록 하기 위해 소프트웨어의 상호운용성을 확보하는 것은 상당히 중요하다. 우리 저작권법에는 제2조 제34호, 제101조의3 제1항 제6호 및 제101조의4에 리버스 엔지니어링에 관한 명시적인 규정들이 있고, 디스어셈블리 및 디컴파일에 대해 자유 이용을 허락하는 것은 독립적으로 창작된 컴퓨터프로그램저작물과 다른 컴퓨터프로 그램과의 호환에 필요한 정보를 얻기 위한 경우로 한정된다. 여기서 호환은 정의가 존재하지 않고 입법 배경을 고려하면 상호운용성을 의미하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그렇지만 견해에 따라서는 상호운용성과 구분하여 원래 의미의 호환성을 의미하는 것으로도 해석될 수 있다. 이런 점에서 호환을 상호운용으로 개정하는 한편 이에 대한 정의 규정을 둘 필요가 있다. 상호운용성과 호환성은 엄밀히 말해 그 의미가 다르고, 이러한 차이는 법률 규정의 입법 의도와는 달리 그 적용 범위가 달라질 수 있기 때문이다. 그러므로 이 논문은 법률 개정을 논하기에 앞서 유럽과 미국의 입법 및 판례를 살펴보고 호환성과 상호운용성의 의의를 살펴본 후에, 상호운용성의 중요성, 디컴파일에 관한 규정의 필요성 및 국내외 관련 규정의 입법 배경에 관하여 검토하고, 현행 저작권법상의 호환 용어의 문제점 및 개정 필요성에 대해 논하였다. To date, reverse engineering has played a significant role in the development of software technology and industry. In the future industries such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, and 3D printing, which are referred to as the fourth industry, it is important to ensure interoperability of software in order to enable intra-industry or inter-industry interaction and interconnection. In the Korean Copyright Act, there are explicit provisions for reverse engineering in the subparagraph 34 of article 2, the subparagraph 6 of article 101-3(1), and article 101-4 of the copyright act, and the granting of free use for disassembly and decompilation is limited to the purpose in order to obtain information necessary for compatibility of independently created computer program works with other computer programs. Here, there is no definition of compatibility and the compatibility and the compatibility refers to ‘interoperability’ when the legislative background is taken into consideration. However, according to the opinion, it is distinguished from interoperability by interpreting as compatibility with the original meaning. In this respect, it is necessary to revise ‘compatibility’ to ‘interoperability’ and define the definition of ‘interoperability’ because these meanings are different and the scope of the regulation can vary from the legislative intent. Therefore, this paper reviews the legislation and precedents of Europe and the United States before discussing legal amendments, reviews the concepts of ‘compatibility’, ‘interoperability’ and other terms, and then discusses the importance of ‘interoperability’ and examined why legislation is needed, reviewed legislative backgrounds, and addressed the problems of the term ‘compatible’ in current copyright act and the it’s revision necessity.

디지털 포용에 관한 연구

강기봉(Kang, Gi-Bong) 한양법학회 2021 漢陽法學 Vol.32 No.2

With the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), humans can share information through networks on a daily basis. In particular, the development of the Internet and communication devices have led to the inundation of information and wide sharing. However, in such a digital environment, those who cannot access or use computers and the Internet have become lagging behind in social trends and at a disadvantage in obtaining and using information. And with the advancement of digitalization of society, this problem is inevitably intensified, and in this environment, serious social inequality and a growing gap between the haves and the have-nots are feared to become stuck. Therefore, there is a need for a solution to this problem in a digital environment. And, concepts emerging in this regard are digital divide, digital literacy, and digital inclusion. So, this paper looks at the digital technologies, digital gaps, and digital competencies that are the basis of the discussion in Chapter 2. And in Chapter 3, the concept, necessity, content, and related laws and policies of digital inclusion were examined. The abilities required in the digital environment have changed with the advancement of technology, and it was necessary to cultivate the ability for people, especially the underprivileged, to properly utilize the digital environment. Therefore, digital inclusion is an effort to ensure that all people, especially the socially underprivileged, use the digital environment appropriately so that social problems in the digital society can be solved. In order to achieve digital inclusion under this premise, appropriate national laws and policies are needed so that citizens can be able to make proper use of their digital capabilities in a digital environment where digital divides arise.

법정책학의 기본문제 ; 정보유통의 법정책 - 디지털 콘텐츠를 중심으로 -

강기봉 ( Gi Bong Kang ) 한국법정책학회 2014 법과 정책연구 Vol.14 No.3

Since the birth of the Internet dating back in 1969, it has witnessed its rapid popularization in full swing after 1990s, incorporating every aspect of human life into cyber spaces. Despite its plethora of benefits, it has also entailed adverse impacts including threat of virus, hacking, theft of personal identity, abuse of e-mails, unhealthy information, online contents differentials etc. Furthermore as the works are provided for the internet in form of digital contents, it stands out that the affairs of copyright infringement take place in every front. In this regard our government has kept preparing laws and institutions in order to cope with adverse functions of the internet. The laws are believed to be the product of national policies, and thus occurrence of changes to the society and institutions can come to our sight depending on how they are instituted and interpreted, with the members therein influenced thereby. Therefore, development of industry and foundation construction with regard to information circulations on the internet are vulnerable to undergo impacts depending on how the policies of government are incorporated into their laws. National policy should have its ultimate goal focused on improving the quality of life of the people and on developing industries involved. In this respect, the policy of legislating information circulations should contribute to the cause above. Pertaining to the laws on information circulations, therefore, this study covers the significance of existence and its orientation from the viewpoint of Law Policy. It confines mainly to point of issues with regard to circulations of the work on the internet. To this cause, it outlines the development of internet and its adverse effects, discusses the matters of legal policies involving copyright-related affairs, and presents varied considerations on legal policies.

미국의 삼성과 애플간 특허권 분쟁에 관한 소고

강기봉(Kang, Gi-bong) 한국정보법학회 2012 정보법학 Vol.16 No.3

미국에서의 애플과 삼성의 특허권 분쟁은 특허권 침해에 대한 본안 소송, 가처분 소송 및 미국무역위원회에 대한 수입금지 신청까지 이어졌고, 현재는 양 당사자의 스마트폰과 타블렛 컴퓨터 관련한 대부분의 제품에 그 영향을 미치고 있다. 그만큼 양당사자에게 이 소송은 중요한 사안이다. 이 소송이 양 당사자 간의 합의와 크로스 라이선스로 끝을 맺을 것이라는 예상도 있지만, 과연 이들의 소송이 이러한 결말을 맺을지는 장담할 수 없다. 그리고 현재 유럽에서는 삼성이 다소 유리한 상황인 것 같지만 아직 결론이 난 것은 아니고, 미국의 경우에도 애플이 주도적인 상황인 것 같지만 삼성이 이에 대해 활발한 대응을 하고 있다. 따라서 향후 이 사건의 전개에 대해 전망하기도 쉽지 않은 상황이다. 미국에서의 삼성과 애플의 분쟁에 관하여 일반적인 뉴스나 정보 제공을 하는 자료는 쉽게 찾을 수 있다. 그러나 이것들은 상기의 소송들에서 구체적으로 삼성과 애플이 어떤 권리들이 각각 침해되었다고 주장하는지에 대해서 분명하게 구분하여 제시 하고 있지 않다. 이에 따라 이들 자료만으로는 미국에서의 소송 상항과 그 영향 관계를 정확히 파악하기 어렵다. 따라서 구체적인 논의에 앞서 미국에서의 삼성과 애플 간의 소송들에서 다뤄진 삼성과 애플의 지적재산권을 파악하여 검토할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 우선 각 소송에서 다뤄진 삼성과 애플의 지적재산권을 파악하여 비교하고 법적 논점을 검토한 후에, 이에 기초하여 미국과 한국의 소송의 차이와 미국 에서의 삼성과 애플의 분쟁의 의미와 전망을 제시하도록 한다. The patent disputes between Samsung and Apple followed by the merits of a case entailed preliminary injunction, extending to seek import prohibition by filing in USITC(United States International Trade Commission), which have currently had an overall impact on the majority of the products involving smart phones and tablet computers etc from both parties concerned. These ongoing lawsuits are of as much importance to the interested parties. Someone may anticipate that they would eventually bring about something like mutual reconciliations and cross licenses in the long run, but no one ensures what consequences their sharp confrontation would cause to make happen. And it seems that Samsung has stood in a slightly more advantageous position over Apple in Europe, which is yet to reach a final decision, and in the U.S. Apple likewise seems to be in a more favorable standing over Samsung, against which Samsung has immediately counterclaimed in a row. Thus the current situation looks not easy to predict where to be developed in a time to come. Meanwhile one can easily encounter with the sources which carry general news and information on the disputes between Samsung and Apple in the U.S.A. However, it seems that they have rarely covered in any distinct and classified way their alleged infringements against which Samsung and Apple respectively filed their cases at the court. Above all, this study presents a comprehensive research and comparison on intellectual property rights alleged to own in the lawsuits between Samsung and Apple, coupled with the points of controversy, and then on its basis offers the difference of lawsuits in Korea and the U.S. along with the significance of disputes under way between Samsung and Apple in the U.S.

자동차 전자제어장치(ECU)의 튜닝에 관한 법정책적 소고

강기봉(Kang, Gi-Bong) 한양법학회 2020 漢陽法學 Vol.31 No.3

An electronic control unit (ECU) of a vehicle is a kind of computer, that is, an embedded system, which is necessary for the operation of a vehicle. Accordingly, changing or manipulating ECU software can affect the vehicle"s functions, operation and data. ECU tuning also meets the needs of car users who want to drive their cars in a better environment. ECUs are parts of automobiles, but legal discussions are necessary across various legal fields because they are computer systems. The normal operation of the ECU is important for safety, security, personal information, privacy, and intellectual property rights. So this paper looks at what ECU and ECU tuning mean to do a legal policy review of ECU tuning, discusses some of the considerations related to allowing ECU tuning, and then looks at some of the laws surrounding ECU tuning to discuss legal issues. ECU tuning is related to various laws regarding the software of the ECU, and ECU tuning may be restricted or allowed by these laws. ECU tuning has the social problems that arise from it, but the interest of automobile users is also very important. It is true that ECU tuning is a situation in which socially problematic situations are being documented, but It doesn"t seem to be the situation that it can be completely forbidden in that it is performed in various ways to improve the performance of automobiles or to improve the convenience of users, including tune-up tuning of automobiles. Therefore, an appropriate level of regulation may be required for ECU tuning, and it is necessary to limit certain actions at the appropriate level while avoiding unnecessary regulation. And technical and policy measures related to the security of the ECU system must be prepared. In addition, in terms of intellectual property, it is necessary to appropriately operate restrictions or exceptions on copyrights in policy to promote the development of ECU-related technologies, but not to excessively limit the interests of users for software having characteristics of copyrighted works.

컴퓨터의 유지·보수 시 컴퓨터프로그램의 일시적 복제에 관한 연구

강기봉(Kang, Gi-bong) 인하대학교 법학연구소 2016 法學硏究 Vol.19 No.4

컴퓨터를 원활하게 활용하기 위해, 컴퓨터의 소유자는 해당 컴퓨터에서 제3자가 유지․보수를 목적으로 (정당하게 취득한) 컴퓨터프로그램을 실행하도록 할 수 있다. 그런데 RAM에의 일시적 복제도 저작권법상 복제로 인정됨에 따라, 이것도 저작권 침해가 될 수 있게 되었다. 그렇지만 이것은 컴퓨터프로그램을 정당하게 취득하여 이용하는 자에 대해 제3자에 의한 유지․보수를 원천적으로 봉쇄하는 것으로 프로그램의 이용을 상당히 제한한다. 이에 따라 저작권법 제101조의3 제2항은 “컴퓨터의 유지·보수를 위하여 그 컴퓨터를 이용하는 과정에서 프로그램(정당하게 취득한 경우에 한한다)을 일시적으로 복제할 수 있다.”고 규정하여 제3자에 의한 컴퓨터의 유지․보수가 가능하게 했다. 즉, 이 규정은 컴퓨터의 유지・보수를 위한 컴퓨터의 이용 과정에서의 프로그램의 일시적 복제에 대해 저작재산권을 제한한다. 이와 관련한 미국, 일본, EU 등에서도 컴퓨터를 유지․보수하는 경우에 저작재산권을 재한하는 규정을 두고 있다. 그리고 제35조의2는 “컴퓨터에서 저작물을 이용하는 경우에는 원활하고 효율적인 정보처리를 위하여 필요하다고 인정되는 범위 안에서 그 저작물을 그 컴퓨터에 일시적으로 복제할 수 있다. 다만, 그 저작물의 이용이 저작권을 침해하는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다.”고 규정하여 저작물의 이용과정에서의 일시적 복제에 대해 저작재산권을 제한하는 규정이다. 미국, EU, 일본 등의 저작권법에도 이와 유사한 규정들이 존재하는데, 이 규정들은 우리나라와 미국 간의 자유무역협정에 따라 우리 저작권법상에 입법되었다. 그런데 최근 저작권법 개정 논의가 있었고 향후의 저작권 개정과 관련한 논의를 전제로 저작권법 제101조의3 제2항을 검토할 필요가 있다. 이에 따라, 이 논문은 미국, 일본, EU 등의 해외입법례를 살펴보고, 우리 저작권법 제35조의2와 제101조의3 제2항의 입법배경 및 내용을 살펴본 후에 해당 규정들의 법률 해석에 따른 문제 검토와 해외 입법례와의 비교 검토를 시행하여, 제101조의3 제2항의 적정성, 개정 필요성, 해석론 등에 관하여 살펴보았다. To facilitate the use of the computer, the owner of the computer may cause the third party to run a computer program, which the owner of the computer has legitimately acquired, on the computer for maintenance or repair purposes. However, since temporary reproduction into the RAM is also recognized as a reproduction under the copyright law, it also becomes a copyright infringement. However, the temporary reproduction as a right under the Copyright Act restricts the use of the program substantially by blocking the maintenance and repair by a third party to those who legitimately acquire. Accordingly, the article 101-3 (2) of the Copyright Act stipulates that “Programs (limited to cases in which they are legitimately acquired) may be temporarily reproduced during the course of using a computer for the maintenance and repair of such computer.”, and makes it possible for a third party to the maintenance and repair of the computer. In other words, this provision restricts the author"s property right to temporary reproduction of the computer program during the course of using a computer for the maintenance and repair of such computer. And the United States, Japan, and the EU also have the same or similar provision in copyright law. However, there has been a discussion on the revision of the Copyright Act in recent years, and it is necessary to review article 101-3 (2) of the Copyright Act on the premise of future copyright revision discussions. Therefore, this paper examines the provisions under the Copyright Act of the United States, Japan, and the EU, and reviews the appropriateness and necessity of revision of article 101-3 (2) of the Copyright Act.