韓國의 長城 : 朝鮮時代의 例를 중심으로

Min Duk sik(閔德植) 백산학회 2000 白山學報 Vol.- No.57

Other names of Long fortress(長城) was Kawnsung(關城) and Hansung(行城). Name of Hansung was found out in Chosun period. Long fortress abound in the border. Basis of Long fortress are Stone fortress(石城) and Soil fortress(土城). And assistant equipment was built. These are Mokchak(木柵) and Nokgak(鹿角), Ikmok(杙木). Place that stream flow and land was wet was difficult to build long fortress. So there built Mokchak(木柵) and Nokgak(鹿角), Ikmok(杙木), Hyungkuk(荊棘).

신라의 경주 명활성비에 (明活城碑) 관한 고찰 - 신라왕경연구를 위한 일환으로 -

민덕식 (Duk Sik Min) 연세대학교 국학연구원 1992 동방학지 Vol.74 No.-

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신라의 경주 월성고 (月城考) - 신라왕경연구를 (新羅王京硏究) 위한 일환으로 -

민덕식 (Duk Sik Min) 연세대학교 국학연구원 1990 동방학지 Vol.66 No.-

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仁祖初의 南漢山城 修築

閔德植(Min Duk-Sik) 역사실학회 2007 역사와실학 Vol.32 No.-

Set foot in King Injo(仁祖), the first year of King Injo, Lee Gwi(李貴) get over adamant about Nanhansan Castle(南漢山城) repairs. In the end, Repairs about Nanhansan Castle crank uped second year of King Injo. Repairs about Nanhansan Castle top outed in the fourth year of King Injo through relations of HuGeum(後金) had filled atmosphere of tension and had experienced of the rebellion by Lee Gwal(李适). This construction work was superintend by Jang myeon(張?) Dochechalsa(都體察使). In Jangmyeon(張晩)'s train, Chechalsa(體察使) Simgiwon (沈器遠) Isibal (李時發) Iseo(李曙) who be secondary to in order carried on. Soldiers organized by Buddhist priests provided the pivot on the working soldiers, Government forces and soldier drafted into the armed forces enlisted partially enlisted During first period of time, on second year of King Injo, this repair construction work buildinged a temporary palace(行宮) and the guesthouse for government official(客館) and Buddhist temple(寺刹). During second period of time, on third year of King Injo this repair construction work buildinged main frame walls(體城) and the gate of a castle(be comprehensive of gate of secrecy in the dark(暗門)), a battlement at the top of a wall(女墻) etc. During third period of time, on fourth year of King Injo, I thought to be that buildinged the unfinished battlement at the top of a wall and dwelling etc.

조선시대(朝鮮時代)의 정업원(淨業院)

민덕식 ( Min Duk-sik ) 한국불교사연구소 2018 문학/사학/철학 Vol.53 No.-

조선은 고려의 전통을 이어받아 태조 3년부터 한양에 도읍을 건설하면서, 개경의 정업원을 옮겨 건립하였다. 조선시대 관설 정업원은 동부 정업원동에 위치하였다. 창덕궁에서는 창덕궁 후원에 있는 外北藏門인 廣知門을 통하여 정업원과 통행할 수가 있었다. 정업원은 불교 중흥의 중요한 근거지였고, 불교계의 마지막 보루였으며, 조선왕실이 지속적으로 호불경향을 유지하게 한 근원이었으며, 산중 도량과 소통하면서 불교를 수호하는 역할을 하였기 때문에 유신들과 유생들에게는 邪徒의 소굴로 눈에 가시와 같은 존재이므로 탄압을 지속하였다. 이 때문에 정업원은 몇 차례의 치폐를 거듭하였다. 불교가 여성종교화하는 경향이 심화되던 시기에, 왕실의 비호를 받으며, 왕실 비구니 도량의 역할을 했던 정업원은 인수대비가 불상을 조성하여 보낼 정도로, 대왕대비로부터 나인에 이르기까지 궁궐 안 여인들의 信行의 본산이었다. 사실 왕실 여인들은 궁궐의 특수성으로 인해 특별한 경우를 제외하고는 궁궐이나 도성을 떠날 수 없기 때문에 정업원을 많이 활용하였을 것이다. 정업원은 궁인들에게는 어느 정도 인정된 公處였다. 또 후궁들이 질병을 앓게 될 경우에도 정업원으로 이거를 하였다. 정업원의 비구니들은 남편을 잃은 선왕의 후궁, 왕실의 부녀자, 사족의 부녀자들이 중심을 이루었고, 이들은 논밭과 노비를 소유하여 어느 정도 경제력을 갖추고 있었다. 그러나 정업원의 비구니 중에는 천한 자나 娼妓도 섞여 있었다. 왕실불교를 이끌며 정업원을 총괄하는 주지는 操行이 謹厚한 비구니 중에서 대왕대비나 왕대비 등 왕실의 위 어른이 추천하여 왕이 관교로서 임명하였으며, 왕실의 부녀자, 선왕의 후궁, 사족의 부녀자 중에서 선발되었다. 정업원의 운영은 나라로부터 지급 받은 토지, 노비, 삭료로 이루어졌다. The joseon and construction of capital to Hanyang three years since King Taejo of Goryeo inherited the tradition, was erected moved to the jeongeopwon of the gaegyeong. the jeongeopwon was an important stronghold of Buddhist renaissance and last bastion of Buddhism. he jeongeopwon has been a source who continues to maintain the Joseon royal Buddhist trends. Sections were suppressed for Confucian scholars because the role of patron of Buddhism. Because of this jeongeopwon has been repeated several times in decline. Buddhism is the religion of the time that is intensified by women section is under the patronage of the royal family, and the role of the royal minded nun So insu-queen sent to establish a Buddha, the faith of the palace was the home of a woman not from the servant from the Queen In fact, the royal women except in special cases due to the specificity of the palace, and would take advantage of a lot of Civic Affairs Services won because they can not leave the palace and city The jeongeopwon nuns were concubines of fathers who lost her husband, royal women have formed a center. They were equipped with a certain economic fields and in possession of a servant. Operations jeongeopwon was done in the land, slaves, and the payment of money from the country.

高句麗 平壤城의 都市形態와 設計

閔德植(MIN Duk-sik) 고구려발해학회 2003 고구려발해연구 Vol.15 No.-

Early pyungyangsung(平壤城) had distinguishing marks. Early pyungyangsung didn't have external fortress. So its building site was without limit. It had built under immense city planning. Under city planning, Nambukdaero(南北大路) and Dongsyudaero(東西大路) that cross each other beside Anhakgung(安鶴宮) had built. Seokyung(左京) and Ukyung(右京) were symmetric. Pyungyangsung(平壤城) had used fortress and rivers on inside and outside to defend. These were defensive facilities. Pyungyangsung's partition was Chinese partition like a paduk board. By known data, this partition was first time in Korea. And its partition would have influence on neighbor nation. Early Pyungyangsung had existing tradition that Gungsung(宮城) and Jungsimsansung(中心三城) were separated. So defensive defect would have been caused by this separating. On the other hand, later Pyungyangsung(平壤城) had another distinguishing marks. Its site was selected by considering about topographical conditions ; location of field and mountain, river, etc… Later Pyungyangsung(平壤城) had external fortress. City territory, internal fortress and external fortress, etc… , was separated well and utilized. Under closely city planning, city formation was orderly and good. Later Pyungyangsung(平壤城) was combined Naesung(內城) that was the capital of a kingdom and Oisung(外城) that was a residential area of the common people. This was an epoch-making event in the capital city history of Korea. capital city's formation of later Pyungyangsung(平壤城) had extraordinarily influence on capital city's formation of korea including Corea(高麗). Using a canal inside capital city was unique in Korea.

高句麗城郭의 發掘調査 現況과 展望

閔德植(Min, Duk-Sik) 백산학회 2005 白山學報 Vol.- No.72

As I mentioned above by this time excavation about Goguryeo castle progress mainly emphasis city. just precisely, early years capitol city like Hagosungjatosung(下古城子土城), Onyeosansung(五女山城). the first term capitol castle Guknaesung(國內城), Hwandosansung(丸都山城). the middle years Anharkgungsung(安鶴宮城) partialy Chung amritosung(淸岩洞土城), Daesungsangsung(大城山城) and, late years capitol city like Pyongyangsung(平壤城) are exactly what it is. In Addition, Goeesansung(高爾山城) presumed Shinsung(新城) Which Fortified and Built on Gogukwonwang(故國原王)5th year(A.D.335) paid notified and exacavated from the period under Japanese Imperial rules. and more excavated Sukdaejasansung(石臺子山城) presumed fuction as satelite of Shinsung(新城). the Present Namungi(南門址) at Bonghwangsansung(鳳凰山城) presumed Ohgolsung(烏骨城)is in the Progress. North Korea area Jangsusansung(長壽山城), one of the three capitol for strategic position to southward advance was excavated. Guwolsansung(九月山城)and Gohyunritosung(古縣里土城) had been excavated. in South Korea area, Hoerofort(瓠蘆古壘) and Dangpoesung(唐浦城) at Imjin riverside, Eundaerisung(隱臺里城) at Hantan riverside, Taebongfort(胎峰堡壘) Gueudongfort(九宜洞堡壘) at Achasan, Hongyunbong1fort(紅蓮峰1堡壘), Achasan4fort(峨嵯山4堡壘), Shirubongfort(시루峰堡壘) had been excavated. As above, Goguryo castle which excavation accomplished is nothing but whole Goguryo castle. I think Now is the Begining to start Excavation of Goguryo castles. But I look Behind tha days of mid 1970’s when the author begin to study castles, there is a magnificent development on these days. at any rate, Because of Goguryo Castles are Origin of our country castles, inspired at this time of time by falsfied history of Chinese history take interest to Goguryo history, I expect more activity in Goguryo castles and have more correct understnding in Castle investigation.

특수한 유형의 城郭

민덕식(Min Duk-Sik) 한림대학교 아시아문화연구소 2002 아시아문화 Vol.- No.18

신라왕경(新羅王京)의 도시계획에 관한 시고 (上) - 諸 都城과의 비교연구를 중심으로 -

민덕식 ( Duk Sik Min ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 1989 사총 Vol.35 No.-

閔肯鎬 義兵將에 관한 一考察

閔德植(Min Duk-sik) 한림대학교 아시아문화연구소 1996 아시아문화 Vol.- No.12