남북문화 동질성 회복 위한 북한 서예문화 현황 고찰 (3) - 북한의 백두산3대장군서체와 한글서체 분류체계 고찰 -

김정남 ( Kim Jung Nam ) 한국동양예술학회 2024 동양예술 Vol.64 No.-

본 논문은 한국연구재단의「남북문화 동질성회복을 위한 북한서예문화 현황 고찰」에 대한 대과제(大課題) 중에서 세 번째 소주제인「북한의 백두산3대장군서체와 한글서체 분류체계 고찰」이다. 앞의 과제에서 밝힌 바와 같이 본 연구는 지금까지 남한에서 거의 이루어지지 않은 내용이다. 이에 따라 우선 북한의 서예문화 현실을 있는 그대로 객관적으로 파악하는 것을 1차적인 목표로 연구를 진행한다. 지금 입장에서 이러한 방법이 북한을 이해하는 지름길로 판단했기 때문이다. 북한의 서예는 주체사상을 근간으로 1980년대에 ‘주체서예’라는 개념이 등장하고 이것이 북한의 주류서체로 자리 잡게 된다. 주체서예가 자리를 잡게 되는 과정에는 백두산3대장군 서체의 태동 등 형성과정과, 백두산3대장군 서체가 북한의 서체분류체계에 어떠한 영향관계 속에서 정립되었는지를 살펴보았다. 일부 내용에 대해서는 남한의 한글서체 분류체계와 간접적으로 비교하면서 진행하였다. 연구결과 ‘백두산3대장군’이라는 명칭은 1980년 사회주의가 고립되고 주체사상과 수령제를 공고히 하는 과정에서 등장되었고, 2001년도에는 ‘백두산3대장군 명필체’로 김일성의 <태양서체>, 김정일의 <백두산서체>, 김정숙의 <해발서체>가 공식적으로 명명된다. 그리고 주체서예 형성에 있어서 백두산3대장군의 서체가 북한 서체분류체계 형성에 중심이 되어 체계화된 것이 확인된다. 즉 서예에 대한 기본개념 및 서체분류체계가 김일성의 <태양서체> 개념 그대로 수용되어 정립된 것이다. 이는 남한의 서예개념과 상당이 이질화된 것으로, 대표적으로 남한에서 인정하고 있지 않는 분야(그린글씨체)를 북한은 서예개념에 포함하여 이를 이론·체계화하여 활성화하고 있다. 이러한 제반 문제가 향후 남북한 서예분야 동질성 회복차원에서 남북한이 같이 풀어야 할 숙제라고 본다. 연구진행에 있어서 관련된 북한자료가 극히 제한되어 있는 관계로 일부내용은 언론자료를 통해 실상을 간접적으로 확인하였고, 북한의 원자료를 가능하면 그대로 인용, 내용이 왜곡되지 않도록 하여 논문의 객관성과 신뢰성을 최대한 확보하고자 하였다. 본 소주제(小主題)에 대한 과제 수행 후, 계속하여 다른 소주제를 선정·연구, 북한 서예문화 전체 현황을 정리해 나가고자 한다. This paper is the third sub-topic of the Korean Research Foundation's review of the status of North Korean calligraphy culture for the restoration of homogeneity of inter-Korean culture, 「A Study on Baekdusan Three Generals’ calligraphy typeface(書體) and the Hangul calligraphy typeface Classification System of North Korea」. The first paper had been 「A review of the early status of the differentiation of calligraphy culture in the modern period」and the second, 「A Study on North Korea's Calligraphy Origin and Juche Calligraphy(主體書藝) Growth and Establishment Process」. As stated in the previous task, this study has hardly been conducted in South Korea so far. Accordingly, the primary goal of the study is to objectively grasp the reality of calligraphy culture in North Korea as it is. This is because, from the current standpoint, this method was judged as a shortcut to understanding North Korea. Based on the Juche ideology, the concept of 'Juche calligraphy' emerged in the 1980s, and this became the mainstream typeface in North Korea. In the process of establishing Juche calligraphy, we examined the formation process, such as the birth of the Baekdusan Three Generals’s calligraphy, and how did the Baekdusan Three Generals’ calligraph play a role in the formation process of the North Korean typeface classification system. Some of the contents were conducted by comparing indirectly with South Korea's Korean typeface classification system. As a result of the study, the name of 'Baekdusan Three Generals' emerged in the process of isolation of socialism in 1980 and solidifying the Juche ideology and the leader system. In 2001, Kim Il-sung's Sun Calligraphy, Kim Jong-il's Baekdu Mountain Calligraphy, and Kim Jung-sook's Haebal Calligraphy were officially named as the Baekdusan Three Generals’s Master calligraph. In the formation of Juche Calligraphy, it is confirmed that the typeface of the Baekdusan Three Generals was systematized as the center of the formation of the North Korean calligraphy system. In other words, the basic concept of calligraphy and the typeface classification system were established by accepting Kim Il-sung's Sun Calligraphy concept as it is. This is a significant difference from the concept of calligraphy in South Korea, and North Korea is theorized and systematized to revitalize a field (green calligraphy) that is not recognized in South Korea. All of these problems are considered to be homework that the two Koreas should solve together in order to restore homogeneity in the calligraphy field in the future. Due to the extremely limited North Korean data related to the research process, some contents were indirectly confirmed through media data, and the original North Korean data was cited as much as possible to ensure the objectivity and reliability of the paper as possible.

Cu-TiB₂ 복합재료의 마모거동에 관한 연구

김정남,최종운,강계명,Kim Jung-Nam,Choi Jong-Un,Kang Kae-Myung 한국재료학회 2005 한국재료학회지 Vol.15 No.1

The titanium $diboride(TiB_2)$ has high strength(750MPa), high melting point $(3225^{\circ}C)\;and\;10\%$ IACS electrical conductivity. On this account, the dispersion hardening $Cu-TiB_2$ composites(MMCs) are a promising candidate for applications as electrical contact materials. MMCs for electrical contact materials can reduce material cost and resource consumption caused by wear, due to its good mechanical and electrical property. In this study, we attempt to prepare MMCs with various volume fraction and particle size of $TiB_2$ by means of hot extruded and cold drawn process. Dry sliding wear tests were performed on a pin-on-disk type wear tester, sliding against SM45C under the different applied loads. After wear testing, the microstructures of the worn surfaces were observed by SEM and the microhardnesses of the subsurface zone were measured.

외국인을 위한 한국 문화 교재의 주제 분석 -상호텍스트성을 중심으로-

김정남 ( Jung Nam Kim ),장소원 ( So Won Chang ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2011 텍스트언어학 Vol.31 No.-

This paper aims to present a guide for the writing and editing Korean culture textbooks. In order to achieve this purpose we have accomplished two ways of process. The first is to derive the culture educational themes from the 17 Korean culture textbooks by calculating the frequency of the items with an inductive method. And the second is to select four textbooks in which the theme "Hanbok" is dealt, and to examine their inter-textuality. Through the first work we conclude that the most frequent Korean culture item is Hangeul, and the second is Kyelhon(marriage), and the third is Kimchi, and Hanbok is the forth cultural item. We chose Hanbok as the object of analysis, because it is generally evaluated as one of the most representative themes in Korean culture. Although those texts appear different in terms of text types, they have many subdivisional themes in common and share lots of lexical items. So we are available to confirm the inter-textuality between four texts in which Hanbok is dealt with.

신문 기사 인용문의 특성에 대하여

김정남 ( Jung Nam Kim ) 국어학회 2005 국어학 Vol.0 No.46

텍스트 언어학과 한국어 교육

김정남 ( Jung Nam Kim ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2012 텍스트언어학 Vol.33 No.-

The aim of this paper is to review the interaction between text linguistics and Korean Language education from 1996 to 2012 based on the remarkable academic articles. Period is divided into 4 sub-periods; the first is the late 1990s, the second is from 2001 to 2005, the third is from 2006 to 2009, the last period is recent 3years. The characteristic features of each period were described. During the first period, the interaction was very few. There are just 3 articles that have coherence and cohesion to the area of Korean reading education and writing education. Therefore, we named it fomentation period. The second period is called unfolding period. During this period, the studies haven`t been done in earnest, but it can be found that the methodology and terminology of text linguistics have applied to the more area of Korean language education study. The third period is called expansion period. At that time, quantitative researches prevailed. The continuous researches on being pragmatic were done with being applying to language functional teaching. The fourth period is called diffusion. The various researches applied to language functional education and discourse structure, text type and discourse markers have been studied. Speech act is the most frequent and popular research theme all over the periods.

淸華簡 『芮良夫毖』의 문헌학적 가치 고찰

김정남(Kim, Jung-Nam) 중국문화연구학회 2018 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.41

Based on prose and verse, most of the excavated documents discovered since the 1970s consisted of prose. Unusually, there are some materials composed of verse among the recently excavated materials. It consists of a part of the material in the form of a verse, or the whole of the material consists only of poetry. Although many opinions have been raised about the nature of such materials, they are regarded as the primitive form of the “Shijing” written after the Han Dynasty. Among them, “Rui Liang FU Bi” of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips has a difference in form with the poetry in the “Shijing”. The rhyme and refrain are not strict and emphasize moral duty and practice rather than personal emotional portrayal. The form is strong in the nature of the poetical style, but the content is similar to “zhougao(周诰)” of “Shangshu”. In the standard of verse and prose, it is difficult to belong to one side and it should be defined as ‘毖’ which is the middle form. The “Shangshu” emphasizes “sky” and the harmony of “morals” and “punishment”. And the “Shijing” emphasizes “form” and “choice”. On this basis, “Rui Liang FU Bi” of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips is related to the “Shangshu”. Unlike other excavated materials, rui liang fu bi has significance in that it can track the differences and changes in style. According to the intention of the author, it became possible to find clues that the style changed from verse to prose or from prose to verse. Accurate research on this is necessary to analyze the excavated materials such as “qiye” of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, “zhougongzhiqinwu” of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, Through this, it is necessary to analyze in a comprehensive way how the verse in the advanced period changed into the document compiled after the Han Dynasty.

‘X-대(臺)’형 합성어의 몇 가지 유형에 대하여

김정남(Kim, Jung-nam) 도서출판 박이정 2007 형태론 Vol.9 No.1

이 논문은 ‘X-대’형 합성어를 몇 가지 하위 유형으로 분류하고 그 내부 구조를 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 목적을 위해 먼저 ‘X-대’형 합성어에서 ‘대’의 실재와 분포를 살펴보고 각기 다른 단어 형성 속에서 대 각각의 의미를 도출한다. 그리고 ‘X-대’형 합성어에서 ‘X’의 공통 의미를 분석한다. 한국어의 어휘부 속에는 ‘X-대’형 합성어가 많이 있다. ?표준국어대사전?에서 ‘X-대’의 구조를 가진 단어는 955항목이 있으며 그 중 ‘X-대’형 합성어는 608항에 이른다. 이 ‘대’가 접사가 아니라 어기이며 신어의 형성에 있어서 매우 생산적인 구성 요소라고 주장한다. 또한 매우 중요한 두 가지 유형의 ‘X’가 있음을 이 논문에서 제안한다. 하나는 행위성 어기이며 다른 하나는 구체물성 어기이다. 덧붙여 ‘X’에는 다른 여러 유형들이 더 있으나 수적으로 매우 적으므로 여기서는 주목하지 않았다. 대부분의 신어들은 이 두 가지 중요한 단어 유형들에서 유추되어 도출된다. ‘독서대’, ‘화장대’는 행위성 어기에서 도출된 대표적인 단어들이며 ‘장독대’, ‘서적대’는 구체물성 어기에서 도출된 대표적인 단어들이다. 전자의 유형이 후자의 유형보다 수적으로 더 많고 일반적이다. This paper aims to classify the X-dae-form compound words into several subclasses and examine the inner structures of them. For this purpose, we first look around the realities and distributions of dae in X-dae-form compound words, and derive the meanings of each dae in the different word formation. We then analyze the common meaning of Xs in X-dae-form compound words. There are many X-dae-form compound words in Korean lexicon. In Standard korean grand dictionary, we can search 955 words that have the structure of ‘X-dae’. Among them the X-dae-form compound words are 608 items. We claim that the dae is not a suffix but a root or a base and that it is a very productive constituent in the new words formation. Also we suggest that there are two main kinds of X: one is a type of activity noun or root and the other is a type of concrete noun or root. Additionally there are several types of X, but they are too little in number to take our main attention. Most of new words are derived by analogy with these two main types of words. dokseodae, hwajangdae are representative words of the former type, and jangdokdae, seojeokdae are counterparts of the latter type. The former type is more numerous and general than the latter type.

한국어 교육을 위한 한국어 용언 활용의 유형

김정남 ( Jung Nam Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2009 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.45

I classified the stems of Korean conjugational words to many subtypes according to the phono-morphological features and syntacticcategorical features. Stems have the tendency to alternate between several forms. Some of them are conditioned phonologically while others are morphologically conditioned. The stems which have a consonant in the final syllable show different conjugational forms from the stems which do not have a consonant in the final syllable. The final syllable``s vowel also has the power of determining the ending form. Particular consonants in the final syllable of stems are changed in front of both vowel endings and insert-vowel-endings, but in front of consonant-endings, the stems do not show mutation. In conclusion there are 36 types of predicate conjugations in Korean.

Charge-Trap Flash 메모리 기반 채널 적층형 3 차원 AND형 시냅스 어레이와 동작 방법

김정남(Jung Nam Kim),김윤(Yoon Kim) 대한전자공학회 2021 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.6

In this work, we proposed a channel stacked three-dimensional (3-D) AND-type synapse array based on charge-trap flash (CTF) memory with a layer select circuit which provides layer specific operation of synapse array. In addition, we proposed Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling based operation methods of synapse array and layer select circuit. We performed technology computer-aided design (TCAD) device simulation to verify any disturbance while modulating synaptic weight of synapse device. We demonstrated the feasibility of the synapse device specific weight modulation methods with proposed operation methods for channel stacked 3-D AND-type synapse array and layer select circuit through the TCAD device simulation.

잡지 텍스트의 언어 특성 -교양물 잡지 기사를 중심으로-

김정남 ( Jung Nam Kim ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2008 텍스트언어학 Vol.25 No.-

This study aims to analyze several typical features of magazine texts. The research is based on materials extracted from magazines dealing with interesting and beneficial contents. The items are indicated as the main characteristics of magazine texts. They are frequent usage of presentational words, cut sentences, and vice ordered words in sentences. First, I maintain that the presentational words have cohesion with other constituents in the next sentences. This point of view differs from preceding research based on sentence grammar. The binding devices that connect the presentational words and other constituents are anaphora, dexis, repetition of the same nouns, and the use of subordinate concept words. There are various types of cut-sentences. In the magazine text, some sentences end with a noun, others end with a connective ending, and others end without a predicate. The last property of magazine texts is the reverse order of clauses consisting of one sentence or the series two sentences.