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지연성 운동장애(Tardive Dyskinesia)의 최근 견해
김용식,강웅구,주연호,Kim, Yong-Sik,Kang, Ung-Gu,Joo, Yeon-Ho 대한생물정신의학회 1996 생물정신의학 Vol.3 No.1
Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome of involuntary hyperkinetic abnormal movements that occurs during or shortly after the cessation of neuroleptic drug treatment. Typically, the movements are choreoatheoid. Other movements such as tics and dystonia may be present. Nonetheless, any dyskinesia seen in a neuroleptic-treated patient is not always neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia varies widely, which reflects many methodological problems, such as differential diagnosis. symptom fluctuation, masking effect of neuroleptics, validated diagnostic criteria. Of suggested risk factors, only old age has been consistently found to be associated with an increased frequency of tardive dyskinesia. Many hypotheses about the pathophysiolgy of tardive kinesia are proposeed, but time-honored ones are not present. No consistently safe and effective treatments are found. Various treatment modalities signifies the general ineffectiveness of these agents for most patients. In general, reduction or cessation of neuroleptics, if possible, is recommended. Remission or improvemets of tardive dyskinesia after neuroleptics withdrawal usually occurs among most patients within three months.
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김용식,강웅구,노명선,Kim, Yong Sik,Kang, Ung Gu,Roh, Myoung Sun 대한생물정신의학회 2000 생물정신의학 Vol.7 No.1
Recently atypical antipsychotics have been used as first line agent in the treatment of schizophrenia, and also played a significant role in the treatment of many kinds of psychiatric disorders. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these newer antipsychotics are well known through preclinical and early clinical trials. However, it is important to note the limitations of the results due to its relatively short experience. Clozapine is eliminated principally by the hepatic P450 1A2 and 3A4 cytochrome enzymes. 1A2 inducers such as carbamazepine and smoking can reduce its half-life, while 1A2 inhibitors such as SSRIs, especially fluvoxamine can increase its duration of action. Carbamazepine should be avoided in a patient on clozapine because of carbamazepine's potential effects on bone marrow. Benzodiazepines tend to increase the chances of sedation, delirium and respiratory depression. Risperidone is metabolized to 9-hydroxyriperidone by the hepatic P450 2D6 cytochrome enzymes. Fluoxetine and paroxetine, 2D6 inhibitors interfere with metabolism, but 9-hydroxyrisperidone has similar biological activity as parental drug, so it has little affect on the outcome. Olanzapine shows minimal capacity to inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and shows minimal chance of drug interaction. It is eliminated principally by the hepatic P450 1A2 and 2D6 cytochrome enzymes.
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MPTP와 대사물인 $MPP^+$의 도파민 신경세포에 대한 독성효과에 관한 연구
김용식,박찬웅,윤영란,윤용하,Kim, Yong-Sik,Park, Chan-Woong,Yoon, Young-Ran,Youn, Yong-Ha 대한약리학회 1995 대한약리학잡지 Vol.31 No.2
Dissociated cell cultures from rat embryonic ventral mesencephalon were used to evaluate the mechanisms of $MPP^+$ neurotoxicity. The cells were treated with MPTP or $MPP^+$ and the viability of the cells was assessed biochemically; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, protein, intracellular ATP and lactate content and lipid peroxidation. Also the generation of the intracellular oxidants was measured after loading 2', 7‘-dichlorofluorescin diacetate to the cells. When cultures were exposed to 0.1 mM $MPP^+$, at 2 hour incubation lactate was significantly accumulated in the cells and then the intracellular ATP content and TH immunoreactivity were decreased dose- and time-dependently. But, malondialdehyde as an index for lipid peroxidation was not changed even though the generation of the intracellular oxidants was stimulated by the addition of $MPP^+$. On the other hand, 1 mM MPTP significantly reduced the TH immunoreactivity at 24 hour exposure without any change in the intracellular A TP, lactate and MDA content until 6 hour exposure. And also MPTP inhibited the generation of the intracellular oxidants from control cells and $MPP^+$ exposed cells. These results indicate that cytotoxicity of $MPP^+$ is mediated by inhibiting the mitochondrial energy metabolism rather than generating the intracellular oxidants. And MPTP would have direct action in addition to conveting to the toxic metabolite, $MPP^+$ to exert the toxicity on the dopaminergic neurons.
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쇠고기와 닭고기의 배합비에 따른 $Consomm{\acute{e}}$의 이화학적 특성
김용식,장명숙,Kim, Young-Sik,Jang, Myung-Sook 동아시아식생활학회 2006 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.16 No.5
The application of Consomm prepared with different ingredients of ground beef and ground chicken ingredients to improve the taste preferences and reduce saving the food cost of Consomm was attempted by reviewing fundamental data and its examining the effect on the physicochemical characteristics of treatment. These treatments were prepared with the following different ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 1:9 ; w/w) of ground beef to and ground chicken: 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 1:9, w/w, respectively. Gelatin contents were increased significantly with by increasing the mixed ratio of ground chicken. The free sugars identified from Consomm were, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Free sugar contents, increased significantly by with increasing the mixed ratio of ground beef. (Ed- what are the highlighted treatments? You need to explain in this abstract otherwise the reader doesn't know. For simplicity I suggest you don't use such nomenclaturehere in the abstract and simplify with merely the weight ratios. Confirm the changes that I've made) The highest and lowest free sugars werewas shown at A9:1 and 1:9 treatments, respectively whereas the lowest value was shown at I treatment. As many as 20 different kinds of free amino acids were detected infrom the Consomm and the amount of total amino acids waswere increased with by increasing the mixed ratio of ground chicken. The contents of arginine, glutamic acid and alanine contents were high in the free amino acids of Cconsomm prepared with different ingredients. The In the changes of mineral contents in the Consomm prepared with different ingredients, the mineral showed high contents increased according to in the following order of: K, Na, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn. From the The results of analysis results, in the Relatin contents, free sugars, free amino acids and mineral contents were all increased with by increasing the mixed ratio of ground chicken. The 7:3 treatment showed From above results, it was showed that B treatment prepared with a ratio of 1 ground beef to 3 ground chicken was the bestmost preferred in physicochemical qualities.
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김용식,박민식 대한설비공학회 2002 설비저널 Vol.31 No.1
도시로의 인구집중, 도시의 대규모화에 따라 고가의 부지에 대한 고밀도화가 요구되고, 주거부문에서는 그 대응 수단으로 초고층 공동주택의 건설이 증가 하고 있다. 부언하면, 대도시 도심부의 높은 지가 상황에서 가구당 건설비의 저감을 위한 고용적률화의 필요성, 새로운 도심지 주거스타일의 발생 및 그에 대한 대응, 도심지역 기능 재편 대책으로서 도심지역에 있어서의 상주인구 확보 등의 대응 수단으로서, 도시 주택의 한 타입인 초고층 공동주택 건설이 증가하고 있으며, 이러한 도심지 초고층 공동주택 건설의 기반에는 근년의 초고층 건설기술의 진보 및 발전이 있다는 것은 두말할 나위도 없다. 본고에서는 초고층 공동주택에 필요한 각종 설비시 스템중에서, 주거환경의 위생성및 쾌적성을 확보에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 쓰레기처리 설비시스템에 대하여 기술한다.
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Transforming growth factor ${\beta}_1$이 배양랫트 신경교세포의 성장 및 생화학적 변화에 미치는 영향
김용식,윤용하,박난향,박찬웅,Kim, Yong-Sik,Youn, Yong-Ha,Park, Nan-Hyang,Park, Chan-Woong 대한약리학회 1994 대한약리학잡지 Vol.30 No.2
Recent evidence indicates that glial cells have a wide range of funtions which are critical for maintaining a balanced homeostatic environment in the central nervous system(CNS) peripheral nervous system(PNS). Morever, astrocytes are known to participate in the tissue repair and neuroimmunologic events within the CNS through many kinds of growth factors and cytokines. We investigated the effect of $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, on the growth and biochemical changes of rat glial cells in culture. The proliferative effect was determined by $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and the double immunostain with anti-cell-specific marker and anti-Bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) antibody. To check the effect of biochemical changes we compared the amounts of glial fibrillar acidic protein(GFAP) and the activity of glutamine synthetase(GS) in astrocyte. And the amounts of myelin basic protein and the activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase(CNPase) were measured in oligodendrocyte and the amounts of peripheral myelin in Schwann cell. When $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, was treated for 2 days with cultured glial cell, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, decreased the $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and proliferation index of double immunostain of astrocytes, which indicates the inhibition of astroglial DNA synthesis, but stimulated the growth of Schwann cell. Also, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, decrease the GS activity and increased the amounts of GFAP in astrocyte. In the case of Schwann cells the amounts of peripheral myelin was increased when treated with $TGF\;{\beta}_1$. However, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, didn't show any effect on the proliferation and biochemical changes in oligodendrocyte. These results suggest that $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, might have a critical action in the regulation of proliferation and biochemical changes in glial cells, especially astrocyte.
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