담양호, 광주호 유역의 삼림생태계에서 중금속 함량 비교

崔英燮,曺熙枓 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1998 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구는 광주에서 약 25km 떨어져 있는 담양호와 광주시에 인접해 있는 광주호의 삼림유역에서 수목이 중금속을 흡수하는 양을 파악하기 위하여 소나무와 굴참나무의 엽과 뿌리, 삼림토양의 단면 중에서 L층, F층, A층에 함유된 중금속 함량과 강우, 호소수, 하천수의 중금속 함량을 ICP-AES에 의하여 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 중금속중에서 대기와 토양오염과 밀접한 관련이 있고 동·식물의 생장 및 생육에 영향을 미치는 Mo, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, Cu로 제한하여 측정 분석하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 생장초기의 중금속 함량은 각각 중금속이 미량으로 나타나며 원소에 따라 약간의 차이는 있으나 Mn과 Pb는 삼림토양 단면(L, F, A층)에서 높게 나타났다. 2. 생장말기의 중금속 함량은 각각 중금속이 미량으로 나타나는데 Mn과 Pb는 삼림토양 보다는 수목에서 높게 나타났는데 이는 토양에 함유된 Mn, Pb를 흡수하여 수목의 뿌리나 잎에 축적되었기 때문이다. 따라서 낙엽인 L 층에도 Mn과 Pb가 다량 함유되어 있다. 3. 뿌리를 통해서 흡수된 중금속은 잎에 집적되었다가 낙엽으로 다시 토양에 공급되는데 토양에 공급된 중금속과 토양생성과정에서 모암에서 생성된 중금속이 강우에 의하여 호수에 유입된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 5월과 9월에 담양호와 광주호의 호소수에 중금속의 함량이 적은 것은 호소수가 하천수로 유출되어서 희석된 결과라고 사료된다. 4. 강우 역시 5월과 9월에 담양호와 광주호 삼림유역에서 중금속의 함량에 큰 차이가 없는 것은 광주시에 인접되어 있는 광주호가 도시매연이나 자동차 배기가스 등 오염물질의 영향을 받지 않은 결과라고 사료된다. 5. 생장초기는 삼림토양에 다량 축적된 중금속류가 생장말기에 이르러서는 수목의 잎과 뿌리로 다량 흡수함을 알 수 있는데 강우에 중금속류가 소량 측정되어 대기오염물질이 엽을 통한 직접 흡수보다는 뿌리를 통해 엽으로 이동된 것으로 생각된다. 6. 광주호 삼림유역은 광주시에 인접해 있으므로 도시매연이나 자동차 배기가스 등의 영향을 많이 받아 강우나 호소수, 수목의 뿌리, 잎, 토양단면에 중금속이 담양호 삼림유역보다 더 많이 측정되리라고 생각하였으나, Mn과 Pb에서 생장초기에는 담양호 삼림유역의 소나무의 잎과 뿌리에서 더 많이 측정되었고, 생장말기에는 광주호 삼림유역의 굴참나무의 잎과 뿌리에서 높게 나타났다. This study was to compare the concentrations of heavy metals absorbed in Pinus densiflora with those absorbed in Quercus variabilis, by analysing with ICP-AES the concentrations of heavy metals in leaves and fine roots of both trees, the concentrations in L layer, in F layer, and in A horizon of soil profile, and the concentrations in rainfall, in lake water and in streams in the above both forest ecosystem of the Tamyang lake and Kwangju lake watershed. The selected heavy metals were Mo, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, Cu, closely related with the air pollution and soil contamination, and essential for the growth of both plants and animals. the samples were collected at the early period of growth on may, 1997 and at the closing period of growth on september, 1997. 1. In early period of growth, the concentrations of Mn, Pb were very much higher than those of others in L, F layer and A horizons of soils profile. But in the closing period of growth, the amounts of Mn, Pb were included more in the trees than in the soils. This was considered as the results of accumulating in the tree tissues after absorbing the heavy metals from soils. But very little contents of other heavy metals were included in the profile and in the trees in the early period or in the closing period of growth. 2. The movement of heavy metals cycled from the soils to the plants through the absorption of the metals with other nutrients and adversely from the fallen leaves of plants to the soils. The heavy metals derived from the plant residues and the parent rocks put in the lake and stream by rainfall. The concentration of heavy metals generally were in low both lake water of Tamyang lake and Kwangju lake, because both lake water were diluted by rain water or stream water. 3. There was no great difference in the concentrations of heavy metals included in rainfall of both Tamyang lake and Kwangju lake watershed and there was no any evidence affected to the both areas by the atmospheric pollution of Kwangju city.

土壤의 硬度가 樹根의 分布에 미치는 影響 : In the plantation of Pinus rigidaXteada after Erosion Control Works- 一砂防施工地 後植 리기테-다 소나무 造林地

曺熙枓 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1981 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.16 No.1

化岡岩 母岩으로 하는 砂壤土인 砂防施工地後植 리기테-다 造林地에 있어서 各土層別로 土壤硬度와 리기테-다의 樹根分布의 關係를 알기 위하여 山中式土壤硬度計로 各層에 있어서 土壤硬度와 리기테-다 樹根의 分布에 對하여 造査硏究하여 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 土層의 깊이과 土壤의 硬度는 相關이 있다고 斷言할 수 없다. 2. 土壤硬度와 太根의 分布는 相關이 있다고 斷言할 수 없다. 3. 土壤의 硬度와 細根의 分布는 陰의 强相關關係에 있다. ?? 즉 指標硬度가 높아지면 이에 따라 細根數가 減小한다. 4. 指標硬度와 細根의 回歸係數는 1) 0∼10㎝層에서는 -0.5830 2) 10∼20㎝層에서는 -0.3059 3) 20∼30㎝層에서는 -0.2591 이며 回歸係數의 變化에서 알 수 있는 바와 같이 指標硬度의 增加에 따른 細根數가 減小하는 傾向은 下層보다 上層이 더 크다. 5. 리기테-다 樹根의 最適合土壤硬度는 指標硬度 18.50㎜以下이다. The stand which was investigated for these analyses is an area of erosion control works carried out in 1934 and has granite soil with its thin depth. After 25 to 26 years of the works Pinus rigida× teada was planted in this stand and the stand was nominated for seed collection forest in 1966. Writer thought soil hardness test was one of good mithods to be displayed the composition of soil grain, the amount of channels or pores, the weight measurement and the capacity of water in soil. The test is the simple method to be displayed indirectly mechanical characteristics of soil. He chose the method in order to know mechanical characteristics of soil in the stand and came to get several facts as a results of the analyses of correlation or ergression with independent variable of soil hardness and with dependent variables of tree roots, and as a result of the analyses of frequency of soil hardness of freqency of tree roots due to soil hardness. The result are as follows; 1. The depth of soil profile and soil hardness are not correlated each other 2. Soil hardness and number of grand tree roots are not correlated each other (Grand tree roots are those over 2㎜ in diameter.) 3. Soil hardness and number of fine tree roots are inversely correlated each other (Fine tree roots are those less than 2 ㎜ in diamter.) 4. Regression coefficients 1) 0∼10㎝ layer; -0.5830 2) 10∼20㎝ layer; -0.3059 3) 20∼30㎝ layer; -0.2591 It can be concluded by the above regression cofficients that the tendency of the decrease in the number of fine tree roots according to the increase of hardness is greater in the upper layer than in the underlying layer. 5. Pinus rigida rigida×teada has the fittest soil hardness of less than 18.50㎜ for the growth of its roots.

計劃洪水量 決定에 있어서 豪雨量의 統計學的 推定에 關한 硏究 (Ⅰ)

曺熙枓 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1970 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.-

After lasting downpour, the overflow on the top(Krone) of sand catch dam may follow if not precisely designed of the outlet and it causes often some serious damages, asa result, on the dam. Therefore the amount of flood must be premeditated, in the time of dam construction (specially the outlet), to protect against the effects of overflow causing the damages. In this paper, the daily greatest amounts of precipitation every year are used as samples of this statistical study for the previous purpose and studying local rangl is limited the number of areas to three; Pusan, Mokpo and Kangnung area. For other areas can't give the data of more than 58 years. The formula for this statistic analysis is; P(x)=∫? f(x)dx x; magnitude of phenominon, x; maximum of x P(x); probability to exceed x value The estimates, which are the resultants of statistic analysis, could locally be compared with the real values (daily greatest amounts) by histogram, whether the former would truly coincide with the latter. As a result, the estimates don't coincide with the real values in this analysis.

落葉松林의 林分構造에 對한 硏究(Ⅰ)

安鐘萬,李相喆,曺熙枓 順天大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.3 No.1

In order to measure a distribution of D.B.H, sample plots were established A-plot (100m×25m) and B-plot (90m×40m) located at Pyeong-sa-ri, Nag-an-myeon, Seung-ju-gun, Chennam, of elevation from 300m to 400m with medium-slope of south-east aspect. This Larix leptolepis stand was not carried out branch pruning operation and thinning operation since tress planted. Diameter of breast height were measured from standing tress of Larix leptolepis Gord by 2 cm rounding off method which plantation was set up arificially 19years ago on two sample plots. After finished diameter meassrement, the trees height, diameter of breast height, clear lenght and form height were measured from felling trees per diameter classes, and carried out stem analysis of one normal tree per diameter classes. The results obtained are follows: 1. Distribution of D.B.H. gave data as shown in table 1. 2. Relation between D.B.H (X) and Height (Y). Y=8.34312+0.38772X, r=0.76**, ??=1.098. 3. Relation between D.B.H (X) and Clear Length (Y). Y=7.40670+0.0610X, r=0.14, ??=1.443. 4.Relation between Height (X) and Clear Length (Y). Y=3.82138+0.3066X, r=0.32**, ??=1.379. 5. Relation between Height (X) and Form Height (Y). Y=2.43985+0.4913X, r=0.82**, ??=0.820. 6. The Stem Analysis of six normal trees gave data as ahown in table 10, 11, 12

싸리나무의 成長量이 荒廢地의 土砂流出에 미치는 影響

曺熙枓 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1980 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.15 No.-

1. 成長初期에 있어서 土砂流出量은 疎植區, 密植區 다 같이 降雨强度가 클수록 많아졌다. 2. 成長旺盛期 이후에 疎植區는 弱한 降雨强度에도 相當量의 土砂流出이 있음에도 密植區는 流出이 極히 적다. 즉 密植區에 있어서는 土砂流出 抵止機能을 충분히 發揮하였다. 3. 密植區와 疎植區의 成長量의 差는 成長함에 따라 커지나 土砂流出量의 隔次는 같은 降雨强度에서는 成長量이 커짐에 따라 土砂流出量의 隔差는 적어진다. 4. 土砂流出量의 隔差는 增加는 降雨强度에 支配된다. 즉 强한 降雨强度는 弱한 降雨强度보다 土砂流出量의 隔差는 심하다. 5. 土砂流出量의 隔差는 第1次的으로 降雨强度에 따라 陽의 性向으로 支配되고 第2次的으로 成長量에 따라 陰의 性向으로 支配된다. 6. 10mm程度의 降雨强度에는 土砂流出量이 極히 적었다. The soil run-off by heavy rainfall on the denuded land has caused the land to befurther unproductive and caused the level of stream to be raised to the flood stage, resulting in several important disasters; casualties, flooding, burying and destroying of the agricultural lands and houses etc. Therefore, it has been urgent problem to prevent the surface soil of the denuded land from being wasted by flood, to fall the flood discharge and to make good enviroment for rapid succession of vegetation. For a few decades many Lespodeza species, the soil improving tress, have been seeded or planted on the denuded land for the purpose of protecting soil run-off by covering rapidly the soil surface and improving chemical and mechanical dispositions of soil. The writer thought it was very important to research into the effects of the growth of Lespedeza species on soil run-off. So he decided to select the Lespedeza bicolor TURCZ. var. japonica NAKAI as a testing tree and estalished two research plots, the loose plantation plot and the dense plantation plot at Kwonrie, Kocksung Myun, Kocksung Kwn, Cholla-namdo. The area of the loose plantation plot is 477㎡ and that of the dense plantation plot is 932㎡, and the distance of seedling plantation of the former is 1m and that of the latter is 0.3m. The results are as follows (1) In the early growth stage, the amount of the soil run-off is proportional to the intensity of the rainfall in the both plots. (2) After the early growth stage, the amount of soil run-off in the loose plantation plot is directly proportional to the intensity of rainfall, but that in the dense plantation plot is not proportionl to it. (3) The relation between the amount of soil run-off and the growth of stem is surely distinctive; In the loose there is a little possibility to prevent soil run-off in process of stem growth. In the dense plot it can be certainly recognized that the larger stem grows, the less soil run-off becomes in spite of giving no tint in the early growth stage. Therefore it can be conculded soil run-off is inversely proportional to the growth of stem. (4) The difference of the soil run-off between the dense plantation plot and the loose plantation plot is ascribed primarily to the rainfall intensity and secondarily to the growth of main stem.

Micromorphological and Submicroscopic Observation on the Decomposition of Organic Matters in the Forest Soils

조희두,안기완 한국산림과학회 2002 한국산림과학회지 Vol.91 No.5

海濱砂 및 川沙의 鑛物組成에 관한 硏究

曺熙枓,鄭石哲 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1995 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.30 No.-

This study was carried out to examine the grain size distribution, mineral compositions, chemical components and physico-chemical properties of beach sands and river sands. The main results obtained could be summerized as follows : 1. The average range of grain size distribution of beach sands was 0.22-0.81 mm and that of river sands was 0.65-0.85 mm. Beach sands were finer than river sands. 2. The major minerals of beach and river sands were Quartz, Feldspars, Muscovite, Biotite, Hornblende and Calcite. 3. The beach sands of Mansungri were supossed to be input largely from river near the Mansungri beach, judging from a large amount of Feldspars, large size of sand grains and inclusion of Hormblende in the sands. 4. It could be concluded that the weathering of river sands was lower, judging from the fact that amount of Feldspars is larger in river sands than in beach sands. 5. The ranges of pH were 7.04-8.25 in beach sands and 5.95-6.32 in river sands. A large amount of Ca was originated from shell. 6. The beach sands of Songhori and Byunsan were not appropiate for the use of aggregate for concrete mixing, because of the small grain size. Those of Mansungri were also not appropriate for the use of concrete aggeagate, because of a large amount of Feldspars.

벽체의 (壁體) 변위와 토압분포와의 관계에 대한 연구 - 비점성토의 (非粘性土) 지표면이 경사질 경우

조희두 ( Hi Doo Cho ) 한국산림과학회 1973 한국산림과학회지 Vol.17 No.1

This study was performed for the purpose of determining the effects of distribution of the lateral earth pressure in the case of sloping backfills of being consisted of the idealized cohesionless fragmental masses. The displacements were classified as eight types by D_UBROVA (by patterns). B type among these has its turning point at the top of the wall, moves outwardly and is significant to gravitational structure because of its foundation elasticity which causes displacement. Therefore, it might be surely acknowledged that the resultant, fromula; E=l/2*rH²{sin(u-ε)cos(α+ε)}/cos(u+α)*cot(u+p)(t/㎥), is appropriate for applying it to the designing of the sand-catch dams. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Lateral earth pressure is proportional to the square of the wall heights. 2. The coefficient(K) is directly proportional to the sloping of backfill surface and inversely proportional to the displacement. 3. The distribution of the pressure looks like parabola, curve of second order (Fig. 5, b). 4. The distribution of the pressure strength looks like that of hydrostatic pressure (Fig. 5, c).

화강암질풍화토의 (花崗岩質風化土) 역학적 성질에 관한 연구 - 전단강도의 (剪斷强度) 영향요소와 견밀도에 (堅密度) 대하여 -

조희두 ( Hi Doo Cho ) 한국산림과학회 1984 한국산림과학회지 Vol.66 No.1

It is very important in forestry to study the shear strength of weathered granitic soil, because the soil covers 66% of our country, and because the majority of land slides have been occured in the soil. In general, the causes of land slide can be classified both the external and internal factors. The external factors are known as vegetations, geography and climate, but internal factors are known as engineering properties originated from parent rocks and weathering. Soil engineering properties are controlled by the skeleton structure, texture, consistency, cohesion, permeability, water content, mineral components, porosity and density etc. of soils. And the effects of these internal factors on sliding down summarize as resistance, shear strength, against silding of soil mass. Shear strength basically depends upon effective stress, kinds of soils, density (void ratio), water content, the structure and arrangement of soil particles, among the properties. But these elements of shear strength work not all alone, but together. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the characteristics of shear strength and the related elements, such as water content (w_o), void ratio(e_o), dry density (γ_d) and specific gravity (G_s), and the interrelationship among related elements in order to decide the dominant element chiefly influencing on shear strength in natural/undisturbed state of weathered granitic soil, in addition to the characteristics of soil hardness of weathered granitic soil and root distribution of Pinus rigida Mill. and Pinus rigida × taeda planted in erosion-controlled lands. For the characteristics of shear strength of weathered granitic soil and the related elements of shear strength, three sites were selected from Kwangju district. The outlines of sampling sites in the district were: average specific gravity, 2.63 ∼ 2.79; average natural water content, 24.3 ∼ 28.3%; average dry density, 1.31 ∼ 1.43 g/㎤, average void ratio, 0.93 ∼ 1.001 ; cohesion, 0.2 ∼ 0.75 ㎏/㎠ ; angle of internal friction, 29°∼ 45° ; soil texture, SL. The shear strength of the soil in different sites was measured by a direct shear apparatus (type B; shear box size, 62.5 × 20㎜; σ, 1.434㎏/㎠ ; speed, 1/ 100㎜/min.). For the related element analyses, water content was moderated through a series of drainage experiments with 4 levels of drainage period, specific gravity was measured by KS F 308, analysis of particle size distribution, by KS F 2302 and soil samples were dried at 110±5℃ for more than 12 hours in dry oven. Soil hardness represents physical properties, such as particle size distribution, porosity, bulk density and water content of soil, and test of the. hardness by soil hardness tester is the simplest approach and totally indicative method to grasp the mechanical properties of soil. It is important to understand the mechanical properties of soil as well as the chemical in order to realize the fundamental phenomena in the growth and the distribution of tree roots. The writer intended to study the correlation between the soil hardness and the distribution of tree roots of Pinus rigida Mill. planted in 1966 and Pinus rigida × taeda in 199 to 1960 in the denuded forest lands with and after several erosion control works. The soil texture of the sites investigated was SL originated from weathered granitic soil. The former is situated at Pyo¨ngchangri, Kyo¨m-myo¨n, Kogso¨ng-gun, Cho¨llanam-do (3.63 ㏊; slope, 17°∼ 41° soil depth, thin or medium; humidity, dry or optimum; height, 5.66/3.73 ∼ 7.63 m.; D.B.H., 9.7/8.00 ∼ 12.00 ㎝) and the Latter at changun-long Kwangju-shi (3.50 ㏊; slope, 12°∼ 23° soil depth, thin; humidity, dry; height, 10.47/7.3 ∼ 12.79 m ; D.B.H., 16.94/14.3 ∼ 19.4 ㎝).The sampling areas were 24quadrats (10m × 10m ) in the former area and 12 in the latter expanding from summit to foot. Each sampling trees for hardness test and investigation of root distribution were selected by purposive selection an

사방시공지에 (砂防施工地) 있어서 리기다소나무의 수근의 (樹根) 분포에 미치는 토양견밀도의 (土壤堅密度) 영향

조희두 ( Hi Doo Cho ) 한국산림과학회 1982 한국산림과학회지 Vol.56 No.1

Soil harness represents such physical properties as porosity amount of water bulk density and soil texture. It is very important to know the mechanical properties of soil as well as the chemical in order to research the fundamental phenomena in the growth and the distribution of tree roots. The writer intended to grip soil hardness by soil layer and also to grasp the root distribution and the correlation between soil hardness and the root distribution of Pinus riguda Mill. planted on the denuded hillside with sooding works by soil layer on soil profile. The site investigated is situated at Peongchang-ri 13, Kocksung county Chon-nam Province. The area is consisted of 3.63 ha having on elevation of 167.5-207.5 m. Soil texture is sandy loam and parant rock in granite. Average slope of the area is 17。-30。. Soil moisture condition is dry. Main exposure of the area is NW or SW. The total number of plots investigated was 24 plots. It divided into two groups by direction each 12 plots in NW and SW and divided into three groups by the position of mountain plots in foot of mountain, in hillside, and in summit of mountain, respectively. Each sampling tree was selected as specimen by purposive sampling and soil profile was made at the downward distance of 50cm form the sampling tree at each plot. Soil hardness, soil layer surveying, root distribution of the tree and vegetation were measured and investigated at the each plot. The soil hardness measured by the Yamanaka Soil Hardness Tester in mm unit. the results are as follows: 1) Soil hardness increases gradually in conformity with the increment of soil depth. the average soil indicator hardness by soil layer are as follows: 14.6mm in I-soil layer (0-10cm in depth from soil surface), 16.2mm in II-soil layer (10-20cm in depth from soil surface), 17.2 in III--soil layer (20-30cm), 18.3mm in IV-soil layer(30-40cm), 19.8mm in V-soil layer(4.50mm). 2) The tree roots (less than 20mm in diameter) distribute more in the surface layer than in the subsoil layer and decrease gradually according to the increment of soil depth. The ratio of the root distribution can be illustrated by comparing with each of five soil layers from surface to subsoil layer as follows: I-soil layer:31%, II--soil layer:26%, III-soil layer:18%, IV-soil layer:12%, V-soil layer:13%, 3) Soil hardness and tree root distribution (less than 20mm in diameter) of Pinus rigida Mill. correlate negatively each other; the more soil hardness increases, the most root distribution decreases. The correlation coefficients between soil hardness and distribution of tree roots by soil layer are as follows : I-soil layer;-0.3675(at the 10% significance level), II-soil layer;-0.5299(at the 1% significance level), III-soil layer;-0.5573(at the 2% significance level), IV-soil layer;-0.6922(at the 5% significance level), V-soil layer;-0.7325(at the 2% significance level). 4) the most suitable range of soil hardness for the growth of Pinus rigida Mill is the range of 12-14.9mm in soil indicator hardness. In this range of soil indicator hardness, the root distribution of this tree amounts to 41.8% in spite of 33% in soil harness and under the 20.9mm of soil indicator hardness, the distribution amounts to 93.2% in spite of 82% in soil hardness. Judging from above facts, the roots of Pinus rigida can easily grow within the soil condition of 20.9mm in soil indicator hardness. 5) The soil layers are classified by their depths from the surface soil