The meanings and Functions of "tokoroni" with verb in Modern Japanese -Focused on the Development Process from Space to Situation-

방윤형 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.85 No.1

現代日本語における 「うえ」の意味,機能

방윤형 韓國日語日文學會 2005 日語日文學硏究 Vol.53 No.1

動詞に接続する「ところへ」の意味と機能-空間から状況への発展経路を中心に-

방윤형 한국일어일문학회 2011 日語日文學硏究 Vol.77 No.1

本稿は動詞に接続する「ところへ」の意味と機能について分析⋅考察したものである。特に、従来の研究であまり取り上げていない、空間を表す場合から状況を表す場合への発展経路といった観点で記述することを目指した。その結果は以下のようにまとめられる。現代日本語の動詞に接続する「ところへ」は大きく次のような6つの場合に分けることができる。①空間的意味のみを表す場合は様々なタイプの前接動詞と決まったタイプの述語が用いられる。「Vところへ」は述語の支配を受け、「ヘ格」として働く。②空間的意味と状況的意味の両方を表す場合は具体的動作を表す前接動詞と移動動詞の述語が用いられる点では共通するが、空間的意味か状況的意味かで異なる特色を見せる。空間的意味の場合は述語の支配を受け、「ヘ格」として働くが、状況的意味の場合は述語の支配を受けず、「Vところへ」全体で形態が固定化する。③心理的状況を表す場合は抽象的動作や状態を表す前接動詞と移動動詞の述語が用いられる。「Vところへ」は述語の支配を受けず、「Vところへ」全体で形態が固定化する。④具体的状況を表す場合は具体的動作を表す前接動詞と移動動詞以外の述語が用いられる。「Vところへ」は述語の支配を受けず、「Vところへ」全体で形態が固定化する。⑤付加・添加のニュアンスを持っている場合は抽象的動作や状態を表す前接動詞と移動動詞以外の述語が用いられる。「Vところへ」は述語の支配を受けず、「Vところへ」全体で形態が固定化する。⑥名詞述語の場合は原則的に用いられないが、出現性を持った「頻発だ」のような名詞述語は使用できるようである。以上の①∼⑥を総合すると、「Vところへ」という形態が空間を表す「ヘ格」をとった形式名詞から状況を表す「Vところへ」全体の形態へ固定していく発展経路を明らかにすることができる。この経路には、①前接動詞と述語のタイプ(タイプの変化)、②格体系(ヘ格から「Vところへ」全体の形態への固定)、③「Vところへ」と述語との関係(支配の有無)といった側面が総合的に関わっていると言える。

現代日本語における「した」「もと」の意味と機能

방윤형 한국일본학회 2009 日本學報 Vol.81 No.-

本稿は現代日本語における「した」「もと」の意味と機能について分析․考察したものである。本稿では「した」「もと」の全体像を捉えるために、名詞接続の場合と動詞接続の場合に分けて記述を行った。その結果をまとめると以下のようになる。 現代日本語における「した」と「もと」は、「空間を表す」という〈形式名詞〉としてのはたらきが本来的にあるが、「もと」には〈後置詞〉化したものや〈接続助辞〉化したものも見られる。 第一に、「した」は名詞接続―空間性がある場合のみを持っている。この場合は格関係が揃っており、〈形式名詞〉といえるが、原則的にゼロ格は用いられない。そして、基本的には具体的な空間を表す。また、モノ名詞を《空間化》し、空間性を持たせることがある。 第二に、「もと」は、①名詞接続の場合―空間性がある場合、②名詞接続の場合―空間性がない場合、③動詞接続の場合の3つに分けることができる。 まず、①は〈形式名詞〉と位置づけられるが、とりうる格はいくぶん限られる(ニ格・デ格・ヲ格・ヘ格のみが見られた)。そして、基本的には人․組織の存在する抽象的空間を表す。 次に、②は〈後置詞〉化したものとして位置づけられる。そして、形が限定される(「~のもとに」「~のもとで」「~のもと」)。「~のもとに」は条件․理由․根拠などの論理的な関係性を表す。「~のもとで」は状況を表す。特に《社会的状況》を表す場合が多く見られる。 最後に、③は〈接続助辞〉化したものとして位置づけられる。形が限定され、現段階では「~もとで」の用例しか出現していない。

日本語の「した」「もと」と韓国語の「아래」「밑」との対照研究

방윤형 한국일본학회 2024 일본학보(日本學報) Vol.- No.140

. This study conducts a detailed analysis on the similarities and differences in the meaning and function between “shita” and “moto” in Japanese, and “arae” and “mit” in Korean. Previous studies on “shita” and “moto” exist, but no studies have focused on a comparative analysis with “arae” and “mit.” The paper aims to articulate the distinct meanings and functions of these four terms. Firstly, “shita” is associated with a concrete space and acts as a pseudo noun. Secondly, moto represents an abstract space and is also used to express other meanings. Furthermore, “moto” acts as a pseudo noun with spatial meaning, whereas it acts as a postposition in other cases. Thirdly, “arae” is generally representative of a concrete space, but it periodically represents abstract spaces. It functions as a pseudo noun. Lastly, “mit” generally expresses a concrete space, but it occasionally expresses abstract spaces. “Mit” functions as a pseudo noun. In summary, the study shows that “shita” and “moto” have distinct roles in their semantic domains while “arae” and “mit” have roles which largely overlap, which differs from the Japanese. In addition, “moto” has extended meanings other than space, but “mit” does not generally represent these extended meanings. Functionally, “shita” and “moto” function as pseudo nouns, and “moto” can also function as postpositions. “Arae” and “mit” strictly function as pseudo nouns.

現代日本語における「つもり」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2020 일본언어문화 Vol.53 No.-

This paper primarily focused on the meanings and the functions of “tsumori” in modern Japanese based on actual examples. Although many previous studies have been conducted on the usage of conjunctive particle for “tsumori”, the noun usages, the postpositions, or componentizations of the compound predicate have rarely been reported. In the paper, the four cases of the meanings and the functions of “tsumori” are described and deeply analyzed, and then the results are summarized as follows. First, when used as a noun usage, “tsumori” is found to have the meaning of “to pile up, to be repeated’, where the preconnected noun indicates. In the Heian period, N+tsumori takes a relatively wide range of cases, but in modern times, the use of this method is rarely observed. Second, when used as a postposition, it represents either the will or personality, nature, or position indicated by the preconnected noun. In the case of the will, the action noun is used in the noun N, while in the case of personality, nature, or position, the non-action noun is used in N. It is morphologically limited to one form called N+tsumoride. Third, when used as a conjunctive particle, it represents the will or assumption indicated by the preconnected verb. In the case of the will, V is classified as a ‘suru’ type, and in the case of assumption, V is classified as a ‘sita’ type. It is morphologically limited to one form called V+tsumoride. Fourth, in the case that constitutes a compound predicate, an ‘iru’ verb is used in a predicate, and It implies an adverb meaning to describe the state of the predicate. In summary, “tsumori” originally stands for “to pile up, to be repeated,” as the starting point of the meaning and function in ancient times, but it is rarely used as the noun usage in modern Japanese. Instead, it is most frequently observed as the forms of postposition, the conjunctive particle, or the componentization of the compound predicate.

名詞に後続する「おかげで」の意味と機能

방윤형 한국일본언어문화학회 2019 일본언어문화 Vol.48 No.-

This paper analyzes the meanings and the functions of “okagede” which connects to nouns. There have been a lot of previous research that pointed out that “okagede” basically shows “desirable results,” but the topic about the example sentences showing “undesirable results” has been rarely studied. In addition, when “okagede” is used in simple sentences and in complex sentences, different features are observed, but no studies have been conducted about these separate features. Therefore, this paper first aims to distinguish between the cases used in simple sentences and those used in complex sentences, and to describe each characteristic by subdividing it into cases in which “desirable results” and “undesirable results” are indicated. The results can be summarized as follows. First, when “okagede” is used in simple sentences, it basically represnts “desirable results.” However, 39 examples have been identified that show “undesirable results”. Second, when “okagede” is used in complex sentences, four categories can be classified as follows: ①“desirable result”+“desirable result”, ②“desirable result”+ “undesirable result”, ③“undesirable result”+“desirable result”, ④“undesirable result”+ “undesirable result”. Among the four categories, the case ③ and the case ④ indicate that “okagede” was used instead of “seide”. On the conclusion, the results of the study in this paper show that “okagede” can represent not only “desirable results” but also “undesirable results” in both simple and complex sentences. “Hiniku” usage is found in “okagede” with the meaning of “undesirable results”. In addition, the “hiniku” usages are shown not only in conversation passages but also in descriptive sentences. .

現代日本語における「とおり」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2021 일본언어문화 Vol.56 No.-

This thesis analyzes and examines the meanings and the functions of “toori” in modern Japanese based on practical examples sentences. Most studies show that “toori” is connected after a noun and a verb to indicate the meaning of “same”, but in perspective of meaning change and limitation of form, no previous research has presented on the definite relationship among the following three cases: ① the case of a noun usage, ② the case of postposition, and ③ the case of conjunctive particle. This paper aims to examine the meanings and the functions of these three cases. The results are as follows. First, when used as a noun usage, “toori” indicates the spatial meaning of “passage, street” pointed by the front noun. “N+toori” can take various cases. Second, when used as a postposition, it indicates the meaning of “same” that the front noun points out. Morphologically, it is limited to two forms: “N+toori” and “N+toorini”. Third, when used as a conjunctive particle, it indicates the meaning of “same” that the font verb points out. Morphologically, it is limited to two forms: “V+toori” and “V+toorini”. From the above results, “toori” in modern Japanese was analyzed to have the meanings and the functions of postposition or conjunctive particle in addition to the basic meaning of “passage, street” as a noun usage. When “toori” in the noun usage becomes a postposition or a conjunctive particle, changes occur in terms of form and meaning.

現代日本語における 「うしろ」「あと」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2009 일본언어문화 Vol.15 No.-

名詞に接続する「まえ」の意味と機能 -明治期と現代との用例比較を通じて-

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2014 일본언어문화 Vol.28 No.-

This paper analyzes several meanings and functions of “mae” connected with a noun. In the paper, the usages of “mae” are mainly focused by comparing the two periods between Meiji-era and the present. Regarding the meanings and functions of “mae” connected with a noun, the four different cases in the study are described as follows. ① The first case of “mae” represents the concrete place where a front noun exists. In this case, “N+mae” plays an important role as a hogo in the sentence, and the predicate controls the “N+mae”. ② The second case of “mae” represents the abstract place in which a front noun exists. Similar to the first case, “N+mae” has a function of a hogo in the sentence, and the predicate controls the “N+mae”. ③ The third case represents the reason which a front noun implies, and it has the unique cause and effect relationship. “N+mae” functions as a jyokyogo in the sentence, and the predicate excludes the “N+mae”. ④ The last case represents the time which a front noun indicates. This usage was not shown in Meiji-era, but it is occasionally observed in the present. “N+mae” does function as a jyokyogo in the sentence, and the predicate excludes the “N+mae”. Summarizing the above four cases, we can conclude that the pseudo noun “mae” connected to a noun preserves the historical changes up to Meiji-era, while it gets gradual changes from Meiji-era to the present.