The meanings and Functions of "tokoroni" with verb in Modern Japanese -Focused on the Development Process from Space to Situation-

방윤형 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.85 No.1

敬語で使われる「ほど」について

방윤형 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2022 日本 硏究 Vol.- No.57

Based on practical example sentences included in the thesis, in-depth investigations and analysis are conducted about “hodo,” which has been used in honorific expressions of modern Japanese. Although several previous studies have examined the dictionary meaning or forms of “hodo”, they have not focused on usage patterns such as its time of appearance or morphological characteristics. This article primarily aimed to study and analyze the three aspects of “hodo” used in honorific expressions: ① the time of appearance, ② morphological characteristics, and ③ meaning and function of “hodo.” Related to these studies, practical example sentences are investigated and listed in the article. In summary, significant results are drawn in all three aspects in the article. First, the time of appearance is newly studied and found. Although “hodo” first appeared in 1906, the research found that it began to be used in 1986 as an expression as of today. Second, the morphological characteristics were investigated as follows: “hodo” can be classified into two cases in taking ① “nohodowo” and ② “nohodo.” The article describes that both cases of “hodo” take honorific forms as an action noun in front of “hodo”. The difference between the two cases is that in the former, most of the predicates were omitted, but in the latter, “onegaimoushiageru” was the most common. Additionally, a predicate in the latter case can be used without implying the meaning of requests. Third, the meanings and functions are found as follows: “hodo” has the meaning of “avoiding assertiveness and softening the expression” and has the function of a postposition.

現代日本語における「とおり」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2021 일본언어문화 Vol.56 No.-

This thesis analyzes and examines the meanings and the functions of “toori” in modern Japanese based on practical examples sentences. Most studies show that “toori” is connected after a noun and a verb to indicate the meaning of “same”, but in perspective of meaning change and limitation of form, no previous research has presented on the definite relationship among the following three cases: ① the case of a noun usage, ② the case of postposition, and ③ the case of conjunctive particle. This paper aims to examine the meanings and the functions of these three cases. The results are as follows. First, when used as a noun usage, “toori” indicates the spatial meaning of “passage, street” pointed by the front noun. “N+toori” can take various cases. Second, when used as a postposition, it indicates the meaning of “same” that the front noun points out. Morphologically, it is limited to two forms: “N+toori” and “N+toorini”. Third, when used as a conjunctive particle, it indicates the meaning of “same” that the font verb points out. Morphologically, it is limited to two forms: “V+toori” and “V+toorini”. From the above results, “toori” in modern Japanese was analyzed to have the meanings and the functions of postposition or conjunctive particle in addition to the basic meaning of “passage, street” as a noun usage. When “toori” in the noun usage becomes a postposition or a conjunctive particle, changes occur in terms of form and meaning.

現代日本語における 「うしろ」「あと」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2009 일본언어문화 Vol.15 No.-

名詞に接続する「まえ」の意味と機能 -明治期と現代との用例比較を通じて-

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2014 일본언어문화 Vol.28 No.-

This paper analyzes several meanings and functions of “mae” connected with a noun. In the paper, the usages of “mae” are mainly focused by comparing the two periods between Meiji-era and the present. Regarding the meanings and functions of “mae” connected with a noun, the four different cases in the study are described as follows. ① The first case of “mae” represents the concrete place where a front noun exists. In this case, “N+mae” plays an important role as a hogo in the sentence, and the predicate controls the “N+mae”. ② The second case of “mae” represents the abstract place in which a front noun exists. Similar to the first case, “N+mae” has a function of a hogo in the sentence, and the predicate controls the “N+mae”. ③ The third case represents the reason which a front noun implies, and it has the unique cause and effect relationship. “N+mae” functions as a jyokyogo in the sentence, and the predicate excludes the “N+mae”. ④ The last case represents the time which a front noun indicates. This usage was not shown in Meiji-era, but it is occasionally observed in the present. “N+mae” does function as a jyokyogo in the sentence, and the predicate excludes the “N+mae”. Summarizing the above four cases, we can conclude that the pseudo noun “mae” connected to a noun preserves the historical changes up to Meiji-era, while it gets gradual changes from Meiji-era to the present.

現代日本語における「くせ」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2018 일본언어문화 Vol.44 No.-

In this paper, the meanings and functions of modern Japanese “kuse” are studied based on practical example sentences. Previous research mainly focuses on the usage of “kuse” as a conjunctive particle in a format of “kuseni” connecting to a verb. No literature has reported on the usages of “kuse” as a noun usage or a postposition. In the paper, the usages of “kuse” are described in the three different cases of meanings and functions: (1) noun usage, (2) postposition, and (3) conjunctive particle. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, when “kuse” is used as a noun usage, it basically represents a habit indicated by a front noun, and “N+kuse” takes various cases in the sentences. In this case, “N+kuse” functions as a noun usage. Second, when “kuse” is used as a postposition, it implies the criticism against the meaning of a front noun. Nouns with stereotype meanings are commonly used in N, and unexpected or opposite things are discussed in the predicate. It is morphologically limited to the one fixed form of “N+kuseni”. In this case, “N+kuse” functions as a postposition. Third, when “kuse” is used as a conjunctive particle, it represents the criticism indicated by a front verb. Contradictions to V are discussed in the predicate. It is morphologically limited to the one fixed form of ”V+kuseni“. In this case, “V+kuse” functions as a conjunctive particle. In conclusion, our research found that “kuse” is used as a postposition or a conjunctive particle, although its basic function is a noun usage and it represents a habit in modern Japanese. As a postposition or a conjunctive particle, “kuse” shows significant changes in both aspects of formats and meanings.

現代日本語における「した」「もと」の意味と機能

방윤형 한국일본학회 2009 日本學報 Vol.81 No.-

本稿は現代日本語における「した」「もと」の意味と機能について分析․考察したものである。本稿では「した」「もと」の全体像を捉えるために、名詞接続の場合と動詞接続の場合に分けて記述を行った。その結果をまとめると以下のようになる。 現代日本語における「した」と「もと」は、「空間を表す」という〈形式名詞〉としてのはたらきが本来的にあるが、「もと」には〈後置詞〉化したものや〈接続助辞〉化したものも見られる。 第一に、「した」は名詞接続―空間性がある場合のみを持っている。この場合は格関係が揃っており、〈形式名詞〉といえるが、原則的にゼロ格は用いられない。そして、基本的には具体的な空間を表す。また、モノ名詞を《空間化》し、空間性を持たせることがある。 第二に、「もと」は、①名詞接続の場合―空間性がある場合、②名詞接続の場合―空間性がない場合、③動詞接続の場合の3つに分けることができる。 まず、①は〈形式名詞〉と位置づけられるが、とりうる格はいくぶん限られる(ニ格・デ格・ヲ格・ヘ格のみが見られた)。そして、基本的には人․組織の存在する抽象的空間を表す。 次に、②は〈後置詞〉化したものとして位置づけられる。そして、形が限定される(「~のもとに」「~のもとで」「~のもと」)。「~のもとに」は条件․理由․根拠などの論理的な関係性を表す。「~のもとで」は状況を表す。特に《社会的状況》を表す場合が多く見られる。 最後に、③は〈接続助辞〉化したものとして位置づけられる。形が限定され、現段階では「~もとで」の用例しか出現していない。

現代日本語における 「うえ」の意味,機能

방윤형 韓國日語日文學會 2005 日語日文學硏究 Vol.53 No.1

名詞に後続する「おかげで」の意味と機能

방윤형 한국일본언어문화학회 2019 일본언어문화 Vol.48 No.-

This paper analyzes the meanings and the functions of “okagede” which connects to nouns. There have been a lot of previous research that pointed out that “okagede” basically shows “desirable results,” but the topic about the example sentences showing “undesirable results” has been rarely studied. In addition, when “okagede” is used in simple sentences and in complex sentences, different features are observed, but no studies have been conducted about these separate features. Therefore, this paper first aims to distinguish between the cases used in simple sentences and those used in complex sentences, and to describe each characteristic by subdividing it into cases in which “desirable results” and “undesirable results” are indicated. The results can be summarized as follows. First, when “okagede” is used in simple sentences, it basically represnts “desirable results.” However, 39 examples have been identified that show “undesirable results”. Second, when “okagede” is used in complex sentences, four categories can be classified as follows: ①“desirable result”+“desirable result”, ②“desirable result”+ “undesirable result”, ③“undesirable result”+“desirable result”, ④“undesirable result”+ “undesirable result”. Among the four categories, the case ③ and the case ④ indicate that “okagede” was used instead of “seide”. On the conclusion, the results of the study in this paper show that “okagede” can represent not only “desirable results” but also “undesirable results” in both simple and complex sentences. “Hiniku” usage is found in “okagede” with the meaning of “undesirable results”. In addition, the “hiniku” usages are shown not only in conversation passages but also in descriptive sentences. .

現代日本語における「つもり」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2020 일본언어문화 Vol.53 No.-

This paper primarily focused on the meanings and the functions of “tsumori” in modern Japanese based on actual examples. Although many previous studies have been conducted on the usage of conjunctive particle for “tsumori”, the noun usages, the postpositions, or componentizations of the compound predicate have rarely been reported. In the paper, the four cases of the meanings and the functions of “tsumori” are described and deeply analyzed, and then the results are summarized as follows. First, when used as a noun usage, “tsumori” is found to have the meaning of “to pile up, to be repeated’, where the preconnected noun indicates. In the Heian period, N+tsumori takes a relatively wide range of cases, but in modern times, the use of this method is rarely observed. Second, when used as a postposition, it represents either the will or personality, nature, or position indicated by the preconnected noun. In the case of the will, the action noun is used in the noun N, while in the case of personality, nature, or position, the non-action noun is used in N. It is morphologically limited to one form called N+tsumoride. Third, when used as a conjunctive particle, it represents the will or assumption indicated by the preconnected verb. In the case of the will, V is classified as a ‘suru’ type, and in the case of assumption, V is classified as a ‘sita’ type. It is morphologically limited to one form called V+tsumoride. Fourth, in the case that constitutes a compound predicate, an ‘iru’ verb is used in a predicate, and It implies an adverb meaning to describe the state of the predicate. In summary, “tsumori” originally stands for “to pile up, to be repeated,” as the starting point of the meaning and function in ancient times, but it is rarely used as the noun usage in modern Japanese. Instead, it is most frequently observed as the forms of postposition, the conjunctive particle, or the componentization of the compound predicate.