現代日本語における「いっぽう(一方)」の意味と機能

方允炯(Bahng, YoonHyung) 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2016 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.42

This paper studies the meanings and functions of “ippo” in modern Japanese by investigating practical example sentences. Previous research mainly focuses on the usage of “ippo” as a conjunctive particle in a format of “ippode” connecting to a verb. However, no literature has reported on the usages of “ippo” as a pseudo noun or a postposition. In this paper, the usages of “ippo” are described in the three cases of meanings and functions: (1) pseudo noun, (2) postposition, and (3) conjunctive particle. The results of the study are presented as follows. First, when “ippo” is used as a pseudo noun, two different meanings are considered, which are “one direction” and “one side”. In both meanings, “ippo” represents a space indicated by a front noun and “N+ippo” takes several cases. In this case, “N+ippo” functions as a pseudo noun. Second, when “ippo” is used as a postposition, it implies a different view from a point indicated by a front noun. In this case, the form of “ippo” is only limited to “N+ippode” or “N+ippo", and then “N+ippo” functions as a postposition. Third, when “ippo” is used as a conjunctive particle, it represents a different aspect from a point indicated by a front verb. In this case, the form of “ippo” is limited to “V+ippode” or “V+ippo", and then “V+ippo” functions as a conjunctive particle. In conclusion, “ippo” is used as a postposition or a conjunctive particle, although its basic function is a pseudo noun and it represents a space in modern Japanese. As a postposition or a conjunctive particle, “ippo” shows significant changes in both aspects of formats and meanings.

동사에 접속하는 도코로다(ところだ)의 의미와 기능-의미와 기능의 파생관계를 중심으로-

방윤형 ( Bahng Yoon-hyung ) 한국일어일문학회 2016 일어일문학연구 Vol.98 No.1

This paper analyzes the meanings and functions of tokoroda connected with a verb using derivative relationships. In this paper, the usages of tokoroda are described in terms of derivative relations about the meanings and functions of space, ten, and time. The results of the study can be presented as follows. First, tokoroda represents the concrete place. In this case, the various types of verb are used in the front verb. V+tokoroda functions as a predicative sentence of pseudo noun. Second, two different cases can be considered regarding the transformations from the meaning of space to the meaning of ten. (1) In the case of implying the part, tokoroda means an abstract part indicated by the front verb. V+tokoroda also operates as a predicative sentence of pseudo noun. (2) In the case of implying the ten, tokoroda represents a certain ten or a certain thing associated with the front verb. V+tokoroda functions as a predicative sentence of pseudo noun. Third, tokoroda represents the transformations from the meaning of space to the meaning of time. When they are interpreted by the temporal meaning, the three meanings of just before, progress, or immediately after can be considered depending on the formats of the front verb. In this case, V+tokoroda is used to represent an aspect in a whole format. In conclusions, tokoroda connected with a verb represents a space as a starting point, but then it transforms from space to ten, and from space to time. This transformation occurs in a continuous way.

명사에 접속하는 형식명사 소바(そば)와 요코(よこ)의 의미와 기능

방윤형 ( Yoon Hyung Bahng ) 한국일어일문학회 2015 일어일문학연구 Vol.94 No.1

This paper analyzes the meanings and functions of “soba” and yoko connected with a noun. In this paper, the usages of soba and yoko are investigated by comparing these two synonyms, and the results of the study can be described respectively. Regarding the meanings and functions of “soba” connected with a noun, the two cases in the study are examined as in the below. ① The first case of “soba” represents the concrete place, and it shows positional relations based on a front noun. In this case, a person noun, a place noun, and the goods noun are used in the front noun, and designated patterns are used in the predicate. ② The second case of “soba” represents the abstract place, and it indicates influential ranges of a front noun. A person noun is used in the front noun, and designated patterns are used in the predicate. On the other hand, regarding the meanings and functions of “yoko” connected with a noun, the following two cases in the study are considered. ① Similar to “soba”, the first case of “yoko” represents the concrete place with positional relations based on a front noun. A person noun, a place noun, and the goods noun are used in the front noun, and designated patterns are also used in the predicate. ② In contrast with “soba”, no example of yoko representing the abstract place is found. This implies that yoko has not been developed into the abstract meaning. In summary, we can conclude that the pseudo noun “soba” connected to a noun can represent both a concrete place and an abstract place, but the pseudo noun yoko can only represent a concrete place.

日本語の「うしろ」「あと」と韓国語の「뒤」「후」との対照研究

方允炯 ( Bahng Yoon-hyung ) 한국일어일문학회 2024 일어일문학연구 Vol.130 No.0

This paper explores the semantic and functional distinctions between the Japanese ushiro and ato, and the Korean dwi and hu. While previous research has examined ushiro and ato, no study has deeply analyzed the contrasting perspectives with Korean dwi and hu. This study aims to investigate the meanings and functions of the above four expressions. The findings are summarized as follows: Firstly, ushiro basically denotes only a space. The object nouns and human nouns are mainly used in the preceding noun, the determined types depending on cases are used in the predicate. Functionally, it acts as a pseudo noun. Secondly, ato represents both spatial and temporal meanings. Spatially, human nouns are typically used in the preceding noun and a fixed predicate is employed. Temporally, it uses temporal and motion nouns in the preceding noun, with no restrictions on the predicate type. Thirdly, dwi represents both spatial and temporal meanings. In spatial usage, object nouns and human nouns are used in the preceding noun, and the fixed type is used in the predicate. Functionally, it acts as a pseudo noun. Temporally, temporal nouns are used in the preceding noun, with an unrestricted predicate type. Lastly, hu only represents a temporal meaning. It is used with temporal and motion nouns in the preceding noun, and the predicate type is unrestricted. In summary, ushiro specifically denotes a spatial meaning, while dwi expresses both spatial and temporal aspects. Comparatively, ato refers to both space and time, whereas hu expresses exclusively temporal meaning. This indicates that the semantic domains of these respective forms are different in Japanese and Korean. Functionally, ushiro and dwi basically function as pseudo nouns when indicating space, but in other cases functional abstraction occurs.

동사에 접속하는 “고토다(ことだ)”의 의미와 기능 - 의미와 기능의 파생관계를 중심으로 -

방윤형 ( Bahng Yoon-hyung ) 한국일어일문학회 2018 일어일문학연구 Vol.106 No.1

This paper studies the meanings and the functions of “kotoda” connected with a verb using derivative relationships. Although there were quite a lot of previous research in the past about the kotoda which has the meaning of modality by connecting to a verb, almost none of literature examined the abstraction transitions from a predicative sentence with pseudo noun to the derivative usage by analyzing practical examples. In this paper, the objective is to describe the transitions by abstracting from a predicative sentence with pseudo noun to a modality format in terms of continuity. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the basic usage of the predicative sentence with pseudo noun is morphologically based on A wa B kotoda, and there are total five forms including the basic and four other forms. These forms define the quality of the concept that “A” represents. Superlative expressions are commonly utilized in “A” with these forms. Those forms are also syntactically free. Second, the transitions to the derivative usage can be categorized into the following three cases: ① to express conjecture, ② to express exclamation, and ③ to express advice. In the transitions to the modality format, it is observed that the forms of kotoda have been fixed, and thus special meanings and functions are obtained. In conclusions, we identify “kotoda” as the transitions from the predicative sentence with pseudo noun to the modality format while it is connected with a verb, and these transitions significantly show the meaning of continuity.

동사에 접속하는 “모노다(ものだ)”의 의미와 기능 -의미와 기능의 파생관계를 중심으로-

방윤형 ( Bahng,Yoon-hyung ) 한국일어일문학회 2017 일어일문학연구 Vol.102 No.1

This paper analyzes the meanings and functions of “monoda” connected with a verb using derivative relationships. A lot of research were previously conducted about the monoda which shows a modal meaning by connecting to a verb. However, little research examined the transition from a concrete object to an abstraction by analyzing actual example sentences. In this paper, our goal is to describe the transition from a concrete object to a modality form in terms of continuity. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the abstraction transition from a concrete object can be summarized as follows. In the case of representing a concrete object, monoda refers mainly to nouns and has specificity. And if monoda expresses a work or a language, the meaning becomes a little abstract. Next, when the object pointed to by monoda is further abstracted, it represents institution, organization, and psychology. There is a case in which monoda continues to represent an action. Second, the transition to the form of modality can be divided into three types as follows: ① to express natures and naturally, ② to express obligation, and ③ to express surprise. In the case of transition to the modality form, the form of monoda is fixed and special meaning and functions are obtained. Especially when the transition represents ③ surprise, it is characteristically used together with an adverb and it generates a syntactic restriction. In conclusions, it is confirmed the transition from specific objects to the modality format, which is connected with a verb, and this transition also shows continuity.

일본어학,일본어교육학 : 現代日本語における 「うえ」の意味,機能

방윤형 ( Yoon Hyung Bahng ) 한국일어일문학회 2005 일어일문학연구 Vol.53 No.1

명사에 접속하는 형식명사 도코로(ところ)의 의미와 기능 -메이지기와 현대의 용례비교를 통하여-

방윤형 ( Yoon Hyung Bahng ) 한국일어일문학회 2014 일어일문학연구 Vol.90 No.1

This paper analyzes the meanings and functions of tokoro connected with a noun. In the paper, the usages of tokoro are investigated by comparing the two periods between Meiji-era and the present. Regarding the meanings and functions of tokoro connected with a noun, the four cases in the study are described as follows. ① The first case of tokoro represents the place where a front noun exists. In this case, N+tokoro plays an important role as a hogo in the sentence, and the predicate controls the N+tokoro. ② The second case of tokoro represents the part in which a front noun exists. N+tokoro has a function of a hogo in the sentence, and the predicate controls the N+tokoro. ③ The third case represents the time which a front noun indicates. In Meiji-era, a demonstrative pronoun was not allowed to use in the front noun, while in the present it is widely used in the front noun. N+tokoro functions as a jyokyogo in the sentence, and the predicate doesn``t control the N+tokoro. ④ The last case represents the situation which a front noun indicates. The types of the front noun much more increased in the present than in Meiji-era. N+tokoro does function as a jyokyogo in the sentence, and the predicate excludes the N+tokoro. Summarizing the above four cases, we can conclude that the pseudo noun tokoro connected to a noun preserves the historical changes up to Meiji-era, but also gets gradual changes from Meiji-era to the present.

名詞に接續する形式名詞『うち』の意味·機能 - 明治期と現代との用例比較を通じて-

방윤형 ( Yoon Hyung Bahng ) 한국일어일문학회 2007 일어일문학연구 Vol.61 No.1

本稿では、名詞に接續する形式名詞『うち』の意味·機能について、明治期と現代との比較を通じて、分析·考察した。その結果は以下のようにまとめられる。第一に、明治期までの變化としては、形式名詞『うち』は、明治期に旣に出發点的な意味用法である<空間>から<狀況>、そして<時間>を表す用法までを有しており、また、これらとは違う意味用法である<範圍>も持っていたことが明らかになった。この事實は、①『うち』の形式(格)、②『~(の)うち』と述語との關係、といった2つの側面から裏付けられる。第二に、明治期から現代までの變化としては、①<空間>:明治期は具體的な空間を表せたが、現代は基本的に固定化したタイプしか用いられない、②<狀況>: 現代は『無意識のうちに』への固定化が目立つ、③<時間>:明治期との違いは殆んど見られない、④<範圍>:明治期は『比較の元を表すタイプ』の用法が中心であったが、現代は『量的限定を行うタイプ』の用法が中心である、といったような四点に要約できる。以上のことから、明治期は出發点的な<空間>が中心的な意味·機能であったが、現代では出發点的な<空間>はその勢力を失い、中心的な意味·機能を<時間>に讓っていることが分かった。また、<範圍>に關しても、中心的な意味·機能に變化が見られる。要するに、形式名詞『うち』は、明治期から現代に移るにつれて、基本的には明治期までの變化の結果を保持しながらも、各意味用法の中では漸進的な變化が續いてきたと言えるようである。

動詞に後続する「ほど」と「ほどに」について

方允炯(Bahng, YoonHyung) 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2021 日本 硏究 Vol.- No.55

Several studies have been conducted regarding “hodo” in ancient languages and comparisons with expressions like “kurai”. However, previous research has not focused on the differences between “hodo” and “hodoni” or their use in modern Japanese language. This paper analyzes “hodo” and “hodoni” used after the verbs in modern Japanese, using practical sentences, with an aim to examine the similarities and differences between “hodo” and “hodoni.” The analysis results can be summarized as follows. First, the meaning of “hodo” can be divided into the two cases: ① the case of degree and ② the case of proportional change. Second, while the meaning of “hodoni” can be divided into the three cases: ① the case of degree, ② the case of proportional change, and ③ the case of cause, the analysis shows that 223 individual words of front verbs are used in “hodo” or “hodoni,” and only nine are used in both. Comparative studies verify that in principle only verb predicates could be used for the predicate of “hodoni.” In summary, “hodo” is used 5.5 times more frequently than “hodoni” in quantity, and both “hodo” and “hodoni” have the case of degree and the case of proportional change in a quality perspective. Therefore, we conclude that “hodo” is widely used in modern Japanese language as “hodo” has more types of front verbs and predicates than “hodoni.”