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崔聖銀(Choe Songeum) 고려사학회 2014 한국사학보 Vol.- No.54
This paper investigates the seated iron Buddha image of Silsang-sa at Namwon located in Mt. Chili, South Cheolla province, the earliest surviving iron Buddha in Korea. This image, 273cm in height, shows a bulky body, a round and full face with a calm expression, and flat chest, which are different from the Silla Buddha images of the eighth century, instead exhibiting stylistic features of the ninth century Silla sculpture influenced by the stylistic trends of the mid-Tang Buddhist sculpture. Monk Hongcheok(洪陟), who founded Silsang-sa as one of the main schools for Seon Buddhism in Silla after he returned from Tang China, was closely related to King Heungdeok and Crown Prince Seongang, respected Hongcheok and became his sincere devotee. It is also presumed that Jang Bo-go, the powerful merchant trading Chinese and South ?east Asian goods in Silla and Japan, securing commercial supremacy across East Asia, was devoted to Hongcheok as a supporter. It is therefore fair to assume that the Silsang-sa iron Buddha was made with the financial and technical support of th Silla royal court as well as Jang Bo-go while Hongcheok was spreading Seon Buddhism at Silsang-sa and died from 829 to 840 CE. The Silsang-sa image was made by the piece-mold casting technique in which outer molds were divided into several segments and then joined together at the time of casting, commonly used for iron Buddha images from the late Silla to the early Goryeo Periods. It is worth note that the Silsang-sa image was cast from over 40 segmented molds, with join-lines hidden where possible in the drapery folds and lines of the forehead and neck, which seem to show that the image was made by very muchskilled sculptors. The facial expression with jutted-out philtrum and upper lip with two paralleling arching shapes, the way of carving ear holes like a keyhole, and flat band-like drapery folds discovered in the Silsang-sa iron Buddha, which are quite similar to bronze and stone Buddha images made in capital Gyoengju, imply that the Silsangsa image was likely made by artisans from capital Gyeongju working for the royal court.
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