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Watanabe, Takeshi,Kusukawa, Etsuko Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 2014 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.13 No.2
This study proposes an optimal operational policy for a green supply chain (GSC) where a retailer pays an incentive for collection of used products from customers and determines the optimal order quantity of a single product under uncertainty in product demand. A manufacturer produces the optimal order quantity of product using recyclable parts with acceptable quality levels and covers a part of the retailer's incentive from the recycled parts. Here, two scenarios for the product demand are assumed as: the distribution of product demand is known, and only both mean and variance are known. This paper develops mathematical models to find how order quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level for recycling affect the expected profits of each member and the whole supply chain under both a decentralized GSC (DGSC) and an integrated GSC (IGSC). The analysis numerically compares the results under DGSC with those under IGSC for each scenario of product demand. Also, the effect of the quality of the recyclable parts on the optimal decisions is shown. Moreover, supply chain coordination to shift the optimal decisions of IGSC is discussed based on: I) profit ratio, II) Nash bargaining solution, and III) Combination of (I) and (II).
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.
Takeshi Watanabe,Etsuko Kusukawa 대한산업공학회 2014 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.13 No.2
This study proposes an optimal operational policy for a green supply chain (GSC) where a retailer pays an incentive for collection of used products from customers and determines the optimal order quantity of a single product under uncertainty in product demand. A manufacturer produces the optimal order quantity of product using recyclable parts with acceptable quality levels and covers a part of the retailer’s incentive from the recycled parts. Here, two scenarios for the product demand are assumed as: the distribution of product demand is known, and only both mean and variance are known. This paper develops mathematical models to find how order quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level for recycling affect the expected profits of each member and the whole supply chain under both a decentralized GSC (DGSC) and an integrated GSC (IGSC). The analysis numerically compares the results under DGSC with those under IGSC for each scenario of product demand. Also, the effect of the quality of the recyclable parts on the optimal decisions is shown. Moreover, supply chain coordination to shift the optimal decisions of IGSC is discussed based on: I) profit ratio, II) Nash bargaining solution, and III) Combination of (I) and (II).
Takeshi Watanabe,Etsuko Kusuawa,Ikuo Arizono 대한산업공학회 2013 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.12 No.4
In recent years, for the purpose of solving the problem regarding environment protection and resource saving, certain measures and policies have been promoted to establish a green supply chains (GSC) with material flows from collection of used products to reuse of recycled parts in production of products. In this study, we propose an optimal operation of the GSC while considering the collection incentive of the used products and quality for recycling of used products. Two types of decision-making approaches are used for product quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level of reusable parts in the used products for recycling in the GSC. One is the decisionmaking under an independent policy in decentralized supply chains where a retailer and a manufacturer make decisions so as to maximize profits individually. The other is the decision-making under a cooperative policy in centralized supply chains where a retailer and a manufacturer make decisions cooperatively so as to maximize the whole system’s profit. Additionally, we also discuss supply chain coordination as a manufacturer-retailer partnership based on profit sharing. Furthermore, we show the effect of the quality of the reusable parts on the optimal decisions. The collection incentive of the used products was found to bring more profitability to the GSC activity.
Controlled Cationic Polymerization of Sulfide-Containing Vinyl Ethers
Takeshi Namikoshi,Yuhei Watanabe,Ayaka Kaneda,Kazuma Ishikawa,Shinji Watanabe,Miki Murata 한국고분자학회 2022 Macromolecular Research Vol.30 No.1
The living cationic polymerizations of sulfide-containing vinyl ethers, namely, alkyl-sulfide-containing 2-(ethylthio)ethyl vinyl ether (ESEVE) and arylsulfide- containing 2-(phenylthio)ethyl and 2-[4-(methylthio)phenoxy]ethyl vinyl ethers (PSEVE and MSPEVE, respectively), were examined using HCl/ZnCl2, 1-(isobutoxy)ethyl acetate (IBEA)/Et1.5AlCl1.5, and IBEA /Et1.5AlCl1.5/SnCl4 as initiators. The polymerization of ESEVE terminated at a 35% monomer conversion, and a high-molecular-weight polymer was not obtained; instead, the nucleophilicity of the sulfur moiety in ESEVE led to cyclization, forming five-membered ring sulfonium species. In contrast, the side reactions were suppressed when PSEVE was used, which has a less-nucleophilic sulfur moiety on its benzene ring, and polymerization proceeded to an 88% conversion, affording a high-molecular-weight polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw= 12,500, Mw/Mn = 1.18). Furthermore, cyclic sulfonium was not produced during the polymerization of MSPEVE, in which the sulfur atom was farther from the generated carbocation; the polymerization proceeded quantitatively producing a high-molecular-weight polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution, despite the short lifetime of the growing species. In particular, a high-molecular-weight polymer with the narrowest distribution (Mw= 13,500, Mw/Mn = 1.08) was obtained when SnCl4 was used as the Lewis acid.
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Makoto Watanabe,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takayoshi Koike,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric O_3 in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species,risk assessments of O_3 impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of O_3 on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of O_3 impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). O_3 sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, O_3 exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of O_3 impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high O_3 exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to O_3 and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the O_3 sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high O_3 exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of O_3 on forest tree species in East Asia.