http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: Seeing differences through optical coherence tomography
Bennett, JL,de Seze, J,Lana-Peixoto, M,Palace, J,Waldman, A,Schippling, S,Tenembaum, S,Banwell, B,Greenberg, B,Levy, M,Fujihara, K,Chan, KH,Kim, HJ,Asgari, N,Sato, DK,Saiz, A,Wuerfel, J,Zimmermann, H SAGE Publications 2015 Multiple sclerosis journal: clinical and laborator Vol.21 No.6
<P>Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that preferentially targets the optic nerves and spinal cord. The clinical presentation may suggest multiple sclerosis (MS), but a highly specific serum autoantibody against the astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4 present in up to 80% of NMO patients enables distinction from MS. Optic neuritis may occur in either condition resulting in neuro-anatomical retinal changes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a useful tool for analyzing retinal damage both in MS and NMO. Numerous studies showed that optic neuritis in NMO typically results in more severe retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer thinning and more frequent development of microcystic macular edema than in MS. Furthermore, while patients’ RNFL thinning also occurs in the absence of optic neuritis in MS, subclinical damage seems to be rare in NMO. Thus, OCT might be useful in differentiating NMO from MS and serve as an outcome parameter in clinical studies.</P>
The Role of Children in Daesoon Jinrihoe, a Korean New Religion
PALMER, Susan J.,GREENBERGER, Jason DAOS(The Daesoon Academy of Sciences) 2021 Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of Ea Vol.1 No.1
This study attempts to investigate the role of children in the Korean new religious movement, Daesoon Jinrihoe. The research method combined archival studies with qualitative research; interviews with two members involved in educating youth through the establishment of Youth Camps and Donggeurami, the order's youth magazine. Our four research questions were: 1. Do children play a central role in the millennial vision of this NRM? 2. Are children separated from the world? 3. Have Daesoon childrearing methods been challenged by secular authorities or anticult groups? 4. Are there procedures to educate children in the religious beliefs and values of their parents and the community? Our results found that Daesoon Jinrihoe appears to be a religion designed for adults. Children do not usually participate in religious activities. On the other hand, since 2005 there has been a strategic effort to educate the children in the faith of their parents, through the establishment of Youth Camps and the youth magazine, Donggeurami.
DISTRIBUTION OF $H_2CO$, CO, AND EXTINCTION IN THE DARK CLOUD B5
MINN Y. K.,LEE Y. B.,GREENBERG J. M. The Korean Astronomical Society 1996 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.29 No.suppl1
We have made observations of the dark cloud, B5 in the transitions of $H_2CO$, J = $1_{10} {\leftarrow} 1_{11}$, and $2_{12} {\to} 1_{11}$. We compared the $H_2CO$ result with the observational results of CO and with the visual extinction. There exists an overall correspondence of molecules and extinction. However, a detailed agreement is lacking. We discussed the kinematics and the spatial relationship of molecules and extinction in this cloud.
Kim, HyunJung,Jeong, Eung Gi,Ahn, Sang-Nag,Doyle, Jeffrey,Singh, Namrata,Greenberg, Anthony J,Won, Yong Jae,McCouch, Susan R Springer 2014 Rice Vol.7 No.-
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Rice accounts for 43% of staple food production in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The most widely planted rice varieties were developed from a limited number of ancestral lines that were repeatedly used as parents in breeding programs. However, detailed pedigrees are not publicly available and little is known about the genetic, phenotypic, and geographical variation of DPRK varieties.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>We evaluated 80 <I>O. sativa</I> accessions from the DPRK, consisting of 67 improved varieties and 13 landraces. Based on nuclear SSR analysis, we divide the varieties into two genetic groups: <I>Group 1</I> corresponds to the <I>temperate japonica</I> subpopulation and represents 78.75% of the accessions, while <I>Group 2</I> shares recent ancestry with <I>indica</I> varieties. Interestingly, members of <I>Group 1</I> are less diverse than <I>Group 2</I> at the nuclear level, but are more diverse at the chloroplast level. All <I>Group 2</I> varieties share a single <I>Japonica</I> maternal-haplotype, while <I>Group 1</I> varieties trace maternal ancestry to both <I>Japonica</I> and <I>Indica</I>. Phenotypically, members of <I>Group 1</I> have shorter grains than <I>Group 2,</I> and varieties from breeding programs have thicker and wider grains than landraces. Improved varieties in <I>Group</I> 1 also show similar and/or better levels of cold tolerance for most traits, except for <I>spikelet number per panicle</I>. Finally, geographic analysis demonstrates that the majority of genetic variation is located within regions that have the most intensive rice cultivation, including the Western territories near the capital city Pyungyang. This is consistent with the conscious and highly centralized role of human selection in determining local dispersion patterns of rice in the DPRK.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Diversity studies of DPRK rice germplasm revealed two genetic groups. The most widely planted group has a narrow genetic base and would benefit from the introduction of new genetic variation from cold tolerant landraces, wild accessions, and/or cultivated gene pools to enhance yield potential and performance.</P>
CrossChip: a system supporting comparative analysis of different generations of Affymetrix arrays
Kong, Sek Won,Hwang, Kyu-Baek,Kim, Richard D.,Zhang, Byoung-Tak,Greenberg, Steven A.,Kohane, Isaac S.,Park, Peter J. Oxford University Press 2005 Bioinformatics Vol.21 No.9
<P><B>Summary:</B> To increase compatibility between different generations of Affymetrix GeneChip arrays, we propose a method of filtering probes based on their sequences. Our method is implemented as a web-based service for downloading necessary materials for converting the raw data files (*.CEL) for comparative analysis. The user can specify the appropriate level of filtering by setting the criteria for the minimum overlap length between probe sequences and the minimum number of usable probe pairs per probe set. Our website supports a within-species comparison for human and mouse GeneChip arrays.</P><P><B>Availability:</B> http://www.crosschip.org</P><P><B>Contact:</B> skong@cgr.harvard.edu</P>