International Peacekeeping Cooperation: How Does It Work? Decision-Making Framework for UN-EU Cooperation

( Yunmi Choi ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2014 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.19 No.1

In recent years, cooperation between the UN and regional organizations in therealm of international peacekeeping has gone through major changes. Amongvarious regional security organizations, the European Union (EU) has particularlyreiterated its commitment to play a decisive role as a reliable peacekeeping actorwithin the UN framework. The UN welcomed the EU`s willingness to share itsheavy peacekeeping burden, and finally called upon the EU to play an importantrole in a wide range of international peacekeeping operations in close cooperationwith the UN. However, empirical evidence suggests that UN-EU cooperationseems to not always happen as favorably as predicted in accordance with formalcommitments and agreements. Given this puzzling paradox, this paper seeks toanswer the primary research question: Who and/or what determines whether UN-EUpeacekeeping occurs? In order to examine the important conditions that may drivethe EU to decide to take a responsibility in a peacekeeping operation alongside theUN, the study provides analytical tools. Drawing upon Putnam`s two-level gamemetaphor, a new revised two-level game model in which a complex web of actorsinteracts simultaneously at two different levels is discussed: International UNlevel (Level I) and domestic EU level (Level II). The analysis shows how UnitedNations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions are internationally achieved and howthe EU member states domestically come to agree on a Council Joint Action. Byinvestigating simultaneous negotiations and decision-making between the two levels,this paper identifies the most influential EU actors in terms of chief negotiators.

Building a Stronger Global-Regional Partnership: Lessons Learned from the EU`s First Military Operation in Africa

( Yunmi Choi ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2016 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.21 No.2

Over the past decades the landscape of international peacekeeping has been dramatically changed as the global demand for peace operations became more complex, multifunctional, and multidimensional. The UN has appealed to regional organizations to provide robust assistance to UN peace operations. Creative and constructive partnership with regional organizations is thus becoming a regular feature in the UN peacekeeping. However, the initiative for a stronger partnership with regional organizations has been hampered by the fragmented approaches to global-regional and inter-regional organizational arrangements. The UN`s strategic partnership with regional organizations needs to be underpinned by principles and coherence that apply to an integrated response to the full conflict cycle. This article aims to investigate how a global-regional partnership framework comes to initiate, conduct, and implement peace operations at both political and operational levels. It claims that the different levels of leadership and interest of member states determine the likelihood of a regional organization deciding cooperation in peacekeeping. Raising the primary research question, who drives a global-regional partnership in UN peace operations, this article examines the EU`s very first case of military operation in support of UN peacekeeping, Operation Artemis. It explicates to what extent leadership is important in deciding regional partnership with the UN in peacekeeping. Based upon the findings from the case study, it discusses some important implications for the future framework of security cooperation in Northeast Asia.

협력 쓰기 지도가 초등학교 학생들의 쓰기 능력에 미치는 영향

최윤미(Choi, Yunmy),맹은경(Maeng, Unkyoung) 한국초등영어교육학회 2014 초등영어교육 Vol.20 No.2

The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of cooperative writing instruction on elementary students' writing ability. 12 elementary students were instructed to write in English for 10 weeks and their writing progress was observed and analyzed. Writing activities were conducted through the process-based writing using cooperative group learning structures. Questionnaires, observation sheets and notes, interview, journal writing, and video recording were used to collect the data and quantitative and qualitative data analyses were used. The results of the study were as follows: 1) Students began to understand a real reason for writing and write for their own purposes through active interaction among their group members. 2) Students' interest and confidence in writing enhanced through cooperative writing activities. 3) Students' vocabulary knowledge and their ability of organizing content were enhanced. 4) The enhancement of using metacognitive strategies was shown through self-check and feedback activities.

학습자의 개별학습에 기반 하는 실시간 협력체제 설계 및 구현

최윤미(Yunmi Choi),최진식(Jin Seek Choi) 한국정보과학회 2006 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.33 No.2D

학교현장은 평균 43명의 과밀학급(인천광역시 연수고등학교 2학년)으로, 컴퓨터실에서 교사는 학생들을 관리하기 위해 학생 PC의 전원 끄는 경우가 있다. 교사는 학생의 컴퓨터를 감시하여 수업과 관련 없는 웹(web) 사이트를 방문하는 학생들의 수업 이외의 장난을 막으면서 학생들에게 수업해야 하기 때문이다. 그러나 학생은 이러한 방식에 반발심을 사거나 학생들의 학습 의욕을 떨어트리는 요인으로 작용한다고 본다. 또한 컴퓨터실 수업에서 일반적으로 교사는 “바쁜 교사”이다. 제한된 시간에 학습자 개인의 흥미나 욕구를 반영하여 개별 학습자의 능력 혹은 수준에 맞추어 수업의 내용의 내용과 속도를 다르게 가르치는 개별지도가 불가능하다. 현실이 이렇다 보니 컴퓨터라는 정보화 기기를 활용한 수업이 효율적으로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 학습 초기에 개별학습을 하면서 학습 진행에 어려움을 격을시 학생과 학생사이에 다양한 상호작용을 촉진시키도록 협력학습 체제를 구축하고 학생들의 학습을 모니터링하면서 학생 또는 협력학습 모둠이 문제 해결에 어려움이 처한 경우나 실패한 경우 교사의 개별지도가 가능하게 할 수 있는 실시간 협력학습 체제를 설계하였다.

전시작전통제권 전환 정책에 대한 영향요인 분석: 세 가지 분석 수준을 활용한 주요 변수들의 영향력 평가

최윤미 ( Choi Yunmi ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2019 국방연구 Vol.62 No.4

본 논문은 전시 작전통제권 논의 배경과 변천 과정을 고찰함으로써 정책결정 변화에 미치는 주요 요인들을 분석한다. 한국군의 전작권 전환문제는 1950년 6.25전쟁 발발 직후 유엔군 사령관에게 단일 지휘권이 이양되면서부터 시작되었고, 1978년 한미연합사령관에게 작전 지휘권이 전환된 이후 현재에 이르기까지 국내 정치적 이데올로기의 뜨거운 쟁점이 되어왔다. 그러나 전작권이라는 동일한 사안을 두고도 정부마다 문제 인식과 접근방법이 상이했으며, 첨예한 정치적 갈등과 대립 속에서 국민적 공감대까지 부진하여 전작권 논의는 전환-연기-재연기-조속한 환수 등 서로 다른 정책 결과와 변화를 가져왔다. 이러한 배경하에 본 논문이 제기한 연구 질문은 명료하다. 전작권 전환 결정을 변화시키는 근본적인 요인은 무엇인가? 한 국가의 정책결정 변수를 연구하는 데 있어 가장 유용한 분석의 틀로 손꼽히는 ‘세 가지 분석 수준(three levels of analysis)’을 활용하여 전작권 전환 결정에 변화를 미치는 주요 변수들을 파악해보고자 한다. 즉, 대통령 개인 또는 집권 정당의 정치적 이념을 포함한 개인적 수준, 북한 위협에 따른 국내 안보환경과 위협인식을 반영한 국가적 수준, 그리고 미국의 국제안보전략 변화에 따른 영향력을 고려한 국제체제 수준으로 구분하여 각각의 분석 수준에서 도출한 주요 변수의 영향력을 평가할 것이다. 본 논문은 전작권의 핵심 개념 및 변천과정을 되짚어봄으로써 전작권 전환이 내포한 내·외부적 갈등 요소들을 도출하고 정책결정 시 고려되어야 할 교훈을 도출하는데 이바지할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. This paper seeks to explore the main factors affecting the policy-making changes on the transition of wartime operational control(OPCON) by examining the history of Korean OPCON. The issue of transferring wartime operational control of South Korean troops to the U.N. commander immediately after the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, and has been used as a key base for forming the Korea-U.S. military alliance to the present day and a useful issue in terms of domestic political ideology since the establishment of the ROK-U.S. Combined Forces Command in 1978. However, the problem perception and approach of each government differed over the same issue of wartime operational control, and the discussion of wartime control resulted in different policy outcomes and changes, including the conversion-delay-reaction-quiet return as the public consensus remained sluggish amid sharp political conflicts and conflicts. Against this backdrop, the question of research in this paper is simple. What are the fundamental factors that change the decision to transfer wartime control? Using the “Three levels of analysis,” which is considered the most useful framework for studying a nation's policy-making variables, we want to identify the key variables that affect the decision to transfer wartime control. In other words, the influence of major variables derived at each level of analysis will be assessed, divided into personal levels, including the political ideologies of an individual president or a ruling party, national levels that reflect the domestic security environment and threat awareness due to North Korean threats, and international system levels that take into account the influence of changes in the U.S. international security strategy. Based on the core concept of wartime operational control and internal and external conflict factors that the transfer of wartime control implies, the government will provide policy suggestions on the challenges of achieving a solid Korea-U.S. alliance after the transfer of wartime control.

한국 평화유지활동(PKO)의 새 지평

최윤미(Choi, Yunmi) 한국전략문제연구소 2016 전략연구 Vol.68 No.-

전쟁방지와 국제평화유지를 목적으로 설립된 유엔은 2015년 70주년을 맞이하였다. 더욱 강해진 유엔의 역할과 임무를 위해 유엔 평화활동 보고서가 새롭게 발간되었고 미래에 전개될 평화활동 동향에 국제사회의 이목이 집중되었다. 본 연구는 여성의 역할과 참여확대 방안이 새로운 세대를 준비하는 유엔 평화활동 논의의 핵심이 될 것이라는 전망을 바탕으로, 한국 평화유지활동의 개혁과제를 성인지적 통합과 여성참여 확대를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 국제평화와 안보분야에 있어서 여성의 역할은 중차대한 의제로서 유엔 안보리 결의안 1325호를 통해 그 중요성이 다각적으로 입증되었고, 제도적 · 정책적인 지원 하에 국제분쟁해결의 근본적인 대안으로 떠오르고 있다. 이러한 국제적인 변화와 개혁의지에도 불구하고, 국내적으로 관련 연구나 문헌들이 전혀 이루어지지 않았다는 문제의식에서 출발하여, 본 논문은 관련 의제에 관한 중요성 및 국제 논의동향에 대해 소개하고, 대한민국 평화유지활동의 새로운 패러다임 전환을 도모하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 다음의 세 가지 핵심 연구질문을 중심으로 논의가 전개되었다. 유엔 평화활동의 새로운 개혁과제의 핵심은 무엇인가? 성인지적 관점에서 평화활동의 여성참여 의미와 한계는 무엇인가? 한국 평화유지활동의 발전을 위해 여성인력을 활용할 수 있는 방안은 무엇인가? 국제동향 분석을 통한 연구 결과, 한국 평화유지활동의 발전을 위해서 첫째, 유엔안보리 결의안 1325호 이행을 위한 대한민국 국가행동계획의 현실화, 둘째, 평화활동분야 여성전문가 육성을 위한 구체적인 방안 모색, 셋째, 후속세대 양성을 위한 교육 추진, 넷째, 평화유지활동과 성인지 관점의 통합 등을 전략적 함의로 제시하였다. The year 2015 marked the 70th anniversary of the United Nations (UN) of which foremost purpose is to maintain international peace and security. It was also remarkable that the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) released the most comprehensive assessment of UN peace operations since the Brahimi Report issued in 2000. The HIPPO report put forward more than 100 recommendations for developing and improving UN peace operations, followed by the Secretary-General’s agenda outlining priorities and actions to make UN peace operations fit for purpose. Of the essential shifts to UN peace operations called for in the HIPPO report, this study primarily focuses on the gender perspective and seeks to scrutinize women’s role and participation in peace operations. UNSC Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security is often called a landmark resolution, because it both reaffirmed the importance of women’s participation and involvement at all levels of the peace and security agenda and called for the member states to incorporate a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations. Despite ongoing initiatives and essential agenda setting for peace operations at international UN level, it seems that such key aspects and reforms have not been sufficiently echoed at domestic level in Korea. Hence, recognizing significant lack of domestic understanding and awareness as well as the absence of related existing studies on women and peacekeeping, this paper seeks answers to the following three research questions: what are the new aspects of reform and strategies for the future of the UN Peace Operations?; what does a gender perspective signify in the specific realm of UN peace operations, and how can the issue overcome major hurdles ahead?; and what is a lesson learned to develop and refine the ROK’s peacekeeping operations? The study concludes by suggesting four essential aspects for the shaping of a new horizon of ROK’s PKO: paying special attention to active implementation of the National Action Plan on UNSCR 1325, making great efforts to promote and increase women’s participation in peacekeeping at both political and operational levels, nurturing and educating young female peacekeepers and peacekeeping officials, and incorporating gender perspective into peacekeeping operations.

The Study on Risk Factors Related to Fatty Liver in Industrial Workers

YunMi Paek,YunJeong Kim,TaeIn Choi,SukHee Sung,YunKeun Jang,IlKeun Park 한국간호과학회 2007 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2007 No.11

Association of serum mineral parameters with mortality in hemodialysis patients: Data from the Korean endstage renal disease registry

( Yunmi Kim ),( Kyung Don Yoo ),( Hyo Jin Kim ),( Junga Koh ),( Yeonsil Yu ),( Young Joo Kwon ),( Gheun-ho Kim ),( Tae-hyun Yoo ),( Joongyub Lee ),( Dong-chan Jin ),( Bum Soon Choi ),( Yeong Hoon Kim 대한신장학회 2018 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.37 No.3

Background: We investigated the associations between mineral metabolism parameters and mortality to identify optimal targets in Korean hemodialysis patients. Methods: Among hemodialysis patients registered in the end-stage renal disease registry of the Korean Society of Nephrology between March 2012 and June 2017, those with serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) measured at enrollment were included. Association of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH with all-cause mortality was analyzed. Results: Among 21,433 enrolled patients, 3,135 (14.6%) died during 24.8 ± 14.5 months of follow-up. After multivariable adjustment, patients in the first quintile of corrected calcium were associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.71-0.99; P = 0.003), while those in the fifth quintile were associated with higher mortality (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.20-1.61; P < 0.001) compared with those in the third quintile. For phosphorus, only the lowest quintile was significantly associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08-1.43; P = 0.003). The lowest (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.36; P = 0.026) and highest quintiles of iPTH (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.46; P = 0.013) were associated with increased mortality. For target counts achieved according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guideline, patients who did not achieve any mineral parameter targets hadhigher mortality than those who achieved all three targets (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.12-1.67; P = 0.003). Conclusion: In Korean hemodialysis patients, high serum calcium, low phosphorus, and high and low iPTH levels were associated with increased all-cause mortality.

중년남성의 성 역할 갈등, 친밀감, 자아정체감, 삶의 질 구조모형에서 자기성찰에 따른 다중집단분석

전윤미 ( Yunmi Jun ),최한나 ( Hanna Choi ) 한국아동가족복지학회 2022 한국가족복지학 Vol.27 No.1

Objective: This study identified the gender role conflict, intimacy, self-identity, and quality of life of middle-aged men and formed a parametric model. In this model, a multi-group analysis was performed by injecting self-reflection as a control variable. Methods: 443 middle-aged men aged 50 to 65 living in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do were surveyed, and the final analysis was analyzed through a structural equation model. Subsequently, a multi-group analysis was added. Results: The gender conflict, intimacy, self-identity and quality of life of middle-aged men were significant. Also, self-reflection was an influencing factor in improving the quality of life of middle-aged men in this research model. The modulating effect was also examined. Conclusions: The process of improving the quality of life of middle-aged men can be evaluated by empirical studies that identify which psychological processes are effective. In addition, if the setting of counseling goals to help self-reflection is carried out in the counseling field, it is believed that it will be possible to provide richer data on improving the quality of life of middle-aged men.

Metformin displays in vitro and in vivo antitumor effect against osteosarcoma

Ko, Yunmi,Choi, Aery,Lee, Minyoung,Lee, Jun Ah The Korean Pediatric Society 2016 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.59 No.9

Purpose: Patients with unresectable, relapsed, or refractory osteosarcoma need a novel therapeutic agent. Metformin is a biguanide derivative used in the treatment of type II diabetes, and is recently gaining attention in cancer research. Methods: We evaluated the effect of metformin against human osteosarcoma. Four osteosarcoma cell lines (KHOS/NP, HOS, MG-63, U-2 OS) were treated with metformin and cell proliferation was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis, and migration and wound healing assay were performed. Fourteen female Balb/c-nude mice received KHOS/NP cell grafts in their thigh, and were allowed access to metformin containing water (2 mg/mL) ad libitum. Tumor volume was measured every 3-4 days for a period of 4 weeks. Results: Metformin had a significant antiproliferative effect on human osteosarcoma cells. In particular, metformin inhibited the proliferation and migration of KHOS/NP cells by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and consequent inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. It also inhibited the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant KHOS/NP clone cells. Analysis of KHOS/NP xenograft Balb/c-nude models indicated that metformin displayed potent in vivo antitumor effects. Conclusion: Further studies are necessary to explore metformin's therapeutic potential and the possibilities for its use as an adjuvant agent for osteosarcoma.