http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Williams, MichaelP. A.,Ethirajan, Manivannan,Ohkubo, Kei,Chen, Ping,Pera, Paula,Morgan, Janet,White, William H.,Shibata, Masayuki,Fukuzumi, Shunichi,Kadish, Karl M.,Pandey, Ravindra K. American ChemicalSociety 2011 Bioconjugate chemistry Vol.22 No.11
<P>Purpurinimide methyl esters, bearing variable lengthsof N-substitutions,were conjugated individually to a cyanine dye with a carboxylic acidfunctionality. The results obtained from <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> studies showed a significant impactof the linkers joining the phototherapeutic and fluorescence imagingmoieties. The photosensitizer–fluorophore conjugate with aPEG linker showed the highest uptake in the liver, whereas the conjugatelinked with two carbon units showed excellent tumor-imaging and PDTefficacy at 24 h postinjection. Whole body imaging and biodistributionstudies at variable time points portrayed enhanced fluorescent uptakeof the conjugates in the tumor compared to that in the skin. Interestingly,the conjugate with the shortest linker and the one joining with twocarbon units showed faster clearance from normal organs, e.g., theliver, kidney, spleen, and lung, compared to that in tumors. Bothimaging and PDT efficacy of the conjugates were performed in BALB/cmice bearing Colon26 tumors. Compared to the others, the short linkerconjugate showed poor tumor fluorescent properties and as a corollarydoes not exhibit the dual functionality of the photosensitizer–fluorophoreconjugate. For this reason, it was not evaluated for <I>in vivo</I> PDT efficacy. However, in Colon26 tumor cells (<I>in vitro</I>), the short linker was highly effective. Among the conjugates withvariable linkers, the rate of energy transfer from the purpurinimidemoiety to the cyanine moiety increased with deceasing linker length,as examined by femtosecond laser flash photolysis measurements. Noelectron transfer from the purpurinimide moiety to the singlet excitedstate of the cyanine moiety or from the singlet excited state of thecyanine moiety to the purpurinimide moiety occurred as indicated bya comparison of transient absorption spectra with spectra of the one-electronoxidized and one-electron reduced species of the conjugate obtainedby spectroelectrochemical measurements.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/bcches/2011/bcches.2011.22.issue-11/bc200345p/production/images/medium/bc-2011-00345p_0016.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/bc200345p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
The structure of particles and the structure of crystals: information from vibrational spectroscopy
William B. White 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2005 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.6 No.1
Vibrational spectra, particularly Raman spectra provide useful information on the internal structure, bonding, and state-oforder of materials ranging from bulk crystals to nanoscale particulates. Spectra of bulk crystals contain first order phonons excited at the center of the Brillouin zone. Disorder produces a broadening of Raman lines due to breakdown of strict translational symmetry. Structural disorder can be distinguished from dipolar disorder in strongly polar materials by the temperature dependence of the line shapes. At particle sizes in the nanoscale range, new phenomena appear due the effects of phonon confinement. These include mode wavenumber shifts and line broadening, the appearance of zone boundary phonons, the appearance of surface phonons, and the appearance of extremely low wavenumber bands due excitation of bulk resonances of the particle. One must distinguish between purely nanocrystal effects due to phonon confinement and the increased structural disorder that often accompanies extreme reduction in particle size. The present paper reviews these concepts and the underlying theory with the aim of making Raman spectroscopy a useful characterization tool for particulate ceramic materials.
Phase equilibria and processing of infrared optical ceramics on the join CaLa2S4-La2S3
William B. White,Daniel L. Chess,Catherine A. Chess,Judith A. Marks 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2010 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.11 No.4
Processing techniques have been developed for the fabrication of optically transparent, theoretically dense CaLa2S4 – La2S3ceramics with a potential application as windows for the mid-infrared. Extreme care is needed to avoid oxygen. Best results were obtained by pre-sintering in an H2S/H2 atmosphere followed by hot-isostatic pressing. Microstructures, hardness measurements, and infrared absorption spectra serve to characterize the various processing procedures.
MOTIVATIONS FOR WORK AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PAY ACROSS SIX COUNTRIES
Shawn M Carraher,William T Whitely People&Global Business Association 1998 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.3 No.1
The subjects used for this study consist of 5,391 individuals from the United States, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Israel. With these subjects the relationship between individual work norms and actual pay Levels is examined. Differential prediction is found across the six countries.
Ethirajan, Manivannan,Joshi, Penny,William, White H.,Ohkubo, Kei,Fukuzumi, Shunichi,Pandey, Ravindra K. American Chemical Society 2011 Organic letters Vol.13 No.8
<P>Both bacteriopyropheophorbide-<I>a</I> and ring-B reduced pyropheophorbide-<I>a</I> on reacting with NBS (<I>N</I>-bromosuccinamide) undergo electrophilic bromination to provide 10-bromo analogs. The electronic nature of the substituents present at position-3 did not make any difference in the regioselective outcome of the brominated products. These relatively stable brominated chlorins and bacteriochlorins provide an easy way of introducing a wide variety of functionalities, which could be extremely useful in developing improved agents for biomedical applications and supramolecular chemistry.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/orlef7/2011/orlef7.2011.13.issue-8/ol200314v/production/images/medium/ol-2011-00314v_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol200314v'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Early Mathematical Learning: Number Processing Skills and Executive Function at 5 and 8 Years of Age
Sonia L,J,White,Donna Berthelsen,Sue Walker,Kate E,Williams 환태평양유아교육연구학회 2015 Asia-Pacific journal of research in early childhoo Vol.9 No.3
This research investigated differences and associations in performance in number processing and executive function for children attending primary school in a large Australian metropolitan city. In a cross-sectional study, performance of 25 children in the first full-time year of school, (Prep; mean age = 5.5 years) and 21 children in Year 3 (mean age = 8.5 years) completed three number processing tasks and three executive function tasks. Year 3 children consistently outperformed the Prep year children on measures of accuracy and reaction time, on the tasks of number comparison, calculation, shifting, and inhibition but not on number line estimation. The components of executive function (shifting, inhibition, and working memory) showed different patterns of correlation to performance on number processing tasks across the early years of school. Findings could be used to enhance teachers’ understanding about the role of the cognitive processes employed by children in numeracy learning, and so inform teachers’ classroom practices.