Genome-wide analysis of transcription and photosynthesis inhibition in the harmful dinoflagellate <i>Prorocentrum minimum</i> in response to the biocide copper sulfate

Guo, Ruoyu,Lim, Weol-Ae,Ki, Jang-Seu Elsevier 2016 Harmful algae Vol.57 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Copper is an essential trace metal for organisms; however, excess copper may damage cellular processes. Their efficiency and physiological effects of biocides have been well documented; however, molecular transcriptome responses to biocides are insufficiently studied. In the present study, a 6.0K oligonucleotide chip was developed to investigate the molecular responses of the harmful dinoflagellate <I>Prorocentrum minimum</I> to copper sulfate (CuSO<SUB>4</SUB>) treatment. The results revealed that 515 genes (approximately 8.6%) responded to CuSO<SUB>4</SUB>, defined as being within a 2-fold change. Further, KEGG pathway analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in ribosomal function, RNA transport, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, photosystem maintenance, and other cellular processes. Among the DEGs, 49 genes were related to chloroplasts and mitochondria. Furthermore, the genes involved in the RAS signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and transport pathways were identified. An additional experiment showed that the photosynthesis efficiency decreased considerably, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased in <I>P. minimum</I> after CuSO<SUB>4</SUB> exposure. These results suggest that CuSO<SUB>4</SUB> caused cellular oxidative stress in <I>P. minimum</I>, affecting the ribosome and mitochondria, and severely damaged the photosystem. These effects may potentially lead to cell death, although the dinoflagellate has developed a complex signal transduction process to combat copper toxicity.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Microarray analysis revealed 515 genes responded to CuSO<SUB>4</SUB> in <I>P. minimum</I>. </LI> <LI> Among differentially expressed genes, 49 genes (9.5%) are related to chloroplast and mitochondria. </LI> <LI> Genes for ribosome, transport, and signal transduction pathways were significantly involved. </LI> <LI> Photosynthesis of <I>P. minimum</I> was considerably inhibited by copper sulfate. </LI> </UL> </P>

2008년 남해동부해역의 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조발생 특성

임월애,이영식,박종규,Lim, Weol-Ae,Lee, Young-Sik,Park, Jong-Gyu 한국해양학회 2009 바다 Vol.14 No.3

To characterize the initiation, propagation and termination of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in the southeast coastal waters of Korea, 2008, we analyzed the data set of phytoplankton composition, physical and chemical water properties, and meterological data. C. polykrikoides bloom in 2008 were long lasting and restricted to the coastal area with a low density. Our results indicate that C. polykrikoides blooms were affected by the atypical cold waters occurring in east-south coastal water in the early July. The cold water masses probably protected the free living cells of C. polykrikoides from entering into the coastal area from offshore waters as a pelagic seed population. The low density blooms of small scale established possibly by the germination of C. polykrikoides cyst in shallow coastal bottom could have not spread over because of the weak wind and low nutrient concentrations caused by severe drought in July and September. 2008년 한반도 남해동부해역에서 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조의 발생, 진행 및 소멸현상을 식물플랑크톤 종조성, 물리 화학적 환경요소와 기상자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 2008년 C. polykrikoides 적조는 7월말에 조기 발생하여 저밀도로 장기간 연안해역에 집중되어 발생하였다. 7월 초부터 동해남부해역에서 발생한 냉수대의 영향으로 외해로부터 C. polykrikoides 가입이 어려웠으며, 연안 저층의 포자(cyst) 발아에 의한 적조발생 이후 약한 바람 및 가뭄으로 인한 낮은 영양염 농도로 적조가 확산 성장하지 못하고 연안해역에 제한되어 발생한 것으로 판단된다.

섬유근성 이형성증에 의한 재발성 신경색증

임민경 ( Min Kyung Lim ),김계월 ( Kye Weol Kim ),길욱현 ( Uk Hyun Kil ),원유동 ( Yoo Dong Weon ),김영수 ( Young Soo Kim ),윤선애 ( Sun Ae Yoon ),김영옥 ( Young Ok Kim ),장윤식 ( Yoon Sik Chang ) 대한신장학회 2005 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.24 No.3

2007년 남해동부해역의 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조 발생과 소멸에 미치는 환경 특성

임월애,이영식,이삼근,Lim, Weol-Ae,Lee, Young-Sik,Lee, Sam-Geun 한국해양학회 2008 바다 Vol.13 No.4

2007년 남해동부해역에서 발생한 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조의 발생, 진행 및 소멸현상을 식물플랑크톤, 물리 화학적 환경요소와 기상자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 2007년 남해동부해역에서 C. polykrikoides 적조발생은 3단계로 특징 지을 수 있다. 첫 단계는 예년에 비해 예외적으로 강하게 지속된 남풍에 의해 남해중부해역에서 이미 발생한 C. polykrikoides 적조가 8월 초에서 8월 말 조사해역으로 간헐적으로 유입되면서 C. polykrikoides 개체수 변화가 크게 나타난 시기이다. 두 번째 단계는 8월 말에서 9월 중순 풍향이 남풍에서 북동풍으로 변화하여 외해수가 유입되고 적조발생 호적환경이 조성된 단계로 고밀도의 C. polykrikoides가 출현한다. 마지막 단계는 9월 중순이후 태풍 '나리'의 영향으로 많은 양의 폭우로 인한 연안해역의 저염분화가 C. polykrikoides의 호적 성장환경을 파괴되고, 경쟁 식물플랑크톤의 우점화로 C. polykrikoides가 소멸하는 시기이다. 이상의 결과들은 2007년 남해동부해역에서 고밀도로 장기간 지속된 C. polykrikoides 적조발생 기작을 설명 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. To characterize the initiation, propagation and termination of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in the southeast coastal waters of Korea, 2007, we have analyzed the data set of phytoplankton composition, physical and chemical water properties, and meterological data. The development of C. polykrikoides bloom in 2007 can be summarized in three steps. The first stage from middle of July to end of August was characterized by an unusually persistent and strong southerly wind. C. polykrikoides blooms established already by the strong wind in the middle of south coastal waters were advected intermittently into the study area. Accordingly, highly variable cell densities of C. polykrikoides were observed. At the second stage a favorable growing conditions for C. polykrikoides was developed, which was directed by changes in wind direction from south to northeast and thus enhanced transportation of offshore waters into inshore (August 8 to 30). C. polykrikoides bloom occurred through typical mechanism and showed high cell density. The last stage was represented by disappearance of C. polykrikoides. Typoon 'Nari' carrying heavy rain brought an unfavorable habitat to C. polykrikoides. Low saline condition formed in coastal water due to typoon effects continuously drove the dominant species to diatoms and flagellates which were prevailing over C. polykrikoides in this circumstances(from the middle of September). These stepwise processes could be the causative mechanism of the extraordinarily persistent C. polykrikoides bloom observed in southeast coastal water of Korea, 2007.

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase를 생성하는 Escherichia coli에 의한 다발성 신농양

임민경 ( Min Kyung Lim ),김계월 ( Kye Weol Kim ),이동건 ( Dong Kun Lee ),이혜경 ( Hye Kyung Lee ),원유동 ( Yoo Dong Weon ),김영수 ( Young Soo Kim ),윤선애 ( Sun Ae Yoon ),김영옥 ( Young Ok Kim ),장윤식 ( Yoon Sik Chang ) 대한신장학회 2005 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.24 No.3

2006년 여름 남해 동부 연안 식물플랑크톤 군집 변동

임월애,이영식,이삼근,이재영,Lim, Weol-Ae,Lee, Young-Sik,Lee, Sam-Geun,Lee, Jae-Young 한국해양학회 2007 바다 Vol.12 No.4

여름철 남해 동부해역 해양환경 변동에 따른 식물플랑크톤 군집의 단기변동을 연구하기 위하여 5차례에 걸쳐 11개 정점에서 현장관측을 실시하였다. 식물플랑크톤 군집의 변화에 영향을 미치는 환경요인인 수온, 염분, 영양염과 엽록소 a를 수심별로 조사하였으며 투명도와 강수량 자료도 이용하여 분석하였다. 조사기간 동안 총 63속 151종의 식물플랑크톤을 동정하였다. 이 중 규조류가 37속 92종으로 가장 우점하였으며, 와편모류가 22속 52종으로 그 다음을 차지하였다. 또한, 라피도조류 3속 6종, 유글레나류 1속 1종이 출현하였다. 7월 중순은 장마로 많은 영양염이 유입되어 규조류인 Chaetoceros 속이 대량 증식하였다. 8월 초는 가뭄으로 영양염이 감소하고 강한 수온약층이 형성되면서 Chaetoceros 속의 현존량이 급격히 감소하였다. 8월 하순에는 남해 외양수의 유입으로 표 저층의 수괴가 균질해지고 투명도 수심이 증가하였으며 식물플랑크톤 군집은 와편모류가 우점으로 나타났다. 9월 초는 다시 규조류 우점군집으로 천이하였으며, 외양수 유입현상도 소멸하였다. 2006년 우리나라 하계 남동해역은 1) 여름 갈수기가 이례적으로 극심하여 빈영양 상태가 지속되고, 2) 남해외양수 유입이 약하여 C. polykrikoides 적조가 비발생 하였으며 3) 외양수 영향으로 와편모류가 출현하였으나 곧 Chaetoceros 속이 재우점 하였다. Short-term variations of phytoplankton community structure in the southeast coastal waters of Korea from July to September in 2006 were investigated with data set of phytoplankton, chemical and physical water properties, and meterological data. A total of 11 sampling sites of 4 different depths (surface, 5 m, 10 m, and bottom) were visited on July 11-14, July 24-26, August 7-10, August 21-24 and September 5-8. We identified 151 species in 63 genera of phytoplankton in which diatoms were the most diverse group composed of 92 species in 37 genera. Dinoflagellates were the second diverse group of 52 species in 22 genera. The other groups include 7 species in 4 genera including Raphidophytes, and Euglenophyta. After rainy season, excessive nutrients from adjacent streams to the stratified water column proliferates Chaetoceros group in July. But biomass of phytoplankton and nutrient concentrations were decreased during the period of a drought in August. However, Chaetoceros was the most dominant genera in all depths of the first, second, third and fifth cruises, except the 4th cruise on August 21-24 when dominant group were dinoflagellates including Gymnodinium spp. and Cochlodinium polykrikoides. The characteristic of phytoplankton community and environment condition during summer 2006 can be summarized as: 1) low concentration of nutrients caused by a long lasting drought in August 2) no summer outbreak of C. polykrikoides because the strength of offshore waters was weak than other years, and 3) Chaetoceros spp. was the dominant species despite short period appearance of dinoflagellates.

1970년대 이후 한국 연안의 적조 발생 변화

임월애,고우진,김경연,박종우,Lim, Weol-Ae,Go, Woo-Jin,Kim, Kyoung-Yeon,Park, Jong-Woo 해양환경안전학회 2020 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.26 No.5

국립수산과학원과 지역자치단체의 적조모니터링 결과를 바탕으로 해양환경 변동이 적조발생에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 1972년 적조 모니터링이 시작된 이후, 1980년대에서 1990년대까지 적조 발생은 지속적으로 증가를 하였으며, 1998년 109건의 최다 적조발생 이후 2010년대까지 감소 추세를 보이고 있다. 1970년대는 대부분 규조 적조가 발생하였으며, 1980년대에는 연안성 와편모조류가 주로 적조를 일으켰으며, 1993년 이후 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조가 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 우리나라에서 수산피해를 일으킨 유해 적조생물은 3종이다. 1981년 진해만에서 Karenia mikimotoi에 의한 고밀도 적조가 발생하여 패류가 대량 폐사하였다. 1992년 통영해역에서 Karenina sp.에 의한 적조가 발생하여 양식어류를 폐사시켰으며, 1995년 C. polykrikoides 적조로 765억 원의 최대 규모의 수산피해가 발생한 이후 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 연안해역의 영양염 농도는 1980년대에 가장 높았으며, 1990년 중반 이후 매우 감소하고 있다. 이러한 영양염 감소는 적조발생 감소를 잘 설명해 준다. 2016년 이후 30℃이상의 여름 고수온이 나타나며 C. polykrikoides의 적조 발생 범위와 규모는 매우 감소하였다. 2016년 K. mikimotoi 적조가 전남 장흥~고흥 해역에 발생하였으며, C. polykrikoides 적조는 여수해역에만 발생하였다. 2017년은 C. polykrikoides 적조 발생이 없었으며, Alexandrium affine 적조가 전남 여수~경남 통영해역까지 발생하였다. 2018년은 평년에 비해 소규모 C. polykrikoides 적조가 발생하였다. 본 연구결과 우리나라 연안의 영양염 감소와 기후변화로 인한 고수온은 적조 발생에 영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다. Based on the results of harmful algal blooms (HABs) monitoring by the National Institute of Fisheries Science and local governments, the effects of changes in the marine environment on HABs are described. Since the beginning of HABs monitoring in 1972, they continued to increase from the 1980s to the 1990s. After the largest number of HAB incidents (109) in 1998; the trend declined until the 2010s. Most HABs in the 1970s were caused by diatoms. In the 1980s, coastal dinoflagellates caused HABs; Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms have been occurring continuously since 1993. There are three HAB species that cause damage to fisheries in Korea. The high-density bloom of Karenia mikimotoi caused mass mortality in shellfish in Jinhae Bay in 1981. Karenia sp. blooms occurring around Tongyeong in 1992 killed aquaculture fish. Since the occurrence of the largest fisheries damage of KRW 76.6 billion in 1995 caused by C. polykrikoides blooms, they have been occurring continuously. The concentration of nutrients in coastal waters was the highest in the 1980s and has declined since the mid-1990s. This reduction in nutrient concentration is a good explanation for the decreasing number of HABs. Since 2016, a summer high water temperature of 30℃ or more has appeared, and the range and scale of C. polykrikoides blooms have been greatly reduced. In 2016, K. mikimotoi blooms occurred around Wando, Jangheung and Goheung and small scale blooms of C. polykrikoides occurred around Yeosu. There were no C. polykrikoides blooms in 2017; however, Alexandrium affine blooms occurred from Yeosu to Tongyeong. There was a small-scale blooms of C. polykrikoides in 2018 compared to those in the previous years. Our results show that reduction in nutrients and the high water temperature owing to climate change are a good explanation for variation in HABs in Korean coastal waters.

Seasonal production of dinoflagellate cysts in relation to environmental characteristics in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea: One-year sediment trap observation

Shin, Hyeon Ho,Li, Zhun,Lim, Dhongil,Lee, Kyun-Woo,Seo, Min Ho,Lim, Weol Ae Academic Press in association with the Estuarine a 2018 Estuarine, coastal and shelf science Vol.215 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To investigate dinoflagellate cyst production and seasonality in relation to major environmental factors, such as water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-<I>a</I> (chl-<I>a</I>) and dissolved nutrients, and to propose dinoflagellate cysts as possible biological indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions, a sediment trap study was conducted for one year, from March 2011 to February 2012, in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. Marked increases in dinoflagellate cyst production were documented in Jinhae-Masna Bay during two distinct seasons (summer and late autumn) characterized by different environmental conditions. Summer (July and August) was characterized by relatively high water temperature, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and chl-<I>a</I> concentrations and low salinity, whereas late autumn (November and December) exhibited high dissolved inorganic phosphorus, low water temperature and high salinity, compared to those of the summer. Fourteen dinoflagellate cyst taxa were identified. These assemblages were dominated by <I>Brigantedinium</I> species (round brown cyst), cysts of <I>Scrippsiella</I> species, <I>Spiniferites</I> species and cysts of <I>Alexandrium</I> species (ellipsoidal cyst). The total flux of dinoflagellate cysts ranged from 781 cysts m <SUP>−2</SUP> day <SUP>−1</SUP> to 5602 cysts m <SUP>−2</SUP> day <SUP>−1</SUP>, and the production of autotrophic dinoflagellate cysts was mainly restricted to the warmest months (July–September) and autumn. Multivariable analysis revealed that the production of major dinoflagellate cysts, excluding those of <I>Brigantedinium</I> species, can be enhanced by environmental conditions during summer in Jinhae-Masan Bay. In particular, the increased production of cysts of <I>Scrippsiella</I> species was related to increased water temperature, and the increased production of <I>Spiniferites</I> species was associated with lower salinity. Two peaks in cyst production of <I>Alexandrium</I> species in August and November corresponded with significant increases in DIN and DIP; however, no significant relationship was found between the production of <I>Brigantedinium</I> species and environmental factors in Jinhae-Masan Bay. These results suggest that the cysts of <I>Scrippsiella</I> species, <I>Spiniferites</I> species and cysts of <I>Alexandrium</I> species present in sediment samples from Jinhae-Masan Bay can be used as biological indicators to reconstruct past environmental conditions involving relatively high water temperature, low salinity and enhanced nutrient level.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Sediment trap study provides reliable information for dinoflagellate cyst production related to environmental conditions. </LI> <LI> Cysts of <I>Scrippsiella</I> species, <I>Spiniferites</I> species and cysts of <I>Alexandrium</I> species are most abundant in the warmest months. </LI> <LI> Cysts of <I>Scrippsiella</I> species, <I>Spiniferites</I> species and cysts of <I>Alexandrium</I> species can be used as biological indicators. </LI> </UL> </P>

Expressed sequence tag library of the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica: a focus on stress-related genes for marine pollution

Sathasivam, Ramaraj,Guo, Ruoyu,Wang, Hui,Lim, Weol-Ae,Ki, Jang-Seu Springer-Verlag 2018 Journal of applied phycology Vol.30 No.4

Seasonal Variations in Water Temperature and Salinity and Phytoplankton Abundance in Terms of Oyster and Squirt Fisheries in the East Sea

( Eun Seob Cho ),( Jeong Min Shim ),( Weol Ae Lim ),( Young Sang Suh ) 한국환경분석학회 2011 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.14 No.4

Water temperature, salinity, transparency and phytoplankton in the eastern Korean coastal waters in May, August and October during the period of 2007-2010 were determinded. 12 offshore sites; Gangneung, Donghae, Samcheok, Imwon, Jubyun, Hupo, Chuksan, Ganggu, Wolpo, Pohang, Guryongpo and Gampo. Water temperature in the sea surface varied from 14℃ to 16℃, 18℃ to 25℃, 22℃ to 23℃ in May, August and October, but bottom water temperature had a significant fluctuation at different regions and each year. Unlike water temperature, salinity did not show significantly fluctuations. The temporal variations of the transparency did not show a great fluctuation. Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindrus danicus and Pseudonitzschia pungens were most abundance phytoplankton species in the eastern coastal waters.