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Oomycetes RXLR Effectors Function as Both Activator and Suppressor of Plant Immunity
오상근,Sophien Kamoun,최도일 한국식물병리학회 2010 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.26 No.3
Plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as Phytophthora spp.,are the causal agent of the most devastating plant diseases. During infection, these pathogens accomplish parasitic colonization of plants by modulating host defenses through an array of disease effector proteins. These effectors are classified in two classes based on their target sites in the host plant. Apoplastic effectors are secreted into the plant extracellular space, and cytoplasmic effectors are translocated inside the plant cell, through the haustoria that enter inside living host cell. Recent characterization of some oomycete Avr genes showed that they encode effector protein with general modular structure including N-terminal conserved RXLR-DEER motif. More detailed evidences suggest that these AVR effectors are secreted by the pathogenic oomycetes and then translocated into the host plant cell during infection. Recent findings indicated that one of the P. infestans effector, Avrblb2,specifically induces hypersensitive response (HR) in the presence of Solanum bulbocastanum late blight resistance genes Rpi-blb2. On the other hand, another secreted RXLR protein PexRD8 originated from P. infestans suppressed the HCD triggered by the elicitin INF1. In this review, we described recent progress in characterized RXLR effectors in Phytophthora spp. and their dual functions as modulators of host plant immunity.
Oomycetes RXLR Effectors Function as Both Activator and Suppressor of Plant Immunity
Oh, Sang-Keun,Kamoun, Sophien,Choi, Doil The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2010 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.26 No.3
Plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as Phytophthora spp., are the causal agent of the most devastating plant diseases. During infection, these pathogens accomplish parasitic colonization of plants by modulating host defenses through an array of disease effector proteins. These effectors are classified in two classes based on their target sites in the host plant. Apoplastic effectors are secreted into the plant extracellular space, and cytoplasmic effectors are translocated inside the plant cell, through the haustoria that enter inside living host cell. Recent characterization of some oomycete Avr genes showed that they encode effector protein with general modular structure including N-terminal conserved RXLR-DEER motif. More detailed evidences suggest that these AVR effectors are secreted by the pathogenic oomycetes and then translocated into the host plant cell during infection. Recent findings indicated that one of the P. infestans effector, Avrblb2, specifically induces hypersensitive response (HR) in the presence of Solanum bulbocastanum late blight resistance genes Rpi-blb2. On the other hand, another secreted RXLR protein PexRD8 originated from P. infestans suppressed the HCD triggered by the elicitin INF1. In this review, we described recent progress in characterized RXLR effectors in Phytophthora spp. and their dual functions as modulators of host plant immunity.
Lee, Hyun-Ah,Kim, Shin-Young,Oh, Sang-Keun,Yeom, Seon-In,Kim, Saet-Byul,Kim, Myung-Shin,Kamoun, Sophien,Choi, Doil Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2014 The New phytologist Vol.203 No.3
<P><P>Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a plant immune response to resist most pathogens. The molecular basis of NHR is poorly understood, but recognition of pathogen effectors by immune receptors, a response known as effector-triggered immunity, has been proposed as a component of NHR.</P><P>We performed transient expression of 54 <I>Phytophthora infestans</I>RXLR effectors in pepper (<I>Capsicum annuum</I>) accessions. We used optimized heterologous expression methods and analyzed the inheritance of effector-induced cell death in an F<SUB>2</SUB> population derived from a cross between two pepper accessions.</P><P>Pepper showed a localized cell death response upon inoculation with <I>P. infestans</I>, suggesting that recognition of effectors may contribute to NHR in this system. Pepper accessions recognized as many as 36 effectors. Among the effectors, PexRD8 and Avrblb2 induced cell death in a broad range of pepper accessions. Segregation of effector-induced cell death in an F<SUB>2</SUB> population derived from a cross between two pepper accessions fit 15 : 1, 9 : 7 or 3 : 1 ratios, depending on the effector.</P><P>Our genetic data suggest that a single or two independent/complementary dominant genes are involved in the recognition of RXLR effectors. Multiple loci recognizing a series of effectors may underpin NHR of pepper to <I>P. infestans</I> and confer resistance durability.</P></P>