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Soft Colloidal Scaffolds Capable of Elastic Recovery after Large Compressive Strains
Rajamanickam, Raja,Kumari, Sushma,Kumar, Deepak,Ghosh, Shankar,Kim, Jong Chul,Tae, Giyoong,Sen Gupta, Sayam,Kumaraswamy, Guruswamy American Chemical Society 2014 Chemistry of materials Vol.26 No.17
<P>Assemblies of inorganic or glassy particles are typically brittle and cannot sustain even moderate deformations. This restricts the use of such materials to applications where they do not experience significant loading or deformation. Here, we demonstrate a general strategy to create centimeter-size macroporous monoliths, composed primarily (>90 wt %) of colloidal particles, that recover elastically after compression to about one-tenth their original size. We employ ice templating of an aqueous dispersion of particles, polymer, and cross-linker such that cross-linking happens in the frozen state. This method yields elastic composite scaffolds for starting materials ranging from nanoparticles to micron-sized dispersions of inorganics or glassy lattices. The mechanical response of the monoliths is also qualitatively independent of polymer type, molecular weight, and even cross-linking chemistry. Our results suggest that the monolith mechanical properties arise from the formation of a unique hybrid microstructure, generated by cross-linking the polymer during ice templating. Particles that comprise the scaffold walls are connected by a cross-linked polymeric mesh. This microstructure results in soft monoliths, with moduli ∼O (10<SUP>4</SUP> Pa), despite the very high particle content in their walls. A remarkable consequence of this microstructure is that the monolith mechanical response is entropic in origin: the modulus of these scaffolds increases with temperature over a range of 140 K. We show that interparticle connections formed by cross-linking during ice templating determine the monolith modulus and also allow relative motion between connected particles, resulting in entropic elasticity.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2014/cmatex.2014.26.issue-17/cm502643a/production/images/medium/cm-2014-02643a_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm502643a'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Compositional Correlations in Canine Genome Reflects Similarity with Human Genes
Joy, Faustin,Basak, Surajit,Gupta, Sanjib Kumar,Das, Pranab Jyoti,Ghosh, Shankar Kumar,Ghosh, Tapash Chandra Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2006 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.39 No.3
The base compositional correlations that hold among various coding and noncoding regions of the canine genome have been analysed. The distribution pattern of genes, on the basis of $GC_3$ composition, shows a wide range similar to that observed in human. However the occurrence of maximum number of genes was observed in the range of 65-75% of $GC_3$ composition. The correlation between the coding DNA sequences of canine with the different noncoding regions (introns and flanking regions) is found to be significant and in many cases the degree of correlation show similarity to human genome. We found that these correlations are not limited to the GC content alone, but is holding at the level of the frequency of individual bases as well. The present study suggests that canines ideally belong to the predicted 'general mammalian pattern' of genome composition along with human beings.