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한국(韓國)에서 기혼부인(旣婚婦人)의 취업(就業): 과연 무엇이 문제인가?
김민자 ( Minja Kim Choe ),공세권 ( Sae-kwon Kong ),( Oppenheim Mason ) 한국보건사회연구원 1993 保健社會硏究 Vol.13 No.2
이 논문은 한국 기혼부인들의 취업행태(就業行態)에 미치는 요인이 무엇인지를 검토한 것이다. 최근 부인(15~64세)들의 취업의사(就業意思)는 여성취업(女性就業)을 반대하는 경우가 8퍼센트에 불과하며, 가정사정을 고려한 조건부 찬성이 35퍼센트, 그리고 원한다면 언제든지 취업을 해야 한다는 경우가 57퍼센트에 달한다. 이러한 취업의사는 부인들이 도시에서 성장한 경우, 교육수준이 높을수록, 그리고 가정적 이유가 아닌 개인 적 이유에 의한 취업경험에서 높은 상관관계를 나타내고 있다. 그러나 실제 취업은 자의 (自意)에 의해서보다 가족에 의한 영향이 크고, 또 교육수준이 높을수록, 경제수준이 높을수록, 그리고 6세 미만 어린 자녀를 둔 경우일수록 역상관관계(逆相關關係)를 볼 수 있다. 여기서 부인취업에 대한 긍정적 의식은 교육기회의 확대, 혼전취업(婚前就業)의 증가, 가사노동(家事勞動)의 기계화, 그리고 출산력 저하 등 사회경제적 여건 변화에 의해서 높아질 수 있었지만 실제 취업은 개인적 전문지식 및 기술의 부족, 가정적 가사(家事) 및 자녀 양육 등 전통적 역할, 그리고 사회적으로 마땅한 일자리를 구하기 어려움 등에서 저항과 갈등이 있다. 이러한 점에서 부인취업(婦人就業)은 부인 자신만의 관심이 아니라 사회적으로 여성교육이 확대되면서 많은 고급인력이 양성되고, 또 기업은 인력난으로 경영에 차질을 겪고 있는 상황에서 인력 수급의 구조적 모순을 해결하기 위한 점에서도 관심을 갖게 된다. This paper focuses on the employment of married women in the Republic of Korea, espe cially on married women`s attitude toward the employment. Although the data we analyze were collected at only one point in time, our ul timate concern is with change over time. The data used in our analysis are from the Survey on Family Life Cycle conducted in 1986 by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (formerly the Korea Institute for Population and Health). This survey collected information on marriage, fertility, employment, family roles, and attitudes from a nationally representative sample of 3,013 married women under age 65. Information on employment before and after marriage as well as the attitudes toward em ployment were collected. Married women in Korea hold quite liberal views on women`s work, with a majority of them espousing a woman`s right to choose whether she works, regardless of her marital or parental status. Fifty-seven percent of all mar ried women endorse the idea of a woman`s free dom to choose to work; among those who grew up in urban areas, attended 12 years of school, and worked before married for non-familial rea sons, the percentage rises to 68. This high level of support for wives` employment is surprising, given the strong family tradition that made a woman`s duties as a wife and mother her pri mary obligation in life, and the recency of mass labor force participation among married women. Although women born at different periods in the past did not differ significantly in their atti tude toward wives` employment, three other variables significantly predicted support for women`s employment. These were having grown up in an urban rather than a rural area, having attained a relatively high level of school ing, and having worked before marriage, espe cially for non-familial reasons. Marked shifts in the South Korean population during the past 3- 4 decades from rural to urban residence, toward secondary school completion, and for women, toward premarital employment in the formal sector of the economy, all suggest that women`s attitudes about the employment of wives are likely to have liberalized considerably during this period. The correlations between urban residence, education, and premarital employ ment and women`s attitudes also suggest the strong possibility of further liberalization of atti tudes in the future. Do women`s attitudes affect actual labor force participation? An earlier analysis of the same data as were used in this analysis conclud ed that women`s attitudes do not necessarily predict their employment(Kong and Choe 1989). Women`s actual labor force participation was found to be affected more by the perceived attitude of family members such as husbands and parents-in-law than by their own attitude. In addition, the same study reported that in urban areas controlling factors such as presence of young children, presence of older members in the household, and economic conditions of the household, women`s level of education were in versely associated with labor force participa tion, rather than being directly related, as one would expect on the basis of the educational dif ferentials in women`s attitudes found in the cur rent analysis. These results suggest that recent increases in female labor force participation in Korea probaly have not been driven by attitudinal changes. The high level of support for women`s employment expressed by Korean wives, however, suggests that the lag between behavioral and attitudinal changes noted in ear lier studies of the United States may be much shorter or non-existent in Korea. Further research is needed to identify factors that would facilitate women`s labor force partic ipation, especially among the more educated urban women. Support from family members, improved conditions of employment, making adequate child care available, and sharing of house work by family members are some of the changes that would be likely to facilitate mar ried women`s labor force participation. Obvious ly, Korean women strongly support the idea that a married woman has the right to work if she chooses to. It would appear that for many of these women, especially many of the best ed ucated women in urban areas, significant barri ers to their participation and realization of their full human potential still exist.
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