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Impact of Approval Goals and Motivation on Consumer Intention: A Retail Context
Muhammad Farooq AKHTAR(Muhammad Farooq AKHTAR ),Norazah Mohd SUKI(Norazah Mohd SUKI ) 한국유통과학회 2022 유통과학연구 Vol.20 No.12
Purpose: The objective of the study is to examine the role of approval goals, subjective norm, internal motivation, external motivation, attitude towards behavior, and perceived behavioral control on retail consumer’s intention to consume fortified food in Pakistan. Research design, data, and methodology: The study was quantitative in nature. That is why the data were collected from 384 respondents approaching retail stores of Lahore, Gujranwala, and Faisalabad using mall intercept survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that approval goals significantly influence subjective norms. Secondly, subjective norms positively influence internal and external motivation. Thirdly, attitude towards behavior and internal motivation significantly impacted on intention. However, the findings of the study show, non-significant relationship of external motivation and perceived behavioral control with intention to consume fortified food. Conclusion: Theory of reasoned goal pursuit was used to investigate consumer intention to consume fortified food in Pakistan. This study is helpful for the marketers to create a word-of-mouth strategy to enhance positive word of mouth for the company, which ultimately beneficial to develop the distribution strategy of the firm. Fortified food is full of health enriched ingredients which is beneficial for society at large.
Improving the electrical properties of graphene layers by chemical doping
Khan, Muhammad Farooq,Iqbal, Muhammad Zahir,Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas,Eom, Jonghwa TaylorFrancis 2014 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.15 No.5
<P>Although the electronic properties of graphene layers can be modulated by various doping techniques, most of doping methods cost degradation of structural uniqueness or electrical mobility. It is matter of huge concern to develop a technique to improve the electrical properties of graphene while sustaining its superior properties. Here, we report the modification of electrical properties of single- bi- and trilayer graphene by chemical reaction with potassium nitrate (KNO<SUB>3</SUB>) solution. Raman spectroscopy and electrical transport measurements showed the n-doping effect of graphene by KNO<SUB>3</SUB>. The effect was most dominant in single layer graphene, and the mobility of single layer graphene was improved by the factor of more than 3. The chemical doping by using KNO<SUB>3</SUB> provides a facile approach to improve the electrical properties of graphene layers sustaining their unique characteristics.</P>
Qayyum, Muhammad Farooq,Rehman, Muhammad Zia ur,Ali, Shafaqat,Rizwan, Muhammad,Naeem, Asif,Maqsood, Muhammad Aamer,Khalid, Hinnan,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Ok, Yong Sik Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.174 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in agricultural soils is one of the major threats to food security. The application of inorganic amendments such as mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), gypsum and elemental sulfur (S) could alleviate the negative effects of Cd in crops. However, their long-term residual effects on decreasing Cd uptake in latter crops remain unclear. A field that had previously been applied with treatments including control and 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% by weight of each MAP, gypsum and S, and grown with wheat and rice and thereafter wheat in the rotation was selected for this study. Wheat (<I>Triticum aestivum</I> L.) was grown in the same field as the third crop without further application of amendments to evaluate the residual effects of the amendments on Cd uptake by wheat. Plants were harvested at maturity and grain, and straw yield along with Cd concentration in soil, straw, and grains was determined. The addition of MAP and gypsum significantly increased wheat growth and yield and decreased Cd accumulation in straw and grains compared to control while the reverse was found in S application. Both MAP and gypsum decreased AB-DTPA extractable Cd in soil while S increased the bioavailable Cd in soil. Both MAP and gypsum increased the Cd immobilization in the soil and S decreased Cd immobilization in a dose-additive manner. We conclude that MAP and gypsum had a significant residual effect on decreasing Cd uptake in wheat. The cost-benefit ratio revealed that gypsum is an effective amendment for decreasing Cd concentration in plants.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Residual monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and gypsum reduced the Cd uptake in wheat. </LI> <LI> Amendment of residual elemental sulfur (S) increased Cd uptake in plants. </LI> <LI> Gypsum had the highest cost-benefit ratio compared with MAP and elemental S. </LI> <LI> Gypsum may be used to enhance crop production in Cd-contaminated soils. </LI> </UL> </P>
Deep-ultraviolet-light-driven reversible doping of WS2 field-effect transistors.
Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas,Iqbal, Muhammad Zahir,Khan, Muhammad Farooq,Shehzad, Muhammad Arslan,Seo, Yongho,Eom, Jonghwa RSC Pub 2015 Nanoscale Vol.7 No.2
<P>Improvement of the electrical and photoelectric characteristics is essential to achieve an advanced performance of field-effect transistors and optoelectronic devices. Here we have developed a doping technique to drastically improve electrical and photoelectric characteristics of single-layered, bi-layered and multi-layered WS2 field-effect transistors (FET). After illuminating with deep ultraviolet (DUV) light in a nitrogen environment, WS2 FET shows an enhanced charge carrier density, mobility and photocurrent response. The threshold voltage of WS2 FET shifted toward the negative gate voltage, and the positions of E and A1g peaks in Raman spectra shifted toward lower wavenumbers, indicating the n-type doping effect of the WS2 FET. The doping effect is reversible. The pristine characteristics of WS2 FET can be restored by DUV light illumination in an oxygen environment. The DUV-driven doping technique in a gas environment provides a very stable, effective, easily applicable way to enhance the performance of WS2 FET.</P>
Rizwan, Muhammad,Ali, Shafaqat,Qayyum, Muhammad Farooq,Ok, Yong Sik,Adrees, Muhammad,Ibrahim, Muhammad,Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad,Farid, Mujahid,Abbas, Farhat Elsevier 2017 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.322 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The concentrations of engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have increased in the environment due to increasing demand of NPs based products. This is causing a major concern for sustainable agriculture. This review presents the effects of NPs on agricultural crops at biochemical, physiological and molecular levels. Numerous studies showed that metal and metal oxide NPs affected the growth, yield and quality of important agricultural crops. The NPs altered mineral nutrition, photosynthesis and caused oxidative stress and induced genotoxicity in crops. The activities of antioxidant enzymes increased at low NPs toxicity while decreased at higher NPs toxicity in crops. Due to exposure of crop plants to NPs, the concentration of NPs increased in different plant parts including fruits and grains which could transfer to the food chain and pose a threat to human health. In conclusion, most of the NPs have both positive and negative effects on crops at physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular levels. The effects of NPs on crop plants vary greatly with plant species, growth stages, growth conditions, method, dose, and duration of NPs exposure along with other factors. Further research orientation is also discussed in this review article.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used worldwide. </LI> <LI> NPs has both positive and negative effects of crop plants. </LI> <LI> NPs toxicity decreased growth, biomass and yield of food crops. </LI> <LI> This review discussed the NPs effects and toxicity mechanisms in food crops. </LI> </UL> </P>
Mortar Characterization using Electrical Resistivity Method
Muhammad Farooq,박삼규,송영수,김정호 한국지구물리.물리탐사학회 2009 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.12 No.2
Cement based mortars are widely used to improve the soft ground of a dam site, highway construction, and karst voids. The mechanical properties of the mortar are well documented in literature, however very limited work is done on their physical properties such as electrical resistivity which is considered as one of the most important physical property known while improving the soft grounds. In this paper, electrical resistivity of the Portland cement mortars is examined by employing the Wenner technique. Cylindrical specimens with various water/cement ratios (w/c) ranges from 0.35, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.65 were cast and tested. The test results showed that the electrical resistivity of the mortar increases with increasing curing time and decreases with increasing water content and w/c. A reasonable, good relation was found between electrical resistivity and compressive strength of mortar.
Development of Protective Scheme against Collaborative Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
( Muhammad Umar Farooq ),( Xingfu Wang ),( Moizza Sajjad ),( Sara Qaisar ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2018 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.12 No.3
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes or communication devices that wish to communicate without any fixed infrastructure and predetermined organization of available links. The effort has been made by proposing a scheme to overcome the critical security issue in MANET. The insufficiency of security considerations in the design of Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector protocol makes it vulnerable to the threats of collaborative black hole attacks, where hacker nodes attack the data packets and drop them instead of forwarding. To secure mobile ad hoc networks from collaborative black hole attacks, we implement our scheme and considered sensor's energy as a key feature with a better packet delivery ratio, less delay time and high throughput. The proposed scheme has offered an improved solution to diminish collaborative black hole attacks with high performance and benchmark results as compared to the existing schemes EDRIAODV and DRIAODV respectively. This paper has shown that throughput and packet delivery ratio increase while the end to end delay decreases as compared to existing schemes. It also reduces the overall energy consumption and network traffic by maintaining accuracy and high detection rate which is more safe and reliable for future work.
Development of Maghemite Glass Fibre Nanocomposite for Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue
Muhammad Azeem Ashraf,Jakub Wiener,Assad Farooq,Jana Saskova,Muhammad Tayyab Noman 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.8
Maghemite glass fibre nanocomposite with excellent magnetic and adsorption properties was successfully developed from nontoxic and eco-friendly reagents by thermal decomposition approach. The developed nanocomposite was utilized in adsorption of methylene blue which follows Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The excellent value of adsorption capacity (51.31 mg g-1) as compared to other adsorbents recommends its potential role for adsorption phenomenon in multiple applications. The developed nanocomposite can be recycled and reused easily. Surface and other functional characteristics of developed nanocomposite were determined through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The obtained results revealed that maghemite glass nanocomposite is a potential tool that can be utilized in waste water treatments.