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윤정로,심재익,김택선,이성종,김영배,김학준,안국환,장재영,홍명표 대한골절학회 2002 대한골절학회지 Vol.15 No.4
쇄골 중간 1/3 부위의 골절은 치료 결과가 양호하여 보존적 치료가 원칙적으로 받아 들어지고 잇으며 불유합에 대한 빈도도 낮은 것으로 되어 있다. 그러나 최근 전위 및 단축의 정도가 심할 경우 높은 불유합의 결과와 불량한 임상 결과를 보고하고 있어 이런 예에 대해선 수술적 치료를 권장하고 있다. 저자들은 단축 및 전위의 정도와 불유합의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 대상 및 방법 : 1993년 2월부터 2002년 1월까지 본원에 내원 했던 성인 중간부 쇄골 골절 환자 194명 중 완전 전위를 보인 78례를 조사하여 이중 63례를 대상으로 분석하여 후 향적 연구를 시행하였다. 4개월 추시 후에도 방사성 사진상 유합 소견이 관찰되지 않으면 불유합의 유의성을 알아보고자 하였다. 결 과 : 63례 중 불유합 및 지연 유합을 소견을 보인 환자는 15(23%)례였다. 골유합을 보인 48례의 단축은 평균 8.6㎜(2㎜-17㎜)였고, 전위는 평균 9.7㎜(2-22㎜)였다 .불유합 및 지연 유합을 보였던 15례에서 단축은 평균 14.5㎜(3㎜-37㎜), 전위는 평균 17.3㎜(4-25㎜)였다. 18㎜이상 단축이 있었던 경우 불유합의 발생과는 통계학적으로 유의성을 나타내었고(Fisher's exact test, p<0.01), Chi-square test상 16㎜ 이상의 전위를 보였던 경우 불유합 발생과 통계학적으로 의미가 있었다(p<0.01). 결 론 : 쇄골 골절 특히 중간 1/3의 골절은 비교적 보존적 치료에 결과가 좋은 것으로 되어 있으나, 전위 및 단축이 심한 경우 불유합에 대한 가능성이 높이 때문에 보다 경과 관찰시 유합의 진행이 없으면 적극적인 치료를 고려해야한다. Purpose : Because the prognosis of the mid 1.3 clavicle fracture is good, the conservative treatment with a figure of 8 bandage is the gold standard and the nonunions are rare. However, recently surgical treatment is recommended when the shortening and displacement is severe because of the high nonunion rate and the poor clinical result. This study was undertaken to evaluate that the shortening and displacement at fracture site are associated with the development of nonunion. Materials and Methods : We analysed the 194 fractures of mid 1/3 clavicle in adults which had been treated conservatively from February 1993 to January 2002 and did the retrospective study. Of these, 78 cases were originally in the middle third of the clavicle and had been completely displaced. We reviewed 63 of these cases. The shortening and displacement at the fracture site was measured on the initial roentgenogram. And the analysis of the patients' chart was done for another predisposing nonunion factors. Nonunion and delayed union are considered to be present when there has been little or no progression of clinical or radiographic healing at a minimum of 4 months after injury. Results : 15 of the 63 cases had developed nonunion.. The average 8.6㎜(2㎜-17㎜) shortening and average 9.7㎜(2-22㎜) in the union patients. The average 14.5㎜(3㎜-37㎜) shortening and average 17.3㎜(4-25㎜) in the nonunion patients. We found that initial shortening ≥18㎜(Fisher's exact test, p<0.01) and initial displacement ≥ 16㎜(Chi-square test. p<0.01)at the fracture site were significantly associated with the development of nonunion. Conclusion : The conservative treatment with figure-80-bandage is the gold standard in the clavicle middle one third fracture. However, the nonunion is commonly occurs in the cases of more of severely shortened and displaced fractures. If there are no signs of callus formation and the patient complains of pain after several week, osteosynthesis should be considered.
Yoon, Kuk-Ro,So, bong-Guen,Lee, Soo-Min Korean Society of Photoscience 2005 Journal of Photosciences Vol.12 No.2
We have synthesized an azobenzene-containing polymer (PEA) and a stilbene-containing polymer (PAS) with second-order nonlinear properties. The second harmonic coefficient ($d_{33}$) of the poled polymer films was 84 and 36 pm/V for of PEA and PAS, respectively. The poled state of these polymers was stable at least up to 30 h at room temperature. $T_g$ of these polymers appeared in the range from 120 to $160^{\circ}C$ and onset of initial weight losses in the range from 260 to $270^{\circ}C$. Silicon moieties in the main chain enhanced the solubility of PEA and PAS in common organic solvents such as chloroform, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), etc.
Yoon, Kuk Ro,Ramaraj, B.,Lee, Seungho,Yu, Jong‐,Sung,Choi, Insung S. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A Vol.a88 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A sugar‐containing polymer was grown on gold surface by surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methacrylate monomer, 3‐<I>O</I>‐methacryloyl‐1,2:5,6‐di‐<I>O</I>‐isopropylidene‐α‐<SMALL>D</SMALL>‐glucofuranoside (MAIpGIc), using 1,4,8,11‐tetraaza‐1,4,8,11‐tetramethylcyclotetradecane (Me<SUB>4</SUB>Cyclam) as ligand, 2‐bromopropionyl moiety attached on the gold surface as initiator, and Copper(I) bromide as catalyst, respectively, in tetrahydrofuran (THF) medium. The resultant sugar film was characterized by polarized infrared external reflectance spectroscopy (PIERS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry. The IR peaks characteristics of poly(3‐<I>O</I>‐methacryloyl‐α,β‐<SMALL>D</SMALL>‐glucopyranoside) (PMAGlc), broad OH stretch at ∼3400 cm<SUP>−1</SUP>, and CO ester stretch at ∼1748 cm<SUP>−1</SUP> observed in PIERS spectra demonstrate the formation of PMAGlc on the gold surface. The AFM and SEM images show the polymer growth away from the gold surface without visible domain boundaries, and it further confirms the formation of sugar coating. The method described in the article would be beneficial in many areas, such as pathogen detection and biosensors, considering the biological importance of carbohydrate polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009</P>
Yoon Kuk Ro,Lee Hoosung,Rhee Bum Ku,Jung Changsoo The Polymer Society of Korea 2004 Macromolecular Research Vol.12 No.6
A copolymer P[OSA-MI] was synthesized by copolymerization of its corresponding monomers, N-phenyl maleimide (MI) and 2-octen-l-ylsuccinic anhydride (OSA). The polymer (poly[2-[1-(2,5-dioxo-l-phenylpyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)heptyl]-succinic acid 4-(2-$\{$ethyl-[4-(4-nitrophen-ylazo)phenyl]amino$\}$ethyl)ester]) P[DR1MA-MI] was obtained from the reaction of P[OSA-MI] with 2-[4-(4-nitrophenylazo)-N-ethylphenylamino] ethanol (DR1). A stable monolayer of P[DRIMA-MI] was formed by spreading the solution of the polymer in chloroform. In Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films prepared using this Langmuir-Blodgett method, the second harmonic waves generated from adjacent mono layers canceled each other out. In X-and Z-type LB films, the second harmonic intensity increased upon increasing the number of monolayers, but this increase was somewhat smaller than predicted by the square law. This phenomenon is due to defects or imperfect alignment of the dipoles in the LB film. The generation of second harmonic waves from Y-type LB films having an even number of mono layers supports this argument. The degree of imperfection seemed to increase as the number of layers increased. The second-order nonlinear optical properties of spin-cast films of these polymers were also measured. The largest second harmonic coefficient of the poled P[DRIMA-MI] film coated on a glass plate was 19 pm/V.
Uniform Grafting of Poly(1,5-dioxepan-2-one) by Surface-Initiated, Ring-Opening Polymerization
Yoon Kuk-Ro,Yoon Ok-Ja,Chi Young-Shik,Choi Insung-S. The Polymer Society of Korea 2006 Macromolecular Research Vol.14 No.2
A polymeric film of a biodegradable poly(1,5-dioxepan-2-one) (PDXO) was formed on a gold surface by a combination of the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) presenting hydroxyl groups and the surface-initiated, ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) of 1,5-dioxepan-2-one (DXO). The SI-ROP of DXO was achieved by heating a mixture of $Sn(Oct)_2$, DXO, and the SAM-coated substrate in anhydrous toluene at $55^{\circ}C$. The resulting PDXO film was quite uniform. The PDXO film was characterized by polarized infrared external reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry.
Dynamic Resizing on Active Warps Scheduler to Hide Operation Stalls on GPUs
Yoon, Myung Kuk,Oh, Yunho,Kim, Seung Hun,Lee, Sangpil,Kim, Deokho,Ro, Won Woo IEEE 2017 IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed syst Vol.28 No.11
<P>This paper conducts a detailed study of the factors affecting the operation stalls in terms of the fetch group size on the warp scheduler of GPUs. Throughout this paper, we reveal that the size of a fetch group is highly involved for hiding various types of operation stalls: short latency stalls, long latency stalls, and Load/Store Unit (LSU) stalls. The scheduler with a small fetch group cannot hide short latency stalls due to the limited number of warps in a fetch group. In contrast, the scheduler with a large fetch group cannot hide long latency and LSU stalls due to the limited number of fetch groups and the lack of memory subsystems, respectively. To hide various types of stalls, this paper proposes a Dynamic Resizing on Active Warps (DRAW) scheduler which adjusts the size of a fetch group dynamically based on the execution phases of applications. For the applications that have the best performance at LRR (one fetch group), the DRAW scheduler matches the performance of LRR and outperforms TL (multiple fetch groups) by 22.7 percent. In addition, for the applications that have the best performance at TL, our scheduler achieves 11.0 and 5.5 percent better performance compared to LRR and TL, respectively.</P>