Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

수도권 내륙화물기지 신설에 따른 효과 분석

장준석(Jun-Seok Jang),이준(Jun Lee),박재현(Jae-Hyun Park),송민호(Min-Ho Song),권용장(Yong-Jang Kwon) 한국철도학회 2011 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

내륙물류기지는 도로 철도 항만 공항 간의 연계운송 및 복합운송을 할 수 있는 규모와 시설을 갖춘 대규모 물류처리 시설을 지칭하며 화물의 대량수송으로 인한 물류비절감을 위하여 전국의 주요 물류 거점에 구축하여 운영을 하고 있다. 하지만 수도권 물류를 처리하는 유일한 화물거점시설인 의왕ICD의 경우 2015년 이전에 물류시설의 용량이 한계치에 도달할 것으로 예상되어 추가적인 시설개량이나 다른 수도권 물류처리시설 신설이 필요한 실정이다. 특히 입지적으로 부지 확장에 대하여 주변 여건상 한계가 있으므로 물류처리시설 신설로 인한 용량 및 처리능력 향상이 요구된다. 또한 현재 남북 간 화물철도운송에 대한 관심이 증대됨에 따라 향후 화물운송은 도로와 선박에서 철도로 물량전환이 가능할 것으로 판단되나 이들 살화물의 주요 수요지인 수도권(서북부 지역)에는 이 물동량을 처리 및 보관 할 수 있는 화물역과 물류기지가 부재하여 이들 확보할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 서해안축 신규 물류기지(송산역 안중역)와 서북부 신규 물류기지(대곡역) 신설을 통하여 수도권 물동량 급증에 따른 철도 선로용량 부족 문제 해소방안과 남북 간의 효율적인 철도수송 수도권 철도화물의 분산효과 등을 검토함으로써 원활한 철도수송서비스를 제공하여 물류비를 절감하는 데 그 목적이 있다. The inland logistics center is a large scale of logistics facility that enables roads rails ports and airports to carry out chained-transports and combined-transports and the logistics center are established at the main logistics posts in order to reduce the cost of transport by mass transportation. However it is expected that the capacity of Euiwang ICD the only inland logistics centers in the capital area will reach its limit before 2015 so it is required to establish another stations or to improve the existing facility. Especially in case of Euiwang ICD the expansion of the center is not possible because of its position so it is required to establish new logistics centers in other places in order to raise the capacity of transport. Therefore this study suggests to establish new metropolitan logistics centers on the western coast line in order to solve the problem of shortage of tract capacity that is brought on by the newly established inland logistics centers on the axis of the western coastline (Song-san Station and An-jung Station) and analyzes how the new logistics center will distribute railroad cargoes. By these this study contributes to reduce the cost of transport by providing smooth railroad transport service.

사찰관광지의 서비스품질 측정에 관한 연구

송호철,장경수 문화관광연구학회 2002 문화관광연구 Vol.4 No.1

This study was designed to develop the service quality assessment scale to evaluate tourist perception and satisfaction toward service in buddhist temple as tourist attractions. The data(N=329) were collected Haein-sa temples that is the largest buddhist temple in Korea. Using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor anaysis the scale with 17 items was generated : attractiveness(4 items), interpretation(5 items), education(2 items), consumables(3 items), facilities(3 items). The fit indexes suggested that the final version of the model provided an adequate fit to the data(e.g., SRMR=.049, CFI=.903, GFI=.941, and AGFI=.918).

심장수술 시 농축적혈구, 자가수혈기 혈액, 체외 순환기 혈액에서의 유리 혈색소 농도 비교

송장호,구승우,백종화,정용보,이정순,최인철 대한마취과학회 2002 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.43 No.5

Background: Intraoperative autotransfusion or residual blood in a cardiopulmonaty bypass (CPB) circuit has been used to reduce the need for an homologous blood transfutsion during cardiac surgery. However, it may contain some free hemoglobin released from damaged cells. The load of blood containing free hemoglobin may cause renal dysfunction. We measured the amount of free hemoglobin in backed blood, cell saver blood and CPB blood to evaluate what is the least hemolytic blood transfused in cardiac surgery. Methods: This study was performed in 20 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In each patient, the banked blood, intraoperative salvaged blood with a cell saver and CPB residual blood were sampled at the end of the operation. The concentration of free hemoglobin, hemoglobin and platelet counts were measured in these blood samples and percent of hemolysis was calculated (%hemolysis = [free hemoglobin] / .free hemogloben + hemoglobin]) Results: In salvaged blood with a cell saver, CPB residual blood and banked blood, hemoglobin concentrations were 20.1 ± 2.7 g/dl, 8.0 ± 1.1 g/dl, and 22.2 ± 2.7 g/dl, respectively. Free hemoglobin concentrations were 336.6 ± 239.5 mg/dl, 49.2 ± 26.8 mg/dl, and 279.5 ± 167.5 mg/dl respectively. Platelet counts were 26.1 ± 22.2 × 10^3/mm^3, 116.8 ± 56.5 × 10^3/mm^3, and 94.9 ± 43.6 × 10^3/mm^3 respectively. % Hemolysis were 1.6 ± 1.1%, 0.6 ± 0.4%, and 1.2 ± 0.7% respectively. In the comparison between the salvaged blood with a cell saver and CPB residual blood, free hemoglobin concentration, % hemolysis, and platelet counts had positive correlations (r = 0.8, 0.7, and 0.6). Conclusions: In twenty cardiac surgeries, CPB residual blood had a lower free hemoglobin level than the other two blood groups. The platelet counts in CPB residual blood were higher than those in cell saver blood but did not differ from those in banked blood. Therefore, CPB residual blood was the least hemolytic blood among the three blood groups when a transfusion was performed in cardiac surgery. (Korean J Acesthesiol 2002; 43: 588~593)

植生

宋鎬京,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1992 環境硏究 Vol.10 No.-

全北 鎭安郡 龍潭댐 주변의 植物相을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11-12일, 1992년 5월 29-31일, 10월 23-25일에 걸쳐 調査하였다. 本 調査 地域의 管束植物은 總 88科 202屬 277種으로 貧弱한 편이며, 主要 植物은 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 물오리나무, 싸리, 찔레, 맑은대쑥 등이다. 또한 出現된 管束植物의 種類는 羊齒植物이 2.5%, 裸子植物이 2.2%, 被子植物이 95.3%이다.

정신분열병 환자의 통증 감지력 둔화와 압통 역치

송지영,이장호 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.1

연구목적: 정신분열병 환자에서 통증자극에 따른 감지력이 저하되어 있는지를 압통역치를 이용하여 알아보고, 만일 통증감지력이 저하되어 있다면 이는 어떠한 정신증상과 관련되는지를 밝혀 보고자 하였다. 방 법: 정신분열병환자 21명(남자 8명, 여자13명)과 건강대조군 23명(남자 9명, 여자14명)을 대상으로 하여, 환자군에서 양성 및 음성증상을 측정하고, 양군에서 압통측정기를 이용하여 압통역치를 측정하였다. 양군에서 압통역치의 차이를 분석하고, 증상의 호전도에 따른 압통역치의 변화를 보았다. 결 과: 정신분열병환자가 정신증상이 심할 때 압통역치는 대조군에 비해 의미있게 높았으며, 증상이 호전되면 압통역치는 정상대조군 수준으로 감소되었다. 정신증상 중에는 망상의 심도가 압통역치의 변화와 관계가 있었으며, 투여된 항정신약물은 압통역치에 영향을 주지 않았다. 결 론: 정신분열병에서 보이는 통증감지력의 둔화현상은 지속적이라기 보다는 일시적인, 가역적인 뇌기능의 변화에 따른 감각수용 장애나 집중력 저하와 관련되는 것으로 추정된다. 정신분열병에서 통증감지력의 둔화현상을 조기에 발견하는 것은 치명적인 신체질환에 따른 위해(危害)를 막을 수 있다는 점에서 임상적으로 중요한 부분이다. Objectives: Decreased pain sensitivity to the external stimuli was sought by measuring the pressure pain thresholds in patients with schizophrenia. In the case of the pain insensitivity(PI) being confirmed, the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and PI was to evaluated. Methods: 21 schizophrenic and healthy controls enrolled. Pressure pain thresholds(PPT) were measured by pressure algometer on initial and recovered phase, and positive and negative symptoms by PANSS(Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale)(Stanley et al. 1991) were obtained in patient group. The confounding factor induced by antipsychotics to the PPT was controlled for. Comparisons of PPT between two groups, and correlations of PPT and psychiatric symptoms in patient group were tested. Results: 1) Schizophrenic patients with active psychotic symptoms showed higher PPT compared to healthy controls. 2) When psychiatric symptoms were improved, PPT was decreased to the level of healthy controls. 3) Only the subscale of delusion in PANSS was closely correlated with PPT in patients with schizophrenia. 4) The dose of antipsychotics did not influence the PPT of the patient group. Conclusion: A part of patients with schizophrenia revealed they had higher pressure pain thresholds, which suggested PI in active symptom phase. However, PPT were restored almost to the level of normal controls when psychotic symptoms were improved. Thus, PI seemed to be a transient phenomenon rather than a persistent one. Changes of pain sensitivity to the external stimuli in schizophrenics would be associated with severity of delusion based upon reversible changes of brain function. Decreased attention due to delusion or lack of motivation seemed to be causal factors of PI. Clinicians should give attention to PI in schizophrenic patients to prevent physical illness and serious injuries in them.

축산시설에서 발생되는 악취의 축종별 특성에 대한 설문조사

장영기,송기봉,김호정,유용희 한국환경영향평가학회 2004 환경영향평가 Vol.13 No.1

At Recent the number of livestock is rapidly increased and the scale of farm has changed to large operations in Korea. So the odors frcm livestock feeding operations have increased and become major environmental problem. The odor emission are dependent on the types of manure management system and the meteorological factors. This report presents the results of a questionnaire on the odor characteristics from livestock facilities for the beef, dairy, swine and poultry. It is founded that the impact by odors from the facilities for swine and poultry is higher than cow and dairy, and the odor intensity at morning is higher than other times.

천연가스 사용 난방 및 산업보일러의 NOx와 CO 배출계수 산정 연구

장영기,최상진,김관,송기봉,김호정,정봉진 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.5

This study was conducted for developing the emission factors of nitrogen oxide(NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) from the combustion boilers burning liquefied natural gas (LNG). These emission factors were compared with those of U.S. EPA and European Environment Agency (EEA). NOx and CO concentration in the flow gas were measured using Kane-May, KM9106 and Thermo Environmental Instruments Inc., 42C-HL. Measurement were conducted at thirty industrial and commercial LNG boilers. Emission factors were calculated on the basis of fuel consumption (kg-pollutant/㎥-fuel burned). NOx concentration at industrial boiler was 14~125 ppm and it was measured as 35~125 ppm at commercial boiler. NOx emission factors of industrial boiler and commercial boiler were 1.84kg/㎥ and 2.09kg/㎥, respectively. NOx emission factor of commercial boiler was higher than that of industrial boiler. The NOx emission factors estimated in this study were lower than those of U.S. EPA and higher than those of EEA. Average CO emission factor of industrial boiler was 0.65 kg/㎥ and at commercial boiler it was 0.70kg/㎥, CO emission factor at industrial boiler was lower than that at commercial boiler.

개에 발생한 만성 승모판폐쇄부전증에 대한 Pimobendan 치료 1례

장재임,전형규,최호정,이영원,송근호 忠南大學校 獸醫科大學 附設 動物醫科學硏究所 2006 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.14 No.-

A 11-year-old intact male maltese dog with respiratory distress, cyanosis and coughing was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Chungnam National University. Loud holosystolic murmur with a palpable precordial thrill was heard at the left apex region by auscultation. Left sided cardiac enlargement and mitral regurgitated flow were detected by thoracic radiography and echocardiography, respectively. Clinical signs were improved by treatment of diuretics, ACE inhibitor and pimobendan.

문화관광지의 서비스품질이 방문자만족과 재방문의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

장경수,송호철 문화관광연구학회 2002 문화관광연구 Vol.4 No.4

This study was designed to find service quality of cultural site as tourist destination and that effects to the visitor's satisfaction and revisit intention. The data(N=329) were collected Bulgug-sa temples that is the largest buddhist temple in Korea. LISREL 8.50 was used to analysis data. The results of analysis is that service quality was affected visitor's satisfaction and revisit intention and visitor's satisfaction to affect revisit intention.