신소설에 나타난 novel의 징후 : 「치악산」과 「쟝화홍련젼」의 비교연구 Comparative Study on "Chiaksan" and "Story of Janghwa Hongryun"

강인숙 건국대학교 1996 學術誌 Vol.40 No.1

In Korean literature, we have a genre named 'new novel' between romance and novel. To clarify the characteristic feature of new novel, 1 want to compare the structures of "Chiaksan" and "Story of Janghwa Hongryun". Both of these novels share many thing in common. For example, both of them are step mother story, but they also have certain differences. In this article, I would like to demon-strate the symptoms of novel in new novel by clarifying the different phase of these two novels. 1.Character A) Similar phase (1) protagonist a) social class: yangban b) moral phase: superior class c) role in the story: good suffering step children d) typicality of characters: their assistants are also good (2) antagonist a) social class: yangban, however, economic and moral phases are inferior than protagonist. b) role in the story: bad step mother with bad assistant B) difference (1) In "Story of Janghwa Hongryun," the helper of antagonist is her own son. "Chiaksan" is different. Helpers of antagonist are her servants. Unlike the blood relationship in "Story of Janghwa Hongryun," these servants help the antagonist because of the money and the land she offer. They are market oriented type, suitable characters for novel. 2.The method of characterization. In terms of character roles, there are many similarities in both stories. But the method of characterization in them are much different. In "Story of Janghwa Hongryun," characters are very simple. In other word, they are one dimensional. Good person is always good and also beautiful. Morality and the beauty is unseparable in this story. "Chiakson" is different. Characters of this story has more complex dimensions as follow. (1) Protagonist has a a lot of virtues yet she also has bad side. Antagonist is bad. but also has some nice element. The good and the evil blended in each character so the characters in "Chiaksan" are more realistic than "Story of Janghwa Hongryun". (2) Beauty and the virtue of characters are not combined in this story. Antagonist of "Story of Janghwa Hongryun" is ugly, but the step mother of "Chiaksan" is beautiful even though she is bad. Her husband knows very well about her badness, yet he cannot help loving her. These kinds of complexity make characters more realistic. 3.Chronotopos The locational setting of "Story of Janghwa Hongryun" is not vague, but the name of the place has almost no meaning in this story, Same is true in terms of the temporal dimension. Chronotopos in "Chiaksan" is more realistic. The location is the place the author knows very well. So is the same in case of temporal dimension. The chronotopos in this story is "here and now" type, similar to novel, Enlargement of spatial scale, the concreteness of the locational description, interest of characters' manners and costumes and type of the chronotopos are symptoms of novel found in "Chiaksan". Unlike novel, however, where most of action happen in the 'community', locations of action in "Chiaksan" are usually outside of the 'village' touch as mountain and water mill cottage, etc. The market oriented characters are not protagonist yet in this novel, they are only assistant characters. These means the conditions of novel are not matured enough in "Chiaksan." 4. The causal relationship in the plot The author of "Chiaksan" is too conscious about the probability of the story. He explains too much for each event. This kind of expositions disturb the profess of the story, thus drive the reader's interest out from it. For example, when the father in law informed that his daughter in law has a lover, he ordered his servant bring to him some poison for punish her. In this critical scene, the author spend too much time explaining about the process of getting the poison which destroy the tension of the scene. This is common trait of new novel. Writers are too conscious about the causality of the action, so the readers become distracted. The elements of novel and romance are intermingled in new novel. Even though it is not matured enough to become novel, there are many symptoms of novel found in new novel which initiated the development of novel eventually. The writer of new novel were longing for new ara and new genre of writing, that they wanted rejecte the old narrative method.

脂蛋白質과 動脈硬化症

金仁淑 圓光大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.2

Recently the first and second cause of death are hypertention and hyperlipidemia, which are what is called adult disease, and are increasing in its incidence. So in conjunction with atherosclerosis the interest in content and compotition of lipoprotein and cholesterol is great. Lipoprotein is composed of phospholipid, cholesterol, tryglyceride and free fat acid, etc, and becomes soluble enclosed with protein particles around this lipid. All the lipids are in the form of lipoprotein when they are circulating in the plasma. Lipoprotein takes up insoluble lipid in water in vivo, serves as a carrier of it from synthezing organ to utilizing the one and is related to the mediation of lipid transport and even of fatty metabolism in the cell. In the past, when they combined atheroslerosis and lipid metabolism, tey studied cholesterol and tryglyceride only. Now, lipoprotein, especially, low density lopoprotein (LDL) is known a factor which accelerated arterisclerosis. Lipoprotein is distingguished, by electrophoresis into chylomicron (CHYL), very low density lipoprotein(VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) according to specific gravity. There is approximately 50% LDL, about 70% plasma cholesterol in lipoprotein VLDL, and LDL increases along with the age and the HDL content is 30-60% higher in female sex male in male sex. In 1961 the rockfeller Institute discovered that there were two types of high lipidemia from the over ingestion of fat from that of carbohydrate. After that, the National Institute of Nutrition, however, classified Lipidemia into five and WHO did into six types, that is, into type 1, typeⅡa, typeⅡb, typeⅢ, typeⅣ, typeⅤ. Apoprotein is the important constituent which determines the sort of lipoprotein, and it may be called apolipoprotein, being classified into over eight kinds such as APO A-I, APO A-Ⅱ, APO B, APO C-I, APO-Ⅱ, APO C-Ⅲ, APO D, APO E, etc., which activate lipoprotein lipase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and also have the function of suppressing them. And some have an affinity for recepter of cell membrane. Of apoprotein APO B doesn't transfer betwen lipoprotein particles, but the other apoproteins do, and have to do with lipoprotein metabolism and TG metabolism. The relation between lipoprotein and atherosclerosis is great. Atherosclerosis is that quantity of cholesterol is accumulated on the affected region of artery wall, and consequently myocardial infarction and cerebral apoplexy are induced by atherosclerosis. These cholesterols are, by LDL or by the decrease of LDL recepter that holesterol is accumulated aroung atery wall. In family tree the one with heterozygous type of hypercholesteroemia is able to develop LDL recepter to 40-50%, holds cholesterorol value t재 or three times high, and is subject to vascular disease 20 years earlier than the normal man. Homozygous type enhances the plasma six times high and suffers from cadiovascular disease prior to 20 years of age.

정기 건강진단 결과와 THI 증상군과의 관련성 연구

조인숙,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 1992 논문집 Vol.15 No.2

For the purpose of obtaining basic information about health status of white collar workers, authors studied 11,266 subjects who were employed for government organization and private educational institute in Seoul, Kyungbuk and Chungnam areas. All the subjects visited hospitals to take biannual health examination provided by Medical Insurance Association to screen several importan adult diseases. Todai Health Index(THI)questionnaire which is modified questionnaire of Conell Medical Index by Todai was selected for the quwstionnaire form of this study. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The abnormal rate of screening test was 22.6% in male, and 8.3% in female. The rate was increased more significantly in female subjects by the increase of age. 2. While the prevalence of male subjects was 6.1% in cardiovascular disease, 4.2% in liver disease, 2.5% in diabetic disease and 2.3% in pulmonary disease, that of female subjects was 1.5% in cardiovascular and anemic disease respectively, 1.2% in liver disease and 0.5% in pulmonary disease. 3. The mean weight of male and female subjects were 65.3 ±6.6㎏ and 52.9 ±6.6㎏ and the mean Broka's index of those were 68.4 ±5.3㎏ and 57.6±4.7㎏ respectively. 4. The mean diastolic pressure of male and female subjects were 82.2±11.2 and 74.9±10.4mmHg, and the mean serum systolic pressure of those were 125.8±15.5 and 115.4±13.7mmHg respectively. The mean total cholesterol in male was 178.8±35.9 and that in female subject was 167.9±34.6. 5. The mean SGOT of male and female subjects were 23.9±18.0 & 17.9±8.2, the mean of SGPT of those were 22.4±21.1 & 15.1±13.2 respectively. 6. Concerning to the question of present health condition, while 57.7% of males with age of less than 29 years old answered their health in good condition, 47.7% of female with age of 30-39 answered their health in good condition which is the lowest rate among total subject group. On the other hand, only 4.9% of female with age under 29 answered their health as bad, and 14.0% of male with age over 40 answered that their health was in bad condition. 7. Concerning to the question of health management, 50.9% of male and 44.1% of female whose age were over 40 years old answered that they were doing sonthing for their health with food diet, taking nutrient medicine and proper exercise. 8. The diet habit of young age group was irregular compared to older age group. The older age group was fond of salty food. 9. While the smoking rate of male was 65.4% in age group under 29 years, 61.8% in age group of 30-39 years and 52.6% in age group of over 40 years, that of female subjects were 0%, 0.3% and 1.6% respectively. 10. The highest prevalence rate of symptoms and signs during current 3 moths was observed in the age group of 30-39 in males and in the age group over 40 years in female and there was no differences of prevalence between normal group and diseased group. 11. While the most frequent symptom category of THI in male was mental instability, and depression symptoms, nervousness and respiratory symptoms were next in order of frequency, that of THI in female was mental instability, and depression symptoms, nervousness and multiple subjectve symptoms were next in order of feequnecy.

1970년대 북한의 발전위기와 대중운동노선 재정립

장인숙 ( In Sook Jang ) 북한연구학회 2011 북한연구학회보 Vol.15 No.1

My dissertation researches and examines the process on the reorganization and refreshment of the Mass Movement line in the 1970s which the North Korean`s prototype in the Mass Movement was set up in. Development crisis experienced in other socialist systems in history comes up to surface in 1970`s North Korean society. North Korea corresponds to such problems by hitting their strides in ``Three-Revolution Movement,`` different from ``Chollima Movement.`` The ``Three-Revolution Movement`` at that period of time gains attention in that it holds its uniqueness by reacting differently from how other socialist states has dealt with system`s crisis resulting from economic downturn. Facing development crisis, other socialist states choose a pragmatic path to adopt market principles and capitalistic elements. However, North Korea adheres to traditional socialism development strategy and seeks solution by reorganization mass movement line. Differentiated from 1960`s, 1970`s mass movement line, ``Three-Revolution Movement,`` is pushed ahead. However, at that time, North Korea`s decision was not an fundamental solution to its centralized planned economy. In economic logic, it cannot be viewed as a rational decision. Rather, it was a decision enforcing centralized nature, which was the main cause of development crisis. North Korea`s reaction to crisis was carried out under the divided status of two Koreas, limiting the country from making efficient and rational choice. The fundamental limitation of the divided system in 1970`s still remains in the present North Korean society. In addition, the mass movement line has set in and perpetuates as reconstructing strategy of North Korea`s socialist economy, preserving its principles and directions till today. Seen as rational choice, other socialist state introducing capitalist elements or taking pragmatic path has gone through reform and opening, system transition, and resulted in collapse of socialist system. However, this study is to bring attention to North Korea`s current socialist system sustained by the ``Three-Revolution Movement`` complementing the country`s inner limit of planned or closed economy and functioning as a pillar supporting the system.

제주도내 농어민의 건강상태와 보건의료기관의 이용실태에 관한 조사연구

玄仁淑 제주한라대학 1992 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

This investigation analyzes the health conditions and the existence of diseases, and grasps the actual use of medical institutions of farmers and fishermen in Cheju-do, aiming to provide the basic data for the spread of medical instituitions and for the medical service of good quality. The object people of this investigation are the redents over twenty who live in the farming and fishing villages of Cheju-do. The total number of the object people is 2, 400 in 48 villages, among whom 2, 238 people have been chosen for data. The means of this investigation is a question-paper made by pre-investigation. In order to give confidence and to get stright answers, the writer has measured blood pressure and glycosuria value. The gathered data has been processed with the frequency average, standard deviation, Chi-squre test and Anova by spss/pc^(+) The results of this investigaition are as follows. 1) General Characteristics of the Subject People The average age of the object residents is 42.6 and considering the distribution of sex, the male come to 44.9%(1024 people) and the female 55.1%(1258 people). Accoring to the investigation, 616 people live in Cheju city, 547 people in the north Cheju county and 545 people in the south Cheju county. Thirst nine point nine percent of the people and 14.45 percent of the people surpass college graduates in sholarly attainments, which shows that the level of scholarly attainments is improving in the villages. The people engaging in agricuture come to 45.9% and 16.0% engagein fisheries. The average total income amount to 784, 200 won per month and average family number is 4. The people who join the communuty medical insurance come to 58.6%, Twenty five point two percent join the workers' medical insurance, 10.9% join the officials and teachers' medical insurance and 3.5% are medical beneficiaries. 2) Health Conditions and Existence of Diseases. The writer has measured "Self-assessed health", and set it into a 5-point scale where quite good health is marked "5 point" and quite had health is marked "1 point". As a result, the health conditions have turned out to be comparatively good judging from the average point "3.3". Considering the existence of deseases, the people who are sill now come ro 24.6% and the most frequant diseases are the nervous-sensory organ one (33.7%), the muscular-skeletal one (18.9%). The average length of hospitaligation is 20.52 days and the most numerous diseases which led to hospitalization are the digestive system one (30.0%), and the muscleskeletalone (12. 1%). 3) Utilization of Medical Institutions and It's Frequency The most important standard of utilizing a medical institution is the symptoms of disease (60. 5%) and the most preferable medical institution is a hospital. During the last months (after the year 1992), according to the utilize a pharmacy (2. 1 times) and a hospital (1.26 times). The residents in a county utilize a pharmacy (1.92 times), those in a subcounty also utilize a pharmacy (2. 03 times) and the residents in a village where there's a hospital utilize it (1. 53 times). 4) Degree of Perceptions of the Public Health Center and Its Utilization With regard to the degree of perceptions of health conter, this investigation has maxed "knowing-case" 2 point and "not-knowing-case" 1 point. Among the works of a public healthe center, the most popularly recongnized work is vaccination (1.69). The average marks about the eight works take 12.88 from the full marks 16. The most utilized work in a public health center is vaccination (47.4% of all), and in a health branch office and a health medical office it is general medical service. 5) The Case of Using the 3rd Medical Facilities in Other Regions The percentage of using the 3rd medical facilities except Cheju is 16.5%. Its concrete cases are as follows the diseases of nevous-sensory organ(24.5%). The use of the facilities is due to more special midical treatment (41.5%), the advice of the 1st and 2nd medical facilities(25.7%), and lacks of equirments of medical facilities within Cheju (18.0%).

한ㆍ일 모더니즘 소설의 비교연구(1) : 新感覺派와 요코미쓰 리이치의 소설 New Sensitivity Group and Yokomitsu Ri-ichi

강인숙 건국대학교 1995 學術誌 Vol.39 No.1

1.Japanese modernism and 'New Sensitivity Group' Comparative study on Korean and Japanese Modernism, I want to study Japan first, because they started about ten years ahead of Korea, so there must be influences from Japan to Korea along with European modernism. Japanese modernism was influenced from Europe, and they called the first modernist group 'New Sensitivity Group'. When their magazine Literary Era appeared with the novel of Yokomitsu Ri-ichi's "The Head and the Belly," Chiba Kameo called them "New Sensitivity Group," and the group members accepted it. In Japan, there is four groups of modernism. 1) New Sensitivity Group 2) New Artist Group 3) New psychologist group 4) Intellectualist group Among these (1) was dominant and Yokomitsu was the leader of this group. That's why, I study Yokomitsu and 'New Sensitivity Group' first. The period of 'New Sensitivity Group' was generally from october 1924 to may 1927. which was the term of their magazing Literary Era. But, Japanese extend it from 1923 to 1930, because, in Yokomitsu's case, the characteristic trait of the 'New Sensitivity Group' appears from the novel "The Aureole of the sun"(1923), and ends "Shanghai"(1929) and "Machine"(1930). 2.The technique of 'New Sensitivity Group' in Yokomitsu's case 1) Anti-private novel (1) Puppet theory The unique feature of Japanese novel is the tradition of private novel. They suppose it as major genre among the novels. When they imported naturalism, Japanese writers misunderstood 'truth' as "fact, and rejected fictionality. They thought writers have to write with the materials they have experienced directly. From the Meiji era to Daisho, the tradition of private novel reigned in Japan. Yokomitsu opposed it. He declared "We would like to creak puppet. And he begins to write with materials remote from his personal experience. "The Aureole of the Sun" and "The Quiet Pararellel" from antiquity, "Napoleon and the Worm" from alien county. Only "Spring Comes Through the Chariot" and "Speculation of Flowery Garden" were exceptional case which based on his own experience. (2) External point of view and complex point of view Yokomitsu was externalized the point of view of narrators. During the period of Literary Era, he usually used the third person pointy of view like realist in Europe. But, he also used double point of view, and in "The Machine"(1930), he invented a term "fourth person point of view," These complex point of views were not only external, internality included it. 2) Anti-realign (1) temporal background Yokomitsu also rejected realign of traditional novel. It begins from temporal background. In "The Aureole of the sun" and "The Quiet Pararellel," he went back to the antiquity. "Napoleon and the Worm" was also deals with past. It oppose realist's 'presentday fromula.' (2) Space There is also distance from reality in space. The settings of "Napoleon and the Worm" and "Shang-hoi" were alien land. "The Aureole of the Sun" also distant place from author's reality even though it is domestic splace. The setting of "The Head and the Belly" and "The Fly" are transit space which realist avoided. Japanese naturalist limited thier setting 'inside of residence.' The two novel based upon writer's experience also not suitable for realistic novel, because it is an isolated sanatorium or villa there is no everyday life in it. The setting of Yokomitsu's above mentioned novels were anti-realistic, except "The Machine." We have to consider about the urbanism here, because, New Sensitivity Group insist their literature was urbane. But, in Yokomitsu, there is almost no urban setting execpt "The Machine" and "Shanghai", the other novel's setting are rural place or suburbus of the city, so it can't be consider as an urban literature in strict stance. (3) Against the causality of plot Begining paragraph of "The Head and the Belly" was very famous in Japan. "The express train ignored small stations as if it is a stone." But it hasn't relation with next paragraph. 1) A boy singing aloud in the train. 2) Suddenly the train stopped 3) Waiting or changing the train was passengers choice 4) A man with big belly lined leaving group, other passengers followed him except the boy. 5) The train started again with the boy and his song. Between these events, there is no causal relationship at all. Yokomitsu depicted all these events like the painter sketches scenery without explanation. Speed of the train, head of the boy, belly of the man were all isolated and apart, (4) New sensitivity in his style "I had a period of desperate struggle against our national language" once Yokomitsu said. It was the periode of his New Sensitivity Group. He had rejected old realistic style, and eagerly wanted new one. That's the archaic style of "The Aureole of the sun." He hat continue the experiment on style, which avoided spoken language and prefered written one. Short sentence, strange metaphor, visual imagery, repetition, physical metaphor and ananlogy, personifications were his stylistic trait until "Shanghai" New, strange styles were the most dominant trait of New Sensitivity Group. But, he had changed his style since "The Machine". For express the deep inside of human psychology, he used long, insessant paragraph. 3.The modernism of Yokomitsu Ri-ichi The characteristic feature of modernistic novel in general is anti-realism, It appeaers 1) adoption of Freudian formula, 2) subjective time, 3) descontinuity of plot, 4) deformation of genre, etc. Yokomitsu Ri-ichi's case, 1) and 3) was similar in some degree. And the experimental side of new style also distinct. With this anti-realistic techenique, we may call him modernist. There is similarity with modernism on the complex point of view too. But, anti-private novel is not modernistic. Above all, the externalization of point of view and puppet theory are not suitable for modernism.

차지법-드라이 클리닝에 의한 견직물의 세척성

윤인주,이정숙 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1991 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.7 No.-

The effects of charge system on the removal of water soluble and oily soils from silk fabrics were studied. The charge systems used in this experiments were Light mate DX in petroleum solvent and Light Park MK in perchloroethylene. The detergency was examind with water/detergent ratio and concentration of dry soaps and solvent, respectively. 1. In the case of condition charged with detergents without water, as the concentration of Light Mate DX in petroleum solvent was increased, the detergency of water soluble soils was improved. 2. In the case of condition charged with detergents with water, as water/detergent ratio was increased, the detergency of water soluble soils was improved. Petroleum solvent was superior to perchloroethylene in the detergency as water/detergent ratio was low. 3. In the case of condition charged with detergents without water, the detergency of oily soils of Light Park MK in perchloroethylene was higher than that Light Mate DX in petroleum solvent. The detergency was influenced by characteristics of solvents. The order of the detergency in dry soap concentration was 1.5>1.0>2.0>0.5(%) 4. In the case of condition charged with detergents with water, as water/detergent ratio was increased, the detergency of oily soils in petroleum solvent was decreased. In perchloroethylene, the detergency was not so much affected by water/detergent ratio.

中等學校 家政科 實驗學習 敎員ㆍ設備基準의 適正性에 關한 硏究

강혜숙,윤인경 한국 가정과 교육 학회 1993 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.5 No.-

Because of the specificity of subjects belong to middle school curriculum of Home Economics Education of function training is very important. But it pointed out that the existing standards are out-dated, and because of it, it incongruent to our realities. Therefore, whenever the curriculum of education and the national textbook are reorgrnized periodically, the reform of standards of educational materials & facilities must be followed by it. But in my opinion, in korean middle school, especially in Home Economics Education, educational facilities are not reformed at a proper time. Therefore, to enhance the qualities of experimentation/practice of Home Economics Education, in the first place, the preparation for the given conditions of standards of educational materials & facilities are needed. But the educational facilities of Home Economics Education have many problems not only in the qualitative aspect but also in the quantitative aspect. And in addtion to it, lots of educational facilities which cannot match contents of national textbook of Home Economics Education are exist. Therefore, this thesis aims at examining comprehensively the problem of experimentation/practice of experimental materials & facilties of Home Economics Education, connect with contents of Home Economics Education, holding several problems of experimentation/practice of Home Economics Education in middle school, grouping ; the principles and ways concerning the innovation of experimental materials & facilties of Home Economics Education by which many teachers and students make sure of more efficient teaching/studying, and obtaining basic data which guarantee the ability of innovation concerning problems of the education of experimentation/practice of Home Economics Education. Methods are : 1) grasp our educational realities with my original(question). 2) integrate/analyse results of 1) 3) check the frequency, percentage with methods of X?-test, T-test, and 'One-way Analysis of Variances'. 4) suggest my own alternative proposal. Conclusions are : 1) To the problems concerning the plan, method, frequency, choice of contents, budget, and experimental materials & facilties of experimentation/practice, any meaningful difference are not revealed likewise, but, these problems can affect to teachers' guidance of practical examination, therefore it needs to give a indirect financial, and administration aids to teachers/schools from the government. 2) Contents of experimentation/practice are subjected to contents of textbook. In this reason, educational facilities are suitable to contents of textbook for the efficacy of experimentation/practice. Therefore, whenever contents of national textbooks are revised, the proper experimental materials & facilties must be established. And then, according to these standards, educational facilities must be prepared equally. 3) The capacity of educational facilities are conciderably different according to the type, region, and established pattern of school. Therefore, in order to eliminate these differences, it needs to prepare practice classrooms, and to import the new educational facilities. For these preperations, and for the efficient education of practical skill, financial aids from government are necessary. 4) In comparison with contents of textbook the educational facilities which are not enlisted in experimental materials & facilties but very important and very necessary for the classwork of Home Eocnomics Education must be included in new experimental materials & facilities. 5) The problems of existing experimental materials & facilties of Home Economics Education are identified as following ; i) disagreement between names of educational facilities and contents of the textbook of Home Economics Education. ii) the standard of need in relation to the number of class, isn't fit to our educational reality likewise. iii) the difficulty of elastic application. Therefore, to be sure of the development of Home Economics Education, various efficient methods of education must be groped, and endeavour for correction of imperfection must be maintained continuously.

세계화시대와 가정학 연구 : Human Ecology-Based Researches in Korea Facing Global Promotion

박영숙,최혜선,윤인경,이승신,이주리 대한가정학회 2004 Family and Environment Research Vol.42 No.2

Human Ecology researches studying human life patterns in Korea are on the same tracts of recent global promotion in Korea as that of other academic studies. In this changing academic atmosphere, Human Ecology-based researches are in demands of suitable research topics and methods. This study was done to investigate the present research situations of Human Ecology-based subdivisional fields, including food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, child studies, family studies, home management, housing studies, consumer sciences and home economics education, by an increasing need in the society of KHEA (Korean Home Economics Association). The study focused on understanding the trends of research topics and methods shown in the papers published in major academic periodicals in Korea as well as world-class (XI, SSCI) journals in order to predict the future for Ecology-based studies in Korea. The data were collected from all periodicals from January, 2000 to August, 2003, listed in the Korean Research Foundation and from world-class journals comparable to the former. Twenty-six periodicals were chosen for analysis, including papers with authors of ecology-based, field faculty at colleges or universities. There were some differences between the Korean and world-class research topics and methods. In order to narrow the gap between the two, we suggested that serious consideration be given to the research's application-ability toward human beings, which would be the homeecology study's identity. The same criteria in these fields as used in other natural science fields are not suitable for supporting and evaluating research proposals and outputs, and recent global academic promotions may not be desirable in some respects. However, they do present an opportunity to expose Korean researcher's to world-class scientific societies and upgrade their studies. These efforts should stimulate the field of Human-Ecology studies and enhance the recognitions of these fields among future students

남성의 관점에서 본 노인 돌봄 경험과 역할전환에 관한 연구

최인희(In-Hee Choi),송효진(Hyo-Jean Song),지은숙(Eun-Sook Jee),정다은(Da-Eun Jung) 한국여성정책연구원 2016 한국여성정책연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구개요 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 □ 최근 한국사회의 노인돌봄과 관련한 대표적인 변화는 ‘남성(남편, 아들 등)’이 독립적으로 일상생활을 영위하는데 제한이 있는 노인에게 돌봄을 제공하는 주된 역할을 수행하는 비율이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다는 점임. - 그러나, 기존 국내 노인돌봄 연구는 ‘여성’ 돌봄자의 돌봄 경험, 부양부담 및 부담경감 방안에 초점을 두고 수행되었으며, ‘돌봄의 주체’로서의 남성과 남성의 돌봄자로의 역할 전환(transition) 과정에 초점을 둔 연구는 제한적으로 수행됨. - 국외에서는 증가하는 남성돌봄자의 이슈를 탐색하기 위해 돌봄 수행방식 및 주돌봄자가 인지하는 노인돌봄 부담에 있어서의 성별차이(Akpinar et al., 2011; Montgomery, 1992; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006; Stoller, 1992), 남성의 노인돌봄 경험(히라야마 료, 2015; Pretorius et al., 2009; Ribeiro et al., 2007; Sanders & Power, 2009) 및 남성성이 남성돌봄자들의 노인돌봄 경험에 미치는 영향(Baker et al., 2010; Russell, 2007) 등에 관한 다양한 연구가 진행된 바 있으며 국내에서도 노인을 돌보는 남성돌봄자에 대한 심층적 연구가 필요하다고 제안된 바 있으나(이순미·김혜경, 2009; 최희경, 2012a) 남성들의 돌봄 경험을 면밀히 탐색한 연구는 제한적으로 수행되었음. - 이에 본 연구는 남성들의 노인돌봄 경험을 남성의 관점에서 분석하고, 돌봄을 둘러싼 젠더정체성 및 가족관계 변화양상을 포착하여 선제적인 가족정책을 수립하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 함. □ 본 연구의 목적은 남성(남편, 아들 등)에 의한 노인돌봄 현황 및 남성의 돌봄자로의 역할 전환 과정을 살펴보고, 이들의 정책지원 욕구를 파악하여 제도보완 및 남성 가족돌봄자를 위한 정책개발의 시사점을 제공하는 것임. 2. 연구의 주요 내용 □ 본 연구의 주요 연구문제는 다음과 같음. - 첫째, 배우자 또는 (조)부모를 돌보는 남성의 가족돌봄 현황(예: 돌봄기간, 시간, 돌봄 이유, 돌봄자 및 요보호노인의 건강상태, 사회적 지지망 등) 및 돌봄부담(burden)은 어떠한가? - 둘째, 남성이 배우자 또는 (조)부모를 돌보게 되면서 경험하게 된 변화(예: 관계적 측면, 돌봄의 의미 등)는 무엇인가? - 셋째, 배우자 또는 (조)부모를 돌보는 남성의 삶의 질은 어떠한가? - 넷째, 배우자 또는 (조)부모를 돌보는 남성의 가족돌봄 지원 정책(예: 노인장기요양보험제도 등)에 관한 인지도 및 이용 경험, 정책지원 욕구는 어떠한가? 3. 연구방법 □ 문헌 연구 - 본 연구에서는 남성의 노인 돌봄에 관한 국내외 선행연구 및 우리나라와 일본의 가족돌봄자 지원제도에 관한 자료를 검토하였음. □ 2차 통계자료 분석 - 2014년도 노인실태조사 (정경희 외, 2014)를 활용하여 요보호노인의 일상생활을 수행하는데 도움을 주는 사람, 가족원 중 가장 도움을 많이 준 사람 및 주당 돌봄시간 등을 분석하였음. □ 설문조사 및 분석 - 조사대상은 일상생활을 스스로 영위할 수 없는 55세 이상 노인을 조사시점에서 3개월 이상, 주당 15시간 이상 돌보고 있는 가족원 중 남성(남편, 아들 등) (N=247)으로 설정하였고, 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 1:1 면접조사를 수행하였음. 조사표는 1) 가족 및 돌봄대상자 특성, 2) 돌봄현황, 3) 사회적 지지, 4) 응답자의 건강 및 경제활동, 5) 가치관 및 삶에 대한 태도, 6) 정책지원 욕구로 구성하였으며, 수집된 자료를 분석하여 남성의 돌봄 현황 및 돌봄 부담, 역할전환 과정, 돌봄지원 정책 및 서비스 이용 경험과 정책지원 욕구 등을 파악하였음. □ 심층면접 조사 및 분석 - 남성돌봄자의 돌봄 경험을 보다 입체적으로 파악하기 위해 일상생활을 독립적으로 영위할 수 없는 배우자 또는 부모를 조사시점에서 3개월 이상, 1주 평균 15시간 이상 돌보는 남성(17명)을 대상으로 1:1 면접을 수행하였음. 심층면접에서는 돌봄 상황 및 관계적 특성이 돌봄에 미치는 영향, 돌봄 경험의 의미, 돌봄지원 정책 및 서비스 이용 경험과 정책지원 욕구 등에 대해 살펴보았음. □ 전문가 자문회의 - 관련 분야 전문가를 대상으로 전문가 자문회의를 개최하여 연구설계 및 방법, 정책대안에 대한 관련 부처 및 전문가 자문의견을 수렴하였음. 4. 연구의 기대효과 및 한계점 □ 본 연구는 그동안 제한적으로 수행된 연구인 ‘남성’ 가족돌봄자의 노인돌봄 경험을 탐색하고, 학술적·정책적 시사점을 도출하였다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있음. - 그러나, 노인을 돌보는 남성 가족돌봄자 모집단을 추정할 수 있는 자료의 부재로 임의할당추출에 의한 설문조사를 시행하여 결과를 일반화하는데 한계가 있음. - 남성돌봄자만을 대상으로 조사를 시행하여 여성돌봄자와의 돌봄 경험 및 부양부담의 차이를 직접적으로 비교하지 못 The number of male family caregivers in Korea, especially those providing spousal caregiving in old age, has been steadily increasing. However, since women have long predominated in the family caregiving role, few studies have explored the experience of caregiving by males in terms of the breadth and depth of care work and its meaning. The purpose of this study was to explore the caregiving experience of husbands and sons providing care to a spouse or parent(s) aged 55 and older who showed limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) for a period of at least six months. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were utilized for this study. Survey data were collected from a purposive sample of 247 male caregivers who served as the primary care providers for a dependent spouse or parent(s). Descriptive statistics and multivariate models were obtained using SPSS Statistics. In addition, semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 male caregivers were conducted. For the qualitative analysis, a comprehensive content review of all data, including line-by-line analysis, was conducted. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Some of the major findings are as follows: First of all, approximately one-fourth of respondents identified personal bonds as being their motivation for taking care of a dependent spouse or parent(s). The average caregiving period was around 47.7 months, and respondents spent approximately 34.1 hours per week on average on caregiving. Secondly, the majority of respondents in our sample reported that they experienced caregiving to be burdensome to some degree, especially in the areas of assistance with bathing (52.9%), voiding (49.5%), household management (44.6%), and meal preparation (50.6%). A significant number of respondents reported that one of the most difficult aspects of caregiving was balancing a personal life with the caregiving role, and most respondents stated that the initial phase of caregiving was the most difficult as they made the transition to the new role as caregiver and restructured their life. In addition, spousal caregivers generally experienced a higher level of caregiving burden compared to son caregivers since they are more likely to be older, unhealthier, and have fewer resources. However, a majority of male caregivers also found caregiving to be a very rewarding experience in that they felt useful (72.9%) by providing care to a dependent family member or they had grown closer to their dependent spouse or parent(s) as a result of the caring (54.7%). Thirdly, about 65% of respondents reported that they had secondary caregivers available to support them regularly in their caregiving. This finding supports previous research in which male caregivers were found to be more likely to have access to additional informal caregivers than were female caregivers. Fourth, although a significant number of respondents in our sample reported that they were aware of long-term care insurance (LTCI) benefits, the number of respondents who were receiving LTCI benefits was relatively smaller. Likewise, while approximately 80% of respondents reported being satisfied with the overall services available, the in-depth interview participants suggested that service adequacy, especially in-home care service, was insufficient for assisting family caregivers with balancing work life with the caregiving role. They also suggested that overall service quality should be improved to enhance quality of life among both older adults and family caregivers. However, in the regression analysis, use of LTCI benefits was not a predictor of male caregivers’ burdens.