Fe계 합금의 chromizing 거동

박홍진,이상율 한국항공대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.36 No.-

탄소강(AISI 1020),AISI H13, 1Cr-0.5Mo강 (ASTM A213),Inconel 718 에 대하여 표면 처리인 크로마이징 처리를 실시하였다. 각 시편에 대하여 1250℃, 아르곤 분위기에서 5시간 크로마이징을 실시하였고, SEM, XRD, 미소 경도계를 이용하여 크롬 확산 코팅 층의 효과와 특성을 분석하였다. pack cementation 법을 이용하여 5시간 동안 크로마이징 처리를 실시함으로써 약 150~300㎛두께의 크롬 확산 층을 형성시킬 수 있었다. 즉 탄소함량이 적을수록 크롬 확산층의 두께는 두꺼워졌다. 또한 탄소강과 H13강에 크로마이징을 실시한 것을 600℃에서 마모시험을 실시하여 마모량과 무게변화를 측정하여 고온 내마모성을 분석하였다. Surface treatments of chromizing on various alloys such as mild steel(AISI 1020), AISI H13, 1Cr-0.5Mo steel(ASTM A213) and Inconel 718 were carried out. Specimens were chromized at 1,250℃ for 5 hours in Ar atmosphere and effects and characteristics of Cr-diffusion coating on the alloys were analyzed using SEM, XRD, and microhardness tester. The chromizing for 5 hours by pack cementation process had created Cr diffusion layer of approximately 150~300㎛ thickness. The less carbon contents was, the thicker Cr diffused layer was. Also being studied were the high temperature wear resistance of the chromized mild steel and H13 steels and the wear volume and weight change after a wear test at 600℃ were determined.

응급센터로 내원한 발작성심실상성빈맥 환자에 대한 아데노신의 투여효과

김홍용,김경환,윤영철,이경호,김원율,김병옥 대한응급의학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Background: Adenosine has gained wide popularity in the emergency medical service system(EMS) since its approval for use in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT). But, few study about its efficacy and safety have been reported in this country. Therefore we had studied the efficacy of adenosine in the patients with PSVT in the emergency department(ED). Method: A prospective outcome study was performed from July, 1996 to June, 1997 at the Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University. PSVT was diagnosised based on emergency physician's interpretation of the 12 channel ECG. Patient's age, sex, symptoms, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, elapse time to sinus rhythm and side effects were recorded. Results: Twenty seven cases received adenosine for diagnosed PSVT in the ED for 1 year. The cases were 6 man and 21 women. The mean age was 53.4 year old. Three cases were considered unstable PSVT. In twenty six cases(96.3%) were converted to normal sinus rhythm after adenosine therapy. None of the patients who converted to sinus rhythm had recurrent PSVT or required additional mediation. Various adverse effects of adenosine were noted in all patients but were transient and clinically insignificant. Conclusion: Intravenous adenosine is an effective, safe and urgent treatment in terminating PSVT and no significant side effects were happened in emergency department.

EU 공동농업정책의 발전 : 보장부문(Guarantee Section)의 개혁을 중심으로

정홍열 서울대학교 국제지역원 2000 국제지역연구 Vol.9 No.2

유럽연합의 공동농업정책(Common Agricultural Policy)은 1957년 체결된 로마 조약에 근거하여 설립되었으며, 1962년에는 EAGGF를 창설하여 농업부문을 지원함으로써 유럽연합 발전에 초석을 이루고 있다. 그러나 EAGGF 보장부문의 고가격지원정책과 수출보조금 제도는 연합체에 큰 재정적 부담을 안겨 주었으며, 또한 회원국들 뿐 만 아니라 세계 주요 곡물수출국과 계속하여 마찰을 일으켜 왔다. 이러한 문제점들을 개선하기 위해 유럽연합은 지난 40여년 간 EAGGF 보장부문을 지속적으로 개혁해 어느 정도 성과를 거두기도 하였다. 그러나 핵심적인 문제는 아직 그대로 남아 있으며, 현재 EU가 경제통화동맹(EMU)과 회원국 확대 정책을 추구함에 따라 향후 더욱 더 많은 문제를 야기할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 맥락에서 논문에서는 처음 공동농업정책(CAP)이 설립될 당시의 상황과 공동농업정책의 발전과정, 보장부문(Guarantee Section) 중심의 개혁 내용들을 자세히 살펴 봄으로 이 정책이 가진 문제점들을 찾아보고, 이를 바탕으로 미래의 개혁 방안을 제시해 본다. The Development of Agricultural Policy of the EU: with focus on the Reform of the Guarantee Section The Common Agricultural Policy of the EC was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, and soon became a cornerstone of the Community. It covered over 90 percent of agricultural goods and was regarded as one of the most developed of the EU's policies. Since the 1980s, however, the CAP has caused not only financial crisis but also much political and economic conflict due to its particularly high price support system. Its export refund system has also disturbed the world agricultural market and created problems for the major exporters of farm products. Furthermore, the large share of agricultural expenditure in the EC budget has continued to block the development of other EU programs. To settle these disputes, the EU has introduced a number of reforms over the past 30 years. Even though these attempts achieved some significant progress, the key problems still existed. Moreover, the operations of the CAP are expected to be more complicated in the future due to the EU pursuit of the EMU and the Fourth enlargement. In this paper, I first examine the prevailing economic and political conditions when the CAP was established. Then I review how the CAP, especially Guarantee Section, has evolved and reformed during the past 30years. In the conclusion, I will discuss the main problems of the CAP, and suggest the direction of future reform.

후크시아의 生育 및 開花에 미치는 Uniconazole과 GA₃處理의 影響

金弘烈 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1995 연구논문집 Vol.51 No.1

This experiment was conducted to clarify the interaction on Uniconazole and GA3 treatements and moreover to get the basic data of flowering physiology of Fuchsia x hybrida 'Corallina' Stem growth was reduced 62% by Uniconaxole 100ppm treatment as compared with control. The average number of days to flower bud and flowering were accelerated 19.4days and 23.2days respectively and number of flowers increased by uniconazole treatment as compared with contrlo. Uniconazole reduced the flower size as a rssult of reducing the peduncle, sepal and petal length. Subsequent treatment of GA3 counteracted these effects of Uniconazole.

광주시내 업종별 음식점의 주방기구와 관련된 주요 세균 및 이들의 계절별 변화

이홍열,유맹자,정해진,김근영,정희종 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1998 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.33 No.-

업종별 음식점에서 사용중인 주방기구 가운데 개숫물중에 존재하는 세균들을 분리·동정한 결과, 한색음식점에서 37균주, 일식음식점에서 23균주, 및 중식음식점에서 33균주가 분리되었고 이들 중 한식음식점에서 E. coli 등 16균주, 일식음식점에서 Listeria sp. 등 20균주, 중식음식점에서 Micrococcus sp. 등 15균주를 각각 동정하였다. 이들 세균들은 업종별 음식업소에서 주로 사용되는 색품재료에 존재하는 세균들과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌고 E.coli와 같은 일부 세균들은 주방의 불결한 환경이나 종사자로부터 오염된 것으로 추정되었다. 업종별 음식점에서 사용중인 개숫물, 행주, 칼, 및 도마에 존재하는 세균의 분포는 일반세균수 및 대장균수가 모두 2월에서 8월까지 점점 증가하다가 11월에는 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 이같은 경향은 일반세균은 개숫물에서 대장균군은 칼에서 가장 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 따라서 식중독 발생 가능성이 가장 높은 여름철에는 칼, 도마 등 주방기구들은 정기적으로 열탕소독하는 철저한 위생처리가 필수적인 것으로 생각되었다. Thirty-seven, twenty-three, and thirty-three bacterial strains were isolated from dish-washing water which was selected as a kitchen supply commonly loaded the highest level of bacteria among various supplies using at Korean style, Japanese style, and Chinese style restaurants. Among these isolates, sixteen strains including Esherichia coli, twenty strains including Listeria sp., and fifteen strains including Micrococcus sp. were identified from Korean style, Japanese style, and Chinese style restaurants, respectively. This result suggested that most isolated bacteria were closely related to bacterial flora of raw food materials used in each style of restaurants and others could be contaminated from the surrounding environment and the employees. Total and coliform bacterial counts distributed in dish washing water, wiping cloths, knives, and cutting boards used at different types of restaurants were gradually increased from February to August and then decreased until November. This changing tendencies of total bacterial counts and coliform group counts were obvious in dish-washing water and in knives, respectively. Therefore, kitchen supplies such as wiping cloths, cutting boards, and knives should be treated carefully with hot water of above 45℃ at every certain period of time to kill some of these potential hazardous bacteria and to prevent outbreaking foodborne-illness by them, especially during Summer.

壬辰倭亂과 朝鮮의 醫學

孫弘烈 청주대학사학회 1994 淸大史林 Vol.6 No.-

과학적 회의주의

蘇興烈 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1983 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.42 No.-

The point of this paper is to clarify and develop the main tenet of a philosophical trend known as "positivism". Positivism, like any other philosophical belief, has changed its claims along with the progress in philosophy itself, as well as in science, for positivism is basically a philosophical trend that places its trust in the methodology of modern science. For instance, logical positivism is no longer a living issue among philosophers. But the death of logical positivism awakened a new interest in scientific methodology, which in turn brought about a new field in philosophy called "philosophy of science". Modern positivists are those philosophers who maintain the importance of scientific method as understood through the development in the "philosophy of science". Philosophy of science what we need to doubt about it, this doubt, however, is to be methodology of science, but also what we need to doubt about it, this doubt, however, is to be distinguished from the traditional epistemological doubt, of which the objective was to seek after absolute certainty in human knowledge. Positivistic doubt, which is characterized here as "scientific skepticism", is meant to be "methodologically productive". The major part of the paper, then, is given to the analysis of various in the scientific method as understood through the development in the "philosophy of science". Philosophy of science teaches us not only what we may believe in the methodology of science, but also what we need to doubt about it, this doubt, however, is to be distinguished from the traditional epistemological doubt, of which the objective was to seek after absolute certainty in human knowledge. Positivistic doubt, which is characterized here as "scientific skepticism", is concerned with the limits of scientific method. It raises questions about the limits of existing scientific knowledge, and by so doing it helps us to re-examine what we can believe on the scientific ground. Thus, it is a productive kind of doubt. "Scientific" in "scientific skepticism" is meant to be "methodologically productive". The major part of the paper, then, is given to the analysis of various aspects in the scientific method that might be subjected to this kind of productive doubt. They are: the inductive nature of the verification and confirmation of scientific hypothesis; the problem of circularity among the concepts, "explanation", "natural law" and "causation"; the problem of analogy and disanalogy in scientific theory-making; the problem of distinguishing "science" from "pseudo-science"; the problem of the paradigm effect; and the problem of value involved in the scientific method. Positivism as a philosophical trend seems tenable when we are aware of what we may believe and what we may doubt about the methodology of science.

6대 都市의 산업구조 分析 : 立地商(LQ)을 중심으로 based on Location Quotients

정홍열 成均館大學校 韓國産業硏究所 1998 韓國經濟 Vol.25 No.-

The location quotients is a technique used for assessing one region's specialization in an industry or some other activities. The nation has usually played benchmark role in this model. In order to measure the extent of economic concentration, the number of employees is most frequently used, but sales, gross regional products and value added have also been used. Fortunately, this kinds of data can be easily obtained from published regional data, and this makes location quotients very versatile and popular tools. However, empirical studies that involve this method is very rare in Korea. In this respect, I will first review the theoretical contents of location quotients including its advantages and limitations, and then apply this to 6 largest cities in Korea in order to find out what industries are specialized in each cities and how the degree of such specialization changed as time passed.

광주시내 업종별 음식점의 위생상태 및 식중독원인 세균의 분포 특성

이홍열,유맹자,정해진,김근영,정희종 全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 1998 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.33 No.-

업종별 음식점 주방의 위생상태는 일식>중식>한식의 순이었고 개인위생의 경우는 일식>한식>중식의 순이었는데 주방 및 종업원의 위생상태를 향상시키기 위해서는 음식점 규모의 대형화, 45℃ 이상의 온수공급, 주방시설의 표준화, 위생비닐장갑의 착용, 및 유니폼 착용이 신속하게 이루어져야 할 것이다. 업종별 대중음식점의 주방기구중의 세균분포는 전반적으로 일반세균수가 높게 나타났고 특히 대장균군수가 높게 나타났는데 음식물이 아니고 조리기구이긴 하지만 우리 음식점의 위생상 문제가 많은 것으로 생각된다. 미국 육군 Natick연구소가 제시한 음식물의 미생물 기준한계인 1 ×10??마리 이하, 대장균수가 100마리 이하와 비교할때 일반세균수의 경우는 아주 만족할만한 위생상태로 평가되었으나 대장균수는 개숫물의 경우 업종과 관계없이 높게 나타났고 행주와 칼의 경우 일식음식점에서만 높게 나타났으며 도마의 경우는 모두 100마리 이하로 양호한 위생상태로 평가되었다. 한식 전문음식점간의 세균수가 큰 차이를 보인 것은 규모와 운영방법이 서로 다르기 때문으로 앞으로 한식음식점에 대한 시설 및 환경개선에 대한 노력이 요구되었다. 또한 일식음식점간에는 일반세균수의 분포가 크게 다는 것으로 조사되었는데 특히 개숫물, 행주 및 도마중에 존재하는 미생물수가 크게 차이가 있었다. 등급별 한식음식점의 세균분포는 호텔급 음식점> 일반대중급 음식점> 여관급 음식점의 순으로 나타나 업소규모가 클수록 위생시설 및 위생습관의 수준이 높아 위생상태가 양호한 것으로 분석되었고 여관급음식점의 경우 위생상태가 낮은 것은 이용빈도가 낮은 것이 그 원인이 아닌가 생각되었다. Sanitary evaluation of kitchen area in different types of restaurants was the best at Japanese style restaurants and the worst aat Korean style restaurants. In personal hygiene Japanese style restaurant were evaluated as the best, but Chinese style restaurants were evaluated as the worst. Total and coliform bacterial counts were mostly showed high levels at all types of restaurants and especially this tendency was predominated in coliform counts. As compared to the standards suggested by U.S. Army Natick, however, total bacterial counts in all of supplies were evaluated as the satisfactory state. On the other hand, coliform counts in dish-washing water were much higher than the standard, which were not affected by the types of restaurant, and Japanese style restaurants were higher in wiping cloths and knives, but cutting boards were evaluated as satisfactory state with the counts less than 1.0 ×10².Bacterial counts in Korean style restaurants were greatly different depended on the size or type of restaurant. Total bacterial counts in Japanese style were also different among restaurants, especially in dish-washing water, wiping cloths, and cutting boards. According to the results of the evaluation of Korean style restaurant, bacterial distribution based on the class of restaurants, classified as hotel, motel, and public classes, hotel class restaurants showed lower levels of bacterial counts than public class. This result suggested that the larger and higher classes of restaurants maintained the satisfactory state without potential hazards.

토마스 아퀴나스의 삼위일체론

정홍열 아세아연합신학대학교 2004 ACTS 神學과 宣敎 Vol.8 No.-