Injective colorings of sparse graphs

Cranston, D.W.,Kim, S.J.,Yu, G. North-Holland Pub. Co ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2010 Discrete mathematics Vol.310 No.21

Let mad(G) denote the maximum average degree (over all subgraphs) of G and let χ<SUB>i</SUB>(G) denote the injective chromatic number of G. We prove that if mad(G)@?52, then χ<SUB>i</SUB>(G)@?Δ(G)+1; and if mad(G)<4219, then χ<SUB>i</SUB>(G)=Δ(G). Suppose that G is a planar graph with girth g(G) and Δ(G)>=4. We prove that if g(G)>=9, then χ<SUB>i</SUB>(G)@?Δ(G)+1; similarly, if g(G)>=13, then χ<SUB>i</SUB>(G)=Δ(G).

폴리에틸렌 옥사이드가 암포테리신 - B 의 응집 특성 및 독성에 미치는 영향

유봉규(Bong G . Yu) 한국약제학회 2001 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.31 No.1

N/A Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug of choice for the treatment of systemic fungal diseases, but its use is considerably limited due to a high incidence of toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity. It has been demonstrated that the toxicity of AmB is caused by self-aggregated species of the drug and that unaggregated (monomeric) drug is nontoxic but still expresses antifungal activity. Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a water-soluble polymer, which may impact the aggregation state of AmB. We have studied the aggregation state of AmB as a function of PEO molecular weight and concentration. At 3,000 and 8,000 g/mole, there was minimal or no change of critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of AmB regardless of the concentration of polymer. By contrast at 20,000 g/mole, the CAC of AmB strikingly increased to 24.3 and 37.5 μM at 5.0% and 10% w/v of polymer, respectively. The critical overlap concentration (COC) of PEO 20,000 g/mole was 5.5%. It appears that an interaction between monomeric AmB and polymer coil increases above the COC, competing with self-aggregation of the drug. Accordingly, the degree of aggregation of AmB stayed low and the toxicity became less. There was no such effect at 3,000 and 8,000 g/mole of PEO, owing perhaps to small dimensions in comparison to AmB. Based upon these findings, less toxic AmB formulation may be developed by a pharmaceutical technique such as solid dispersion system containing both AmB and PEO 20,000 g/mole.

MINERAL NUTRITION OF GRAZING SHEEP IN NORTHERN CHINA I. MACRO-MINERALS IN PASTURE, FEED SUPPLEMENTS AND SHEEP

Masters, D.G.,Purser, D.B.,Yu, S.X.,Wang, Z.S.,Yang, R.Z.,Liu, N.,Lu, D.X.,Wu, L.H.,Ren, J.K.,Li, G.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1993 Animal Bioscience Vol.6 No.1

This study determined the macro-mineral levels in plants and sheep, at different times during the year, at three farms in northern China. Samples of plants, animal tissues and faeces were collected at 5 to 8 times during the year from each site. They were analysed for calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. Sodium concentrations in plants were below those recommended for optimum animal production at all sites for all or part of the year (0.01-1.66 g/kg DM). Low concentrations of sodium in faeces were measured and signs of sodium deficiency (soil ingestion) were observed on one farm. There were seasonal trends in other mineral levels in plants and animals. Plants were lowest in potassium (2.3-13.4 g/kg DM), magnesium (1.28-4.82 g/kg DM) and phosphorus (0.24-1.62 g/kg DM) in winter and spring. However, high levels of these elements were supplied in the feed supplements used at this time of the year. During the periods of rapid pasture growth, in summer and autumn, supplements of feed and salt are often not provide even though pasture concentrations of phosphorus and sodium are low. It may be at these times that sheep will be most susceptible to deficiencies of these elements.

콩 탈곡기를 활용한 들깨 탈곡 기계화 연구

김형곤 ( H. G. Kim ),전현종 ( H. J. Jun ),김진구 ( J. G. Kim ),유승화 ( S. H. Yu ),김영근 ( Y. K. Kim ),강태경 ( T. G. Kang ),최일수 ( I. S. Choi ),이상희 ( S. H. Lee ),최용 ( Y. Choi ) 한국농업기계학회 2017 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.22 No.2

들깨 생산을 위한 농작업에서 경운· 정지, 피복, 방제 등은 기계화 되었으나 파종, 정식, 예취· 탈곡은 기계화가 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 기계화가 미흡한 들깨의 탈곡작업 기계화 촉진 및 범용화를 통한 들깨 기계화기술을 향상 하고자 수행하였다. 첫 번째 수행내용은 기존 콩 탈곡기 송풍 팬에 의해 손실되는 들깨를 줄이고자 송풍 팬 속도(450~1350 RPM)에 따른 풍구속도(m/s) 및 손실량(g)을 측정하기 위해 탈곡된 들깨 500 g을 탈곡기에 투입하여 실험하였다. 두 번째 수행내용은 투입된 작물의 줄기가 탈곡 시 배출이 용이하도록 탈곡기 덮개 안쪽에 가이드를 설치하여 탈곡에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 탈곡시험은 가이드를 설치하지 않은 경우와 설치한 경우로 분리하여 비교시험을 하였다. 가이드는 급동 회전방향과 10°, 20°, 30°를 유지하면서 배출구까지 도달하도록 설치하였고, 각도에 따른 잔물배출시간(s), 잔물배출무게(g) 및 잔물 파쇄 길이(cm)을 측정하였다. 시험결과 들깨의 손실률이 발생되는 구간은 1050 RPM, 풍구속도 5.27 m/s였으며 송풍 팬 회전속도가 증가할수록 손실률은 급격하게 증가하였다. 이는 실험 탈곡기 구조의 들깨 종말속도가 대략 5m/s로 송풍팬 회전속도를 1000 RPM, 풍구속도를 5m/s 이하로 설정해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 가이드 각도에 따른 잔물배출시간은 각도가 클수록 잔물배출시간이 단축되었고 특히 10°(18.90 s)는 무 설치(29.23 s) 보다 약 10초 단축되어 가이드 설치가 잔물배출에 효과적으로 나타났다. 잔물배출무게는 가이드 각도에 영향을 받지 않은 반면 잔물 파쇄 길이는 가이드 각도가 클수록 길게 나타났다. 결과적으로 실험 콩 탈곡기 적용 들깨 탈곡 시 5 m/s 이하의 풍속에서 잔물배출시간과 파쇄정도에 따른 들깨 손실 등을 고려한 복합적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

Genomic Common Data Model for Seamless Interoperation of Biomedical Data in Clinical Practice: Retrospective Study

Shin, Seo Jeong,You, Seng Chan,Park, Yu Rang,Roh, Jin,Kim, Jang-Hee,Haam, Seokjin,Reich, Christian G,Blacketer, Clair,Son, Dae-Soon,Oh, Seungbin,Park, Rae Woong JMIR Publications 2019 Journal of medical Internet research Vol.21 No.3

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Clinical sequencing data should be shared in order to achieve the sufficient scale and diversity required to provide strong evidence for improving patient care. A distributed research network allows researchers to share this evidence rather than the patient-level data across centers, thereby avoiding privacy issues. The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) common data model (CDM) used in distributed research networks has low coverage of sequencing data and does not reflect the latest trends of precision medicine.</P><P><B>Objective</B></P><P>The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the feasibility of a genomic CDM (G-CDM), as an extension of the OMOP-CDM, for application of genomic data in clinical practice.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Existing genomic data models and sequencing reports were reviewed to extend the OMOP-CDM to cover genomic data. The Human Genome Organisation Gene Nomenclature Committee and Human Genome Variation Society nomenclature were adopted to standardize the terminology in the model. Sequencing data of 114 and 1060 patients with lung cancer were obtained from the Ajou University School of Medicine database of Ajou University Hospital and The Cancer Genome Atlas, respectively, which were transformed to a format appropriate for the G-CDM. The data were compared with respect to gene name, variant type, and actionable mutations.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The G-CDM was extended into four tables linked to tables of the OMOP-CDM. Upon comparison with The Cancer Genome Atlas data, a clinically actionable mutation, p.Leu858Arg, in the <I>EGFR</I> gene was 6.64 times more frequent in the Ajou University School of Medicine database, while the p.Gly12Xaa mutation in the <I>KRAS</I> gene was 2.02 times more frequent in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. The data-exploring tool GeneProfiler was further developed to conduct descriptive analyses automatically using the G-CDM, which provides the proportions of genes, variant types, and actionable mutations. GeneProfiler also allows for querying the specific gene name and Human Genome Variation Society nomenclature to calculate the proportion of patients with a given mutation.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>We developed the G-CDM for effective integration of genomic data with standardized clinical data, allowing for data sharing across institutes. The feasibility of the G-CDM was validated by assessing the differences in data characteristics between two different genomic databases through the proposed data-exploring tool GeneProfiler. The G-CDM may facilitate analyses of interoperating clinical and genomic datasets across multiple institutions, minimizing privacy issues and enabling researchers to better understand the characteristics of patients and promote personalized medicine in clinical practice.</P>

Investigation of PCR-RFLPs within Major Histocompatibility Complex B-G Genes Using Two Restriction Enzymes in Eight Breeds of Chinese Indigenous Chickens

R. F. Xu,K. Li,G. H. Chen,B. Y. Z. Qiang,D. L. Mo,B. Fan,C. C. Li,M. Yu,M. J. Zhu,T. A. Xiong,B. Liu 아세아·태평양축산학회 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.7

New polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex B-G genes was investigated by amplification and digestion of a 401bp fragment including intron 1 and exon 2 using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) technique with two restriction enzymes of Msp I and Tas I in eight breeds of Chinese indigenous chickens and one exotic breed. In the fragment region of the gene, three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected at the two restriction sites. We found the transition of two nucleotides of A294G and T295C occurred at Tas I restriction site, and consequently led to a nonsynonymous substitution of asparagine into serine at position 54 within the deduced amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin variableregion- like domain encoded by the exon 2 of B-G gene. It was observed at rare frequency that a single mutation of A294G occurring at the site, also caused an identical substitution of amino acid, asparagine 54-to-serine, to that we described previously. And the transversion of G319C at Msp I site led to a non-synonymous substitution, glutamine 62-to-histidine. The new alleles and allele frequencies identified by the PCR-RFLP method with the two enzymes were characterized, of which the allele A and B frequencies at Msp I and Tas I loci were given disequilibrium distribution either in the eight Chinese local breeds or in the exotic breed. By comparison, allele A at Msp I locus tended to be dominant, while, the allele B at Tas I locus tended to be dominant in all of the breeds analyzed. In Tibetan chickens, the preliminary association analysis revealed that no significant difference was observed between the different genotypes identified at the Msp I and Tas I loci and the laying performance traits, respectively.

Influence of Dry Roasting of Whole Faba Beans (Vicia faba) on Rumen Degradation Characteristics in Dairy Cows, II: Starch

Yu, P.,Egan, A.R.,Holmes, J.H.G.,Leury, B.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.5

Whole faba beans (WFB) were dry roasted at different temperatures of 110, 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30 and 45 minutes (min) to determine the optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch as glucose source which may be a limiting nutrient in high producing dairy cattle. Ruminant degradation characteristics of starch (St) of WFB were determined using in sacco method in 6 dairy cows fed 60% hay and 40% concentrate. Measured characteristics of St were soluble (washable) fraction (S), potentially degradation fraction (D) and the rate of degradation (Kd) of the insoluble but degradable St fraction. Based on measurement of these characteristics, percentage bypass starch (%BSt) and bypass starch (BSt) were calculated. Degradability of starch in the rumen was reduced by dry roasting at temperature of 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ and increased at $110^{\circ}C$. S varied from 50.0% in the raw whole faba beans (RWFB) and 53.7% in $110^{\circ}C$/15 min to 18.2% in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. D varied from 49.9% in RWFB and 46.3% in $110^{\circ}C$/15 min to 81.8 % in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. Kd varied from 9.8% in RWFB and 11.0% in the $110^{\circ}C$/30 min to 4.2 in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. All these effects resulted in increasing %BSt from 22.1% in the $110^{\circ}C$/45 min and 23.9% in RWFB to 49.9% in the $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. Therefore BSt increased from 91.4 g/kg and 98.4 g/kg to 199.9 g/kg respectively. Dry roasting at $110^{\circ}C$ increased the starch rumen degradation. Treatment at higher temperature (130 and $150^{\circ}C$) decreased rumen degradation of starch and seemed to be linear up to highest values tested. No optimal dry roasting conditions of treatment could be determined at this stage. It may be concluded that dry roasting at temperatures of 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to intestine to increase bypass starch.

Influence of Dry Roasting on Rumen Protein Degradation Characteristics of Whole Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in Dairy Cows

Yu, P.,Holmes, J.H.G.,Leury, B.J.,Egan, A.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.1

Whole faba beans (WFB) were dry roasted at different temperatures (110, 130, $150^{\circ}C$) for 15, 30, 45 minutes to determine the optimal heating conditions of time and temperature to increase nutritional value. Ruminant degradation characteristics of crude protein (CP) of WFB were determined by the nylon bag incubation technique in dairy cows fed 60% hay and 40% concentrate. Measured characteristics of crude protein (CP) were soluble (washable) fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), lag time (T0), potentially degradable fraction (D) and the rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured characteristics, percentage bypass crude protein (%BCP) and bypass crude protein (BCP in g/kg) were calculated. Degradability of CP was reduced by dry roasting (p < 0.01). S was reduced rapidly with increasing time and temperature, from 49.0% in the raw WFB (RWFB) to 26.3% in $150^{\circ}C/45$ min. D varied from 50.7% in RWFB to 73.7% in $150^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$. U varied from 0% in $130^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$, $150^{\circ}/30^{\prime}$ and $150^{\circ}/45^{\prime}$ to 0.66% in $110^{\circ}/45^{\prime}$ (0.24% for the RWFB). Lag time (T0) varied from 1.58 h in $130^{\circ}C/30^{\prime}$ to 2.40 h in $150^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$ (1.87 h for RWFB). Kd varied from 24.2% in the $110^{\circ}C/30^{\prime}$ to 4.3% in $150^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$ (21.4% for the RWFB). Kd was significantly reduced with time and temperature. All these effects resulted in increasing % BCP from 8.9% in the $110^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$, 11.3% in the RWFB to 43.1% in the $150^{\circ}C/45$. Therefore BCP increased from 31.3 and 39.9 to 148.4 g/kg respectively. Both %BCP and BCP at $150^{\circ}C/45$ increased nearly 4 times over the raw faba beans. The effects of dry roasting temperature and time on %BCP and BCP seemed to be linear up to the highest values tested. Therefore no optimal dry roasting conditions of time and temperature could be determined at this stage. It was concluded that dry roasting was effective in shifting crude protein degradation from rumen to intestine to reduce unnecessary nitrogen (N) loss in the rumen. To determine the optimal treatment, the digestibility of each treatment should be measured in the next trial using mobile bags technique.

Rational design of forest-like nickel sulfide hierarchical architectures with ultrahigh areal capacity as a binder-free cathode material for hybrid supercapacitors

Rama Raju, G. Seeta,Pavitra, E.,Nagaraju, Goli,Sekhar, S. Chandra,Ghoreishian, Seyed Majid,Kwak, Cheol Hwan,Yu, Jae Su,Huh, Yun Suk,Han, Young-Kyu The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.6 No.27

<P>Evolution of a simple, efficient and reproducible strategy for the rational design of hierarchically structured metal chalcogenide-based supercapacitors has attracted considerable research interest in recent years. Herein, a facile wet-chemistry approach is employed to design three-dimensional forest-like porous nickel sulfide nanotrees on nickel foam (NiS NTs/Ni foam) for use as a cathode material in hybrid supercapacitors. The growth time plays a crucial role in controlling the surface morphology, and the optimal growth conditions (3 h at 85 °C) led to the growth of forest-like NiS NTs/Ni foam with reliable adherence. The forest-like NiS NTs/Ni foam shows maximum areal and specific capacities of 752.71 μA h cm<SUP>−2</SUP> and 342.1 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> at a current density of 4 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, with an excellent cycling stability of 89.4%. This result is primarily due to the availability of more surface-active sites in the well-defined hierarchical architecture, which allow the rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions and minimize the electron transport limitation. Utilizing the hierarchical NiS NTs/Ni foam as a cathode and activated carbon-based anode, we further fabricated a hybrid supercapacitor, which demonstrates a wide potential window of 1.6 V with high areal energy and power densities of 0.472 mW h cm<SUP>−2</SUP> and 21.5 mW cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, respectively. The fabricated hybrid supercapacitor is successfully utilized to drive various electronic gadgets for real-life applications. The electrochemical performance of a hierarchically structured NiS-based binder-free electrode with our facile approach paves a new pathway for the development of novel metal chalcogenides for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors.</P>

Linearly Polarized Emission of Quantum Wells Subject to an In-Plane Magnetic Field

D. Wolverson,Yu. G. Kusrayev,A. V. Koudinov,N. S. Averkiev,J. J. Davies,J. Kossut,G. Karczewski,T. Wojtowicz 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.5

We present results on the linear polarization of the photoluminescence (PL) of dilute magnetic semiconductor quantum wells which is induced by an applied magnetic field. The PL is found to be partially linearly polarized, but without any correlation with the polarization of the exciting light, whilst the direction of the polarization does not depend on the direction of the magnetic field in the plane although its magnitude does. We present a model for this behavior in terms of a possible reduction of the in-plane symmetry of the quantum well; we conclude that any perturbations giving (i) a finite in-plane hole g-factor and (ii) a mixing of light and heavy holes are sufficient to generate the type of experimental behavior we observe.