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RISS 인기검색어
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- 저자 : ( Emiko Harada ) (검색결과 4 건)
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Distribution of Elements on Tobacco Trichomes and Leaves under Cadmium and Sodium Stresses
( Yong Eui Choi ),( Emiko Harada ),( Gwang Hoon Kim ),( Eui Soo Yoon ),( Hiroshi Sano ) 한국식물학회 2004 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.47 No.2
When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants are exposed to toxic level of cadmium (0.2 mM Cd), their trichomes actively excrete crystals (Choi et al., 2001). In this study, we investigated the distribution of Cd and NaCl on trichomes and leaf surfaces. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that, under toxic Cd stress, crystals exudated from the trichomes contained high amounts of Ca, Mg, and Cd, as well as low levels of P, S, and Mn. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) from trichomes and attached crystals showed that these crystals emitted denser radiation energy for Ca and Cd than did the head cells of the trichomes. However, no Cd was detected on the trichome surface itself or within the leaf epidermis. In contrast, treatment with salt (NaCl) did not stimulate crystal formation; instead, it induced the abnormal expansion of trichome cells. Although Na was not accumulated within the crystals, a consider-able amount of both Na and Cl was sequestered within the stalk cells of the long trichomes. Therefore, we believe that tobacco trichomes play an important role in Cd crystal exudation through crystallization, but that, under NaCl stress, the long trichomes sequester those elements within their stalks.
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( Yong Eui Choi ),( Emiko Harada ) 한국식물학회 2005 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.48 No.1
Growth was severely inhibited when tobacco plants were exposed to toxic levels of cadmium (0.2 mM). However, when this treatment was combined with a high concentration of calcium (30 mM), the Cd-induced damage was strongly alleviated. Under these enhanced conditions, i.e., 30 mM Ca and 0.2 mM Cd, Ca crystals not only were heavily deposited in the leaves but were also actively excreted from the trichomes. The X-ray spectrum from our Energy Dispersive analysis revealed that both intra- and extracellular Ca crystals contained detectable amounts of Cd. Moreover, intracellular Ca deposition in the leaves was stimulated only by a high Ca concentration (30 mM); moderate levels of Ca (3 mM) or a toxic amount of Cd (0.2 mM) alone resulted in crystal deposition that was undetectable under a light microscope. In contrast, extracellular crystal formation on the trichomes was stimulated by toxic Cd treatment but not by high Ca concentrations alone. Finally, Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy revealed that a high level of Ca (30 mM) suppressed Cd accumulation while also increasing the endogeneous Ca concentration in the leaves. These observations imply that the amelioration of Ca against toxic Cd in tobacco plants is a result of not only the inhibition of Cd uptake, but also the extra- and intracellular sequestration of cadmium via Ca crystallization.
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Sarret, Gé,raldine,Harada, Emiko,Choi, Yong-Eui,Isaure, Marie-Pierre,Geoffroy, Nicolas,Fakra, Sirine,Marcus, Matthew A,Birschwilks, Mandy,Clemens, Stephan,Manceau, Alain American Society of Plant Physiologists 2006 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - Vol.141 No.3
<P>Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn). Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants, and these damages were partly reduced by a calcium (Ca) supplement. Confocal imaging of intracellular Zn using Zinquin showed that Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes. Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes. These grains were aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material and contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium. Micro x-ray diffraction revealed that the large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3). CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains. Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca. The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro-extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique. The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure. The production of Zn-containing biogenic calcite and other Zn compounds through the trichomes is a novel mechanism involved in Zn detoxification. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved x-ray synchrotron radiation techniques to study biomineralization and metal homeostasis processes in plants.</P>
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Chemical forms of calcium in Ca,Zn- and Ca,Cd-containing grains excreted by tobacco trichomes
Sarret, Gé,raldine,Isaure, Marie-Pierre,Marcus, Matthew A,Harada, Emiko,Choi, Yong-Eui,Pairis, Sé,bastien,Fakra, Sirine,Manceau, Alain National Research Council 2007 Canadian journal of chemistry Vol.85 No.10
<P> Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) plants exposed to toxic levels of zinc and cadmium excrete metals through their leaf trichomes (epidermal hairs) as Zn,Ca- and Cd,Ca-containing grains. Little is known about the nature and formation mechanism of these precipitates. The chemical, crystalline, and noncrystalline compositions of individual grains produced by tobacco were studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), micro-X-ray diffraction (µXRD), and calcium K-edge micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (µXANES) spectroscopy. Zinc is predominantly incorporated in calcite and cadmium in calcite and vaterite. Aragonite, which occurs occasionally, does not seem to contain trace metals. In addition to being precipitated in its three possible polymorphic forms, calcite, aragonite, and vaterite, calcium is also speciated as amorphous CaCO3 and possibly organic Ca in some grains. Most often, a particular grain consists of two or more crystalline and noncrystalline phases. The observed variability of intra- and inter-grain elemental and phase composition suggests that this biomineralization process is not constrained by biological factors but instead results from thermodynamically and kinetically controlled reactions. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved X-ray synchrotron radiation techniques (µXRD and µXANES) to study biomineralization and metal immobilization processes in plants.Key words: biomineralization, detoxification, micro-XANES, micro-XRD. </P>
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