곡물대탈취: 1973년 미국-소비에트 곡물 거래와 국제 식량 체계의 위기

이동규 ( Lee¸ Dongkyu ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2022 사총 Vol.105 No.-

본 논문은 1970년대 초반 전 세계적인 식량 위기 과정에서 발생했던 소련의 곡물 대탈취(Great Grain Robbery)라고 불리는 사건에 주목한다. 1973년 소련은 농업보조금이 적용된 가격으로 대략 천만 톤의 곡물을 미국의 곡물 회사로부터 구매한다. 잉여농산물 판매를 통해 닉슨 행정부는 소련과의 관계를 개선하면서 동시에 소련의 농업 부문의 종속성을 강화하려는 의도를 가지고 있었다. 그러나 소련 정부가 다수의 곡물 기업들에게 개별적으로 접근하여 계약을 진행했기 때문에 미국 정부는 대규모의 곡물이 한 번에 판매되는 것을 인지하지 못했다. 미국이 예상했던 것보다 대량의 곡물이 판매되면서, 남북전쟁 이후 가장 높은 곡물가를 기록하게 되었고, 국제 곡물 시장에서의 곡물 가격 역시 급격하게 상승했다. 1972년 농업 생산의 감소에서 시작한 국제적 규모의 식량 위기는 1973년의 미소간 곡물 거래 이후 심화되었다. 본 논문은 곡물 탈취 사건을 통해 1970년대 초의 식량 위기의 단편을 살펴보고, 이를 통해 1960년대에서 1970년대로 이어지는 국제 관계의 변화를 식량이라는 생태학적 주제를 중심으로 살펴본다. This paper focuses on an event called the Great Grain Robbery of 1973, which occurred during the global food crisis of the early 1970s. The USSR purchased approximately 10 million tons of grain subsidized by the US government. The United States initially intended to consume American agricultural surpluses and improve relations with the Soviet Union while at the same time strengthening Soviet dependence on the United States’ agricultural sector. After the grain deal, the United States recorded the highest grain price since the Civil War, and the prices in the international grain market also rose sharply. A food crisis on an international scale, which started with a decline in production in 1972, resulted, deepening after the 1973 grain deal. The purpose of this paper is to examine a part of the food crisis in the early 1970s that arose from the grain deal.

Evaluating Topological Optimized Layout of Building Structures by Using Nodal Material Density Based Bilinear Interpolation

Lee, Dongkyu,Lee, Jaehong,Lee, Kihak,Ahn, Namshik Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2014 JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEE Vol.13 No.2

Exciton dynamics in cation-exchanged CdSe/PbSe nanorods: The role of defects

Lee, Sooho,Wang, Yimeng,Liu, Yawei,Lee, Dongkyu,Lee, Kangha,Lee, Doh C.,Lian, Tianquan Elsevier 2017 Chemical physics letters Vol.683 No.-

<P>Cation exchange occurs via defect initiated solid-state diffusion, a process that can lead to defect formations. The effect of such inherent defect formation on carrier dynamics of cation-exchanged heterostructures remains poorly understood. Herein, we report exciton dynamics in type II CdSe/PbSe heterostructure nanorods formed via cation exchange. The majority of electrons in CdSe domains decays in 5 ps due to ultrafast carrier trapping. The defect generated by cation exchange can be healed by annealing the as-synthesized CdSe/PbSe heterostructure nanorods. This study suggests a strategy for improving properties of heteronanostructures prepared by cation exchange for applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Direct Cd-to-Pb Exchange of CdSe Nanorods into PbSe/CdSe Axial Heterojunction Nanorods

Lee, Dongkyu,Kim, Whi Dong,Lee, Seokwon,Bae, Wan Ki,Lee, Sangheon,Lee, Doh C. American Chemical Society 2015 Chemistry of materials Vol.27 No.15

<P>We report synthesis of PbSe nanorods (NRs) and PbSe/CdSe axial heterojunction NRs via direct Cd-to-Pb cation exchange in CdSe NRs. Use of suited ligand–cation combinations enables the cation exchange while keeping the nanomaterial morphology intact. For example, solvation of Cd<SUP>2+</SUP> using oleylamine (OLA) allows for the cation exchange process, which would not be possible by using oleic acid instead of OLA. A mild cation exchange process, such as mixing Pb-oleate and OLA with CdSe NRs at 130 or 150 °C, results in anisotropic replacement of CdSe into PbSe along the ⟨0001⟩ direction of wurtzite CdSe, and a partial conversion leads to the formation of heterostructure NRs containing axial CdSe/PbSe heterojunctions. While the cation exchange proceeds at both tips of CdSe NRs, exchange appears to be faster on (0001̅) planes. Binding energy calculation based on density functional theory reveals that OLA binds strongly to the (0001̅) facet of CdSe NRs, leading to asymmetric cation exchange. This protocol to convert CdSe nanocrystals directly into PbSe broadens the design range of CdSe/PbSe heterojunction nanomaterials potentially with various morphologies because template CdSe nanocrystals can be prepared in different shapes via colloidal synthesis.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2015/cmatex.2015.27.issue-15/acs.chemmater.5b01548/production/images/medium/cm-2015-01548m_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm5b01548'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Solar heating and cooling system with prediction of solar radiation applying deep learning analysis

Dongkyu Lee(이동규),Hyunmin Nam(남현민),Eunju Lee(이은주),Kinam Kang(강기남),Byoungdoo Lee(이병두) 한국신재생에너지학회 2017 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.9

흉부 단순촬영 영상을 이용한 척추측만증 조기 진단 모델 개발

이승아(Seung-Ah Lee),최선(Seon Choe),장미영(Miyoung Jang),이동규(Dongkyu Lee),양수진(Sujin Yang),이선호(Sun-Ho Lee),최현수(Hyun-soo Choi),이준구(June-Goo Lee) 한국정보과학회 2022 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.06

A Newly Identified CG301269 Improves Lipid and Glucose Metabolism Without Body Weight Gain Through Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor α and γ

Jeong, Hyun Woo,Lee, Joo-Won,Kim, Woo Sik,Choe, Sung Sik,Kim, Kyung-Hee,Park, Ho Seon,Shin, Hyun Jung,Lee, Gha Young,Shin, Dongkyu,Lee, Hanjae,Lee, Jun Hee,Choi, Eun Bok,Lee, Hyeon Kyu,Chung, Heekyoun American Diabetes Association 2011 Diabetes Vol.60 No.2

<P><B>OBJECTIVE</B></P><P>Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-α/γ dual agonists have been developed to alleviate metabolic disorders. However, several PPARα/γ dual agonists are accompanied with unwanted side effects, including body weight gain, edema, and tissue failure. This study investigated the effects of a novel PPARα/γ dual agonist, CG301269, on metabolic disorders both in vitro and in vivo.</P><P><B>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</B></P><P>Function of CG301269 as a PPARα/γ dual agonist was assessed in vitro by luciferase reporter assay, mammalian one-hybrid assay, and analyses of PPAR target genes. In vitro profiles on fatty acid oxidation and inflammatory responses were acquired by fatty acid oxidation assay and quantitative (q)RT-PCR of proinflammatory genes. In vivo effect of CG301269 was examined in <I>db/db</I> mice. Total body weight and various tissue weights were measured, and hepatic lipid profiles were analyzed. Systemic glucose and insulin tolerance were measured, and the in vivo effect of CG301269 on metabolic genes and proinflammatory genes was examined by qRT-PCR.</P><P><B>RESULTS</B></P><P>CG301269 selectively stimulated the transcriptional activities of PPARα and PPARγ. CG301269 enhanced fatty acid oxidation in vitro and ameliorated insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia in vivo. In <I>db/db</I> mice, CG301269 reduced inflammatory responses and fatty liver, without body weight gain.</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS</B></P><P>We demonstrate that CG301269 exhibits beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism by simultaneous activation of both PPARα and PPARγ. Our data suggest that CG301269 would be a potential lead compound against obesity and related metabolic disorders.</P>

Highly luminescent silica-coated CdS/CdSe/CdS nanoparticles with strong chemical robustness and excellent thermal stability

Wang, Nianfang,Koh, Sungjun,Jeong, Byeong Guk,Lee, Dongkyu,Kim, Whi Dong,Park, Kyoungwon,Nam, Min Ki,Lee, Kangha,Kim, Yewon,Lee, Baek-Hee,Lee, Kangtaek,Bae, Wan Ki,Lee, Doh C IOP 2017 Nanotechnology Vol.28 No.18

<P>We present facile synthesis of bright CdS/CdSe/CdS@SiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles with 72% of quantum yields (QYs) retaining ca 80% of the original QYs. The main innovative point is the utilization of the highly luminescent CdS/CdSe/CdS seed/spherical quantum well/shell (SQW) as silica coating seeds. The significance of inorganic semiconductor shell passivation and structure design of quantum dots (QDs) for obtaining bright QD@SiO<SUB>2</SUB> is demonstrated by applying silica encapsulation via reverse microemulsion method to three kinds of QDs with different structure: CdSe core and 2 nm CdS shell (CdSe/CdS-thin); CdSe core and 6 nm CdS shell (CdSe/CdS-thick); and CdS core, CdSe intermediate shell and 5 nm CdS outer shell (CdS/CdSe/CdS-SQW). Silica encapsulation inevitably results in lower photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) than pristine QDs due to formation of surface defects. However, the retaining ratio of pristine QY is different in the three silica coated samples; for example, CdSe/CdS-thin/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> shows the lowest retaining ratio (36%) while the retaining ratio of pristine PL QY in CdSe/CdS-thick/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> and SQW/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> is over 80% and SQW/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> shows the highest resulting PL QY. Thick outermost CdS shell isolates the excitons from the defects at surface, making PL QY relatively insensitive to silica encapsulation. The bright SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-coated SQW sample shows robustness against harsh conditions, such as acid etching and thermal annealing. The high luminescence and long-term stability highlights the potential of using the SQW/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles in bio-labeling or display applications.</P>

Direct Detection and Speciation of Trace Explosives Using a Nanoporous Multifunctional Microcantilever

Lee, Dongkyu,Kim, Seonghwan,Jeon, Sangmin,Thundat, Thomas American Chemical Society 2014 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - Vol.86 No.10

<P>We have developed a highly selective and sensitive nanomechanical infrared (IR) calorimetric spectrometer for use in the direct detection of ultralow concentrations of explosive vapors using a nanoporous TiO<SUB>2</SUB> cantilever. These cantilevers were fabricated using a two-step anodization and photolithography process. By patterning nanoscale wells onto a cantilever, its surface area is increased by 2 orders of magnitude and the surface is converted into a preconcentrator. Resonant excitation of adsorbed molecules using IR radiation causes the cantilever to bend due to temperature changes originating from the nonradiative decay process. The porous structure of the cantilever increases its thermomechanical sensitivity as well as the number of adsorbed molecules. The system performance was demonstrated by detecting binary explosive mixtures under ambient conditions. The TiO<SUB>2</SUB> sensor surface also allows regeneration through the photocatalytic decomposition of adsorbates under UV irradiation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancham/2014/ancham.2014.86.issue-10/ac500745g/production/images/medium/ac-2014-00745g_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ac500745g'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

재난근본원인을 조사할 수 있는가? - 재난포렌식조사 프레임워크 적용가능성을 중심으로 -

Dongkyu Lee 위기관리 이론과 실천 2022 Disastronomy Vol.5 No.1

시대에 따라 재난에 대한 해석은 달라져 왔다. 재난을 물리·화학적 기제에 의한 자연현상으로 보는 관점은 공학에 전적으 로 의존하는 기술관료주의를 정착시켰다. 최근 국제사회와 학계 모두 이러한 기존의 접근방식이 지닌 한계점을 인정하며 위험경감을 위한 대안의 필요성을 인정하고 있다. 사고 직접원인과 규정 위반자 적발 위주의 조사는 개별 사건에 국한되지 않는 사회문화시스템 수준에서의 동인 탐색을 할 수 없다. 2016년 재난포렌식조사 프레임워크(FORIN)는 기존의 조사실무 를 촉발사건의 물리적 성격만을 다룬다고 비판하며 기술적 분석과 근본원인분석을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 한국의 재난원인 조사체계의 현황을 조사하여 FORIN의 근본원인분석 수행에 적합한지 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 재난 및 안전관리 기본 법을 통해 확인한 결과, 한국의 현행 조사체계는 기술관료적 관점을 기반으로 설계·운영되고 있었다. 사회적 구성물로서 위험을 인정하고 그 형성 동인에 관한 조사가 이루어질 수 있도록 제도적 보완이 요구된다. The interpretation of diaster has changed with the times. The view of disaster as a natural phenomenon by physical and chemical mechanisms has established techno-bureaucratic perspective that relies entirely on engineering. Recently both the international community and academia have have acknowledged the limitations of this approach and formulated the position that alternatives to risk reduction are needed. Investigation focused on the direct cause of the accidents and the detection of regulation violators cannot explore the drivers at the level of the cultural and social system, which is not limited to individual cases. In 2016, the Disaster Forensics Investigation Framework criticized the existing investigation practice for dealing only with the physical nature of the triggering events and presented descriptive analysis and root cause analysis. This study was conducted to investigate the current status of the disaster investigation practice in Korea and evaluate whether it is suitable for performing the root cause analysis of FORIN. As a result of confirming through the review of the Disaster and Safety Management Act, Current investigation system was designed an operated based on techno-bureaucratic perspective. Institutional supplementation is required so that risks can be recognized as a socail construct and investigations on the dynamic process for risk accumulation can be made.