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      • Analysing Ambiguous Nouns and Verbs with Quantum Contextuality Tools

        ( Daphne Wang ),( Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh ),( Samson Abramsky ),( Víctor H. Cervantes ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2021 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.22 No.3

        Psycholinguistic research uses eye-tracking to show that polysemous words are disambiguated differently from homonymous words, and that ambiguous verbs are disambiguated differently than ambiguous nouns. Research in Compositional Distributional Semantics uses cosine distances to show that verbs are disambiguated more efficiently in the context of their subjects and objects than when on their own. These two frameworks both focus on one ambiguous word at a time and neither considers ambiguous phrases with two (or more) ambiguous words. We borrow methods and measures from Quantum Information Theory, the framework of Contextuality-by-Default and degrees of contextual influences, and work with ambiguous subject-verb and verb-object phrases of English, where both the subject/object and the verb are ambiguous. We show that differences in the processing of ambiguous verbs versus ambiguous nouns, as well as between different levels of ambiguity in homonymous versus polysemous nouns and verbs can be modelled using the averages of the degrees of their contextual influences.

      • Idiosyncratic Risks, Bailout, and Financial Crisis: A Copula Approach

        Daphne Wang,Khoa Huu Nguyen People&Global Business Association 2015 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.20 No.1

        The evidence on the dependence relationship of idiosyncratic risks among public‐listed banks is unclear in the presence of the bailout event in the recent financial crisis. There is a suspicion about the effects of bailout regimes on the idiosyncratic risk circulated among different size‐paired banks. We shed new light on the issue using a copula approach, an approach that allows for a possible skewed distribution and non‐linear time series. We find that both stock return volatility and idiosyncratic risks increase significantly as stock returns increase after a bailout, especially in the money center group. We also find evidence suggesting that the dependence structure of idiosyncratic risks among size‐paired banks decreases after bailout funding notably in Money Center‐Large and Large‐Small size‐paired banks. The findings suggest that the expectation of using a Capital Purchase Program to reduce the probability of a contagion effect in this recent crisis is feasible and obtainable but with limited effects.

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        Prevalence and Risk Factors of Undernutrition among Older Adults Living in Nonsubsidized Residential Care Homes: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study

        Daphne Sze Ki Cheung,Shanshan Wang,Franco Tsz Fung Cheung,Ken Hok Man Ho,Justina Yat Wa Liu,Hui lin Cheng,Simon Ching Lam 한국성인간호학회 2023 성인간호학회지 Vol.35 No.3

        Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of undernutrition among older adults living in nonsubsidized Residential Care Homes (RCHs). Methods: Face-to-face interviews and assessments were conducted in a convenience sample of 298 older adults (aged 65 years or older) residing in nonsubsidized RCHs in Hong Kong in January 2015. Subjects who ate by mouth (with or without assistance) and who had no communication barriers were included. We employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design according to the STROBE reporting guidelines. Data were collected on participants' demographics, history of chronic illness, physical function (assessed by the 10-item Simplified Barthel Index with the self-care ability and mobility subscales), cognitive function (assessed by the 10-item Abbreviated Mental Test), and nutritional status (assessed by the 18-item Mini Nutritional Assessment). After identifying the variables associated with undernutrition, hierarchical multivariate logistic regression was used to identify salient predictors. Results: In total, 40.9% of participants had undernutrition, which was associated with a longer length of stay in RCHs and poorer physical and cognitive functions compared to adequate nutrition or being at risk of undernutrition. Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression showed that residents with better cognitive function (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR]=0.88) and self-care ability (adjusted OR=0.75) were at a lower risk of undernutrition. Conclusion: Undernutrition is prevalent among residents in RCHs in Hong Kong and poses a significant risk of cognitive impairment and poor self-care skills. To lessen the likelihood and the consequences of undernutrition, RCHs must give special consideration to residents with these risk factors.

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