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Biomaterials in Spinal Implants: A Review
Andrew Warburton,Steven J. Girdler,Christopher M. Mikhail,Amy Ahn,Samuel K. Cho 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.1
The aim to find the perfect biomaterial for spinal implant has been the focus of spinal research since the 1800s. Spinal surgery and the devices used therein have undergone a constant evolution in order to meet the needs of surgeons who have continued to further understand the biomechanical principles of spinal stability and have improved as new technologies and materials are available for production use. The perfect biomaterial would be one that is biologically inert/compatible, has a Young’s modulus similar to that of the bone where it is implanted, high tensile strength, stiffness, fatigue strength, and low artifacts on imaging. Today, the materials that have been most commonly used include stainless steel, titanium, cobalt chrome, nitinol (a nickel titanium alloy), tantalum, and polyetheretherketone in rods, screws, cages, and plates. Current advancements such as 3-dimensional printing, the ProDisc-L and ProDisc-C, the ApiFix, and the Mobi-C which all aim to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and improve patient satisfaction. Spine surgeons should remain vigilant regarding the current literature and technological advancements in spinal materials and procedures. The progression of spinal implant materials for cages, rods, screws and plates with advantages and disadvantages for each material will be discussed.
Christopher V. Hawkins,SIMON A. ANDREW 한국행정학회 2010 International Review of Public Administration Vol.15 No.1
The main purpose of this paper is to examine if cooperative arrangements among local governments explain the tendency for local governments to adopt certain types of economic development strategies. We take our clues from the Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework by highlighting the elements of competition and cooperation in economic development strategies. The general hypothesis is that when local governments decide to cooperate, they are acting strategically to improve their economic competitiveness and strategic acts often are based on certain development objectives. We utilize a series of binary regressions with data collected from a survey of local development officials in 206 cities located in twelve metropolitan areas in the United States. The results provide partial support for our general propositions. We found cooperation has no effect on “go it alone” tax incentive strategies but a positive effect on the use of capital intensive strategies that are crucial for enhancing regional competiveness.
The Brassica/Arabidopsis Comparative Genome Browser A Novel Approach to Genome Browsing
Lewis Christopher T.,Sharpe Andrew G.,Lydiate Derek J.,Parkin Isobel A.P. The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2003 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research Vol.5 No.4
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) has enabled a visually appealing, browser-based application for the display of Brassica sequences relative to Arabidopsis thaliana, and there are currently more than 70,000 B. napus Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) displayed. The client side of this browser is based on a Custom Graphical User Interface (CGUI) library which uses SVG, a new web graphics standard, to provide windowing functionality inside the web browser. This windowing functionality, combined with asynchronous data retrieval and client side rendering overcomes two of the key technology imposed drawbacks of current web based browsers: Fixed displays and frequent page reloads. The end result is an intuitive and enjoyable browsing experience. The browser is accessible online from the Brassica / Arabidopsis Genomics Initiative (http://brassica.agr.gc.ca). Inquiries about the browser should be directed to LewisCT@agr.gc.ca.
Mikhail Christopher Mina,Warburton Andrew,Girdler Steven Joseph,Platt Samantha,Cong Guang-Ting,Cho Samuel Kang-Wook 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.5
Study Design: A retrospective analysis of data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Readmissions Database (HCUP-NRD). Purpose: To identify the perioperative characteristics associated with 30-day and 90-day readmission due to intestinal bowel obstructions (IBOs) following posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) procedure. Overview of Literature: PLF procedures are used to repair spinal injuries and curvature deformities. IBO is a common surgical complication and its repair often necessitates surgery that increases the readmission rates and healthcare costs. Previous studies have identified the preoperative risk factors for 30-day readmissions in PLF; however, no study has specifically investigated IBO or identified risk factors for 90-day readmissions. Methods: Data on demographic characteristics and medical comorbidities of patients who underwent PLF with subsequent readmission were obtained from the HCUP-NRD. The perioperative characteristics that were significantly different between patients readmitted with and without an active diagnosis of IBO were identified with bivariate analysis for both 30-day and 90-day readmissions. The significant characteristics were then included in a multivariate analysis to identify those that were independently associated with 30-day and 90-day readmissions. Results: Drug abuse (odds ratio [OR], 4.00), uncomplicated diabetes (OR, 2.06), having Medicare insurance (OR, 1.65), age 55–64 years (OR, 2.42), age 65–79 years (OR, 2.77), and age >80 years (OR, 3.87) were significant risk factors for 30-day readmission attributable to IBO after a PLF procedure. Conclusions: Of the several preoperative risk factors identified for readmission with IBO after PLF surgery, drug abuse had the strongest association and was likely to be the most clinically relevant factor. Physicians and care teams should understand the risks of opioid-based pain management regimens, attempt to manage pain with a multimodal approach, and minimize the opioid use.
Wiersum, Andrew D.,Giovannangeli, Christophe,Vincent, Dominique,Bloch, Emily,Reinsch, Helge,Stock, Norbert,Lee, Ji Sun,Chang, Jong-San,Llewellyn, Philip L. American Chemical Society 2013 ACS combinatorial science Vol.15 No.2
<P>A high-throughput gas adsorption apparatus is presented for the evaluation of adsorbents of interest in gas storage and separation applications. This instrument is capable of measuring complete adsorption isotherms up to 40 bar on six samples in parallel using as little as 60 mg of material. Multiple adsorption cycles can be carried out and four gases can be used sequentially, giving as many as 24 adsorption isotherms in 24 h. The apparatus has been used to investigate the effect of metal center (MIL-100) and functional groups (CAU-10) on the adsorption of N<SUB>2</SUB>, CO<SUB>2</SUB>, and light hydrocarbons on MOFs. This demonstrates how it can serve to evaluate sample quality and adsorption reversibility, to determine optimum activation conditions and to estimate separation properties. As such it is a useful tool for the screening of novel adsorbents for different applications in gas separation, providing significant time savings in identifying potentially interesting materials.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/acsccc/2013/acsccc.2013.15.issue-2/co300128w/production/images/medium/co-2012-00128w_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/co300128w'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
A Novel, Reactive Green Iron Sulfide (Sulfide Green Rust) Formed on Iron Oxide Nanocrystals
Jones, Christopher J.,Chattopadhyay, Soma,Gonzalez-Pech, Natalia I.,Avendano, Carolina,Hwang, Nina,Lee, Seung Soo,Cho, Minjung,Ozarowski, Andrew,Prakash, Arjun,Mayo, J. T.,Yavuz, Cafer,Colvin, Vicki. American Chemical Society 2015 Chemistry of materials Vol.27 No.3
<P>Iron oxide nanocrystals are of great scientific and technological interest. In this work, these materials are the starting point for producing a reactive nanoparticle whose surface resembles that of natural green rusts. Treatment of iron oxide nanoparticles with cysteamine leads to the reduction of iron and the formation of a brilliant green aqueous solution of nanocrystals rich in iron(II). These materials remained crystalline with magnetic and structural features of the original iron oxide. However, new low-angle X-ray diffraction peaks as well as vibrational features characteristic of cysteamine were found in the nanocrystalline product. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoemission (XPS) and Mössbauer spectroscopies indicated the presence of an iron(II)-rich phase with high sulfur content analogous to the iron–oxygen structures found in natural green rusts. Electron microscopy found that these structural components remained associated with the nonreduced iron oxide cores. These sulfur-rich analogs of natural green rusts are highly reactive and were able to rapidly degrade a model organic dye in water. This observation suggests possible actuation with a cysteamine treatment of inert and magnetic iron oxide particles at the point-of-use for environmental remediation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2015/cmatex.2015.27.issue-3/cm5028942/production/images/medium/cm-2014-028942_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm5028942'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Validation of a Novel Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Cannulation Simulator
Pichamol Jirapinyo,Andrew C. Thompson,Hiroyuki Aihara,Marvin Ryou,Christopher C. Thompson 대한소화기내시경학회 2020 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.53 No.3
Background/Aims: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires a unique skill set. Currently, there is noobjective methodology to assess and train a professional to perform ERCP. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel ERCPsimulator. Methods: The simulator consists of papillae presenting different anatomy and positioned in varied locations. Deep cannulation of thepancreatic duct, followed by the bile duct, was performed. The time allotted was 5 minutes. The content validity indexes (CVIs) forrealism, relevance, and representativeness were calculated. Correlation between ERCP experience and simulator score was determined. Results: Twenty-three participants completed the simulation. The CVIs for realism were orientation of duodenoscope to papilla (1.00),angulation of papillotome to achieve cannulation (0.71), and haptic feedback during cannulation (0.80). The CVIs for relevance wereuse of elevator (1.00), wheels to achieve en face orientation (1.00), and papillotome for selective cannulation (1.00). Regarding CVI forrepresentativeness, the results were as follows: basic cannulation (0.83), papilla locations (0.83), and papilla anatomies (0.80). The novice,intermediate, and experienced groups scored 6.7±8.7, 30.0±16.3, and 74.4±43.9, respectively (p<0.0001). There was a strong correlationbetween the ERCP experience level and the individual’s simulator score (Pearson value of 0.77, R2 of 0.60). Conclusions: This simulator appears to be realistic, relevant, and representative of ERCP cannulation techniques. Additionally, it iseffective at objectively assessing basic ERCP skills by differentiating scores based on clinical experience.