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Review : Factors affecting drug-induced liver injury: antithyroid drugs as instances
( Reza Heidari ),( Hossein Niknahad ),( Akram Jamshidzadeh ),( Narges Abdoli3 ) 대한간학회 2014 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.20 No.3
Methimazole and propylthiouracil have been used in the management of hyperthyroidism for more than half a century. However, hepatotoxicity is one of the most deleterious side effects associated with these medications. The mechanism(s) of hepatic injury induced by antithyroid agents is not fully recognized yet. Furthermore, there are no specific tools for predicting the occurrence of hepatotoxicity induced by these drugs. The purpose of this article is to give an overview on possible susceptibility factors in liver injury induced by antithyroid agents. Age, gender, metabolism characteristics, alcohol consumption, underlying diseases, immunologic mechanisms, and drug interactions are involved in enhancing antithyroid drugs induced hepatic damage. An outline on the clinically used treatments for antithyroid drugs-inducedhepatotoxicity and the potential therapeutic strategies found to be effective against this complication are also discussed. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2014;20:237-248)
Ali Dehshahri,Samira Hossaini Alhashemi,Akram Jamshidzadeh,Zahra Sabahi,Soliman Mohammadi Samani,Hossein Sadeghpour,Erfaneh Mohazabieh,Mahin Fadaei 한국고분자학회 2013 Macromolecular Research Vol.21 No.12
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been proposed for cancer immunotherapy due to its versatile antitumor and antiangiogenesis effects. Although cancer immunotherapy through systemic administration of IL-12 has shown antitumor effects in tumor-bearing mice, broad application of recombinant IL-12 protein has been limited by its cytotoxicity. Therefore, the use of various polycationic polymers such as polyethylenimine (PEI), polyamidoamine (PAMAM) and chitosan has been considered as an effective strategy to transfer plasmid encoding IL-12 gene into cells. In this investigation, polyplexes (polymer/pDNA complexes) were prepared using PEI, PAMAM and chitosan at different N/P ratios and their ability in transferring plasmid encoding IL-12 gene was evaluated. Furthermore,these polyplexes were characterized and compared with regarding their cytotoxicity, DNA condensation ability, particle size, zeta potential, buffering capacity and pDNA protection against enzyme degradation. The results revealed that the polyplexes formulated with 25 kDa PEI and chitosan had the highest transfection efficiencies. The highest level of IL-12 gene expression was achieved by the nanoparticles prepared by 25 kDa PEI where they could increase the level of gene expression up to 12 times compared to that of naked plasmid encoding IL-12 gene. These results suggest that 25 kDa PEI and chitosan are the best candidates for adding targeting ligands into their structures in order to create a liver targeting gene delivery system.