Studying affordable housing planning for Nay Pyi Taw City under smart city initiatives

Aye, Zin Mar Sungkyunkwan University 2022 국내석사

For developing inclusive and resilient cities, many countries around the world have been introducing a variety of smart city initiatives to be able to improve quality of life, the efficiency of urban services, and economic development for their citizens. Most of the cities around the globe have suffered from serious housing affordability problems because of imbalances in urban housing development and skyrocketing living costs. As like other developing countries, Myanmar has been still developing those approaches and policy instruments to solve the enormous affordable housing shortage for sustainable urban development. Base of these concerns, this paper studies current status affordable housing provisions in Nay Pyi Taw City, a new capital of Myanmar since 2005, and explore lessons learned from affordable housing programs of Seoul City in South Korea. The study is conducted in two steps: in a first step, a preliminary analysis of the supply side of affordable and low-cost housing provision in Nay Pyi Taw City; and in second step, an in-depth case study method on a variety of affordable housing programs in Seoul City. In data analysis, this paper analysed current low-cost and affordable housing programs supplied by central and regional governments in Nay Pyi Taw City in terms of demographic, home affordability, main institutions of housing supply, funding sources, and targeted households groups. As a case study, the author examines different Studying Affordable Housing Planning for Nay Pyi Taw City development tools of affordable housing programs in Seoul City through history and background, housing program type, program summary, target group, funding mechanism with an embedded approach. The study made discussion on four topics- development tools, stakeholders participation, funding source and target groups households for affordable housing provision in Nay Pyi Taw City. The Nay Pyi Taw regional governments should be upgrade their local housing regulations, inclusionary zoning regulations and codes to develop and preserve affordable housing for low-income households in city urban area. Government needs to renegotiate developmental incentives like taxations and direct subsidized loans to encourage housing supply through private sector participation. Moreover, the government should consider to expand mixed-use funding mechanism, allocate a sustainable revolving fund for city’s public housing provision in future and to regulate targeted income level policy for affordable housing and low-cost housing programs. In conclusion, the study gives some lessons and suggestions for Nay Pyi Taw City to fill the gaps of housing inequality through the lens of city planners, urban planners, and policymakers.

코로나19시대 초등교사의 협력 경험에 관한 연구

김지영 경인교육대학교 교육전문대학원 2022 국내석사

This study aims to analyze the experiences of elementary school teacher cooperation in Corona 19 situation. For this purpose, the interactions in the co-teacher organization, which had to be changed in the Corona 19 situation, were analyzed and analyzed by type of experience cases according to the level of teacher cooperation. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of teacher cooperation on individual coroners based on the contextual background of Corona 19, and to summarize the results and find meaningful implications. Furthermore, the possibility of improving teacher professionalism in the Corona situation is also explored. In addition, the ultimate purpose of this study is to support and support the efforts of elementary school teachers to implement innovative teaching activities by seeking appropriate support measures to enhance teacher cooperation based on the results of the study. In order to gain the experience of the subjects with various situations, the grade group was divided into low (1-2nd grade), middle (3-4th grade), and high (5-6th grade), and teachers were selected by dividing the three stages (1-7, 8-23 years, and 24 years or more) by the position, and by the position, the teachers were selected. In addition, teachers who work in schools with different regional and school organizational structure and current status were selected. The subjects of this study are teachers who have high educational enthusiasm, understand the purpose and process of the study, and have an active participation intention. The most important criteria for selecting the subjects are teachers who are working in elementary school education field in Corona era, remote classes including real-time interactive classes, contents production classes and face-to-face classes, and teachers who have made efforts to respond to and practice urgent educational situations. And it is a teacher who has experience of cooperation with fellow teachers in the same grade organization and can give a rich answer to this research problem. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews so that participants could specifically describe their experiences in teacher cooperation. Through in-depth interviews, the researcher examined the phenomenon of teacher cooperation through semantic interpretation in linguistic expressions and conducted qualitative content analysis using the collected data. The following conclusions were obtained by analyzing and structured the cases of each individual interview: The experience of teacher cooperation in elementary school which has changed qualitatively from the previous situation, focusing on Corona 19 situation. First, teachers experienced cooperation to develop knowledge, skills, strategies, and apply new learning. Teachers shared ideas and materials related to class online, and these sharing was activated, so they exchanged thoughts and shared materials anytime and anywhere. In addition, teachers have experienced voluntary consultation for online remote classes and overcoming the limitations of non-face-to-face classes with the power to gather together. This process was possible because of the active help and support of fellow teachers, and as a result, it was able to adapt wisely to the school education environment changing into the Corona situation. Second, teachers experienced cooperative reflection for school development. Teachers' daily life is to practice classes. In the school, there was an atmosphere of recognizing and supporting the difficulties of teachers who had to perform various types of classes such as face-to-face and non-face-to-face classes, online content-oriented classes and real-time interactive classes, especially in Corona situations. Teachers shared for effective class activities instead of performing their work, and feedback was activated between the two to make better classes. Teachers performed the task of prevention at the same time during the class and escaped the crisis by joint response activities every Corona crisis situation. They tried to minimize the learning deficit of students and to guarantee learning ability by communicating and preparing the situation from time to time through non-face-to-face communication. Teachers discuss and share matters related to learning and attendance management, and make and apply regulations. Third, teachers carried out cooperative planning and practice. As the first step of the joint class, they started a joint work to prepare the weekly learning plan together and divided the curriculum and prepare the class. Teachers co-create materials together and have a sense of responsibility for class. Together with fellow teachers, they participate in joint class projects such as co-teaching, evaluate joint classes, and experience deprivatized practice. Fourth, they experienced cooperation that respects various ideas, talks a lot, and continuously explores them. Teachers shared their vision and goals by conducting consultations and conversations for solving problems in the Corona 19 situation. In addition, the same graders were accustomed to preparing and consulting for common problem solving, and the exercise of collective intelligence of such teachers was especially diverse according to the competencies of the same grade community group. Teachers talked with fellow teachers, shared problems in class and life guidance, and solved problems together. In such a process, teachers could practice and teach the value and attitude of cooperation, and irregular consultation and informal interactions were actively held and the system of frequent consultation was established. Networking to mobilize information to the same local neighboring schools and other local schools as well as fellow school teachers was actively carried out more frequently than ever. Fifth, teachers experienced cooperation for establishing, evaluating and feedback on student evaluation plans. The results of the study were reviewed and analyzed with fellow teachers and considered for the student's academic achievement, class attitude, and feedback. As we jointly studied curriculum and classes, we were able to experience the student evaluation sector jointly thinking and practicing. The researcher analyzed the effects of the following teacher cooperation in order to examine the effects of teacher cooperation experience in Corona 19 situations. First, teachers said that the practice of class through cooperation could improve the students' academic performance and achievement. Despite the concerns about the deterioration of the education level in the Corona 19 situation, it is said that teachers will be able to raise students' abilities by guaranteeing pleasant classes through teacher cooperation. Teachers were able to concentrate on classes as the work of school work or life guidance was reduced. Second, teachers have grown up as teachers in the process of adapting to the Corona crisis and its crisis. Many consultations, conversations, sharing, practicing, exchanging help, feeling the usefulness of cooperation in teaching life, and increasing satisfaction with cooperation. More opportunities were given to demonstrate teacher professionalism than ever before, and they felt the joy of teaching again and immersed themselves in their original teaching. Teachers felt that they contributed and devoted to education and increased their satisfaction with teaching professions. Teacher cooperation has enhanced school effectiveness (study improvement, teaching satisfaction). Third, teacher cooperation reminded the importance of relationship and as a result, it affected the change of school organization. Teachers were comforted by overcoming the crisis of colossal school opening online. They felt grateful for the fellow who solved the problem and informed them carefully about the necessary matters. In terms of providing help, providing such support and help was joy and rewarding, and teachers were helping to overcome the crisis and forming ties. They often gathered in the school year council room and teacher laboratory outside the classroom, and they became more aware of each other's position and individual situation. The same grade group with peer relationships that give emotional support and empathy showed smooth operation of the curriculum based on the improvement of relationship, and the sense of belonging and satisfaction of the same grade group were formed. As such, the school organization has changed through teacher cooperation, focusing on relationship. The researcher analyzed the attitude toward teacher cooperation next to examine the influence of teacher cooperation experience in Corona 19 situation. Teachers thought that various consultations and teacher meetings were useful; they were able to communicate positively and smoothly, away from isolation. The smooth communication with fellow teachers led to the improvement of the relationship between students and parents, which made them more satisfied. However, the results of the study suggested above showed that the positive experiences and effects of teacher cooperation were examined, but the negative experiences and effects of teacher cooperation were also analyzed as follows. Teachers shared their roles and shared their subjects to find teaching materials and present them by organizing classes, although it was effective in efficiency, sometimes they felt heavy responsibility. In the atmosphere that emphasizes the communality of common class, teachers thought that the teacher's right to teach was not respected. In the pandemic situation, there is a possibility that cooperation between teachers who are voluntarily but perhaps semi-forced may violate the teacher autonomy problem. They also recognized that the consultation took a lot of time. There was also a burden of sharing. It is a type of cooperation to study classes or share class plans and materials with common responsibilities, but in contrast, it is possible to see the unilateral sharing of some teachers and the unilateral sharing of the remaining teachers. In the process of cooperation, conflicts occurred due to differences between the head teacher and the general teacher, career difference or generation. As a result, it was confirmed that the same grade group has various aspects of the same grade cooperation experience and the effect of cooperation depending on the relationship between the members. Through this study, we could explore the possibility of improving teacher professionalism through teacher cooperation. The study is to find appropriate support measures to increase teacher cooperation and to draw policy implications and to finish the study. In order to ensure substantial and effective teacher cooperation, the education office and the principal of the school need to provide generously the policy support for creating a cooperative environment. School administrators and middle managers should make efforts to create a school climate in which teachers can freely exchange their experiences and encourage mutual encouragement of cooperative learning. Teachers should be considered as the subject of practice, not as the medium of educational input-production, and policy support should be provided to teachers who already have sufficient spontaneity to believe in their sufficient ability and possibility. It is necessary to provide more active support such as disseminating various kinds of high quality class materials. Finally, it is hoped that further studies on the phenomenon of teacher cooperation, factors and plans to increase the positive impact of teacher cooperation and reduce the negative impact can be conducted steadily. Key words: Teacher Cooperation, same grade, class study, teacher professionalism, sharing 이 연구에서는 코로나19 상황에서 초등학교 교사협력에 대한 경험을 분석하는 데 일차적인 목적을 두었다. 이를 위하여 코로나19 상황에서 달라질 수밖에 없었던 동료교사 조직 내 상호작용 실태를 교사협력의 수준에 따른 유형별 경험 사례를 분석하여 살펴보았다. 코로나19 상황적 배경에 따른 교사협력이 개개인에게 어떤 영향을 주는지를 질적으로 탐구하며 그 결과를 정리하고 의미 있는 시사점을 찾아보고자 한다. 더 나아가 코로나 상황 속에서의 교사 전문성 향상의 가능성 또한 탐색해 보고자 한다. 또한, 연구 결과를 바탕으로 교사협력을 높이기 위한 적절한 지원방안을 모색함으로써 초등학교 교사들의 혁신적 교수활동 실천 노력을 지지하고 지원하는 데 연구의 궁극적인 목적을 두었다. 다양한 상황을 가진 연구대상자의 경험을 얻기 위해 학년 군을 저(1-2학년), 중(3-4학년), 고(5-6학년)으로 나눠 각 학년 군별 담당교사를 선정하고 직위별로는 보직교사와 일반교사, 교직 경력별로는 3단계(1-7년, 8-23년, 24년 이상)를 나누어 이에 해당하는 교사를 선정하였다. 또한, 지역과 학교 조직 구조나 현황이 다른 학교에 근무하는 교사를 정하였다. 연구대상자들은 각 학교에서 교육적 열의가 높고 연구 목적과 과정을 이해하고 적극적인 참여의사가 있는 교사로 하며 연구대상자를 선정할 때 가장 중요한 기준은 ‘코로나 시대에 초등학교 교육 현장에 재직 중인 교사, 실시간쌍방향수업, 콘텐츠 제작수업을 비롯한 원격수업과 대면수업을 동시에 수행하였고 급박한 교육 상황의 대응과 실천을 위해 노력한 교사’이다. 그리고 동학년 조직 내 동료교사와의 협력 경험이 있어 이 연구 문제에 대해 풍부한 답변을 해 줄 수 있는 교사이다. 연구자는 참여자들이 교사협력에 대한 경험을 구체적으로 구술할 수 있도록 심층면담을 실시했다. 심층면담을 통해 언어적 표현에 담긴 의미해석을 통해 교사협력이 이루어지는 현상을 면밀하게 살펴보며 수집한 자료를 이용해 질적 내용분석을 실시하였다. 각 개별 면담 사례를 분석하고 구조화하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 코로나19 상황을 중심으로 그 이전과는 질적으로 변화된 초등학교 교사협력의 경험을 관찰해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 교사들은 지식, 기술, 전략 등을 발전시키고 새롭게 배운 것을 적용하기 위한 협력을 경험하였다. 교사들은 온라인을 통해 수업 관련 아이디어와 자료를 공유하였고 이러한 공유가 활성화 되어 언제, 어디서든 수업 생각을 주고받고 자료 나누었다. 또한 온라인 원격수업을 위해 자발적인 협의를 하며 함께 모은 힘으로 비대면 수업의 한계를 극복해 나가는 경험을 하였다. 이러한 과정은 동료 교사의 적극적인 도움과 지원이 있어 가능하였고 그 결과 코로나 상황으로 변화하고 있는 학교 교육 환경에 슬기롭게 적응해 나갈 수 있었다. 둘째, 교사들은 학교 발전을 위한 협력적 성찰을 경험하였다. 교사의 일상은 수업을 실천하는 것이다. 학교에서는 특히 코로나 상황에서 대면과 비대면 수업, 온라인 컨텐츠 중심 수업과 실시간 쌍방향 수업 등 다양한 수업의 형태를 수행해야 하는 교사들의 어려움을 인지하고 이를 지원하는 분위기가 만들어졌다. 교사들은 업무를 수행하는 대신 효과적인 수업활동을 위해 공유하였으며 수업과 관련하여 상호 간에 피드백이 활성화되어 더 나은 수업을 해 나갈 수 있었다. 교사들은 수업 와중에 방역의 업무를 동시에 수행하였고 코로나 위기 상황 마다 공동 대응 활동으로 위기를 탈출하였다. 비대면 소통을 통해 상황을 수시로 전달하고 대비하며 학생들의 학습 결손을 최소화하고 학습력을 보장하고자 노력하며 학습 및 출결 관리와 관련된 사항들도 함께 의논하고 공유하며 규정을 만들어 나가고 적용해 나갔다. 셋째, 교사들은 협력적 계획 및 실천을 수행하였다. 함께 내딛는 공동수업의 첫 걸음으로 주간 학습계획안을 함께 작성하고 교과목을 나누어 맡아 수업을 준비하는 공동 작업을 시작하였다. 교사들은 자료를 함께 공동으로 제작하며 수업에의 책임감을 갖게 되었다. 동료 교사와 함께 공동 수업안 작성과 같은 공동 수업 프로젝트에 참여하고 공동 수업을 평가하며 탈 사유화된 실천을 경험하였다. 넷째, 다양한 아이디어를 존중하고 대화를 많이 하며 지속적으로 탐구해 나가는 협력을 경험하였다. 교사들은 코로나19 상황에서 학교의 문제해결을 위한 협의, 대화를 수행하며 공동의 비전과 목표를 공유했다. 또한, 공동의 문제해결을 위해 동학년이 준비하고 협의하여 결정하는 과정에서 익숙해졌으며 그러한 교사들의 집단지성의 발휘는 특히 동학년 공동체 집단의 역량에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 교사들은 동료교사들과 대화를 하며 학급의 문제나 생활 지도 내용을 공유하고 함께 문제를 해결해 나갔다. 그러한 과정 속에서 교사들은 협력의 가치와 태도를 직접 실천하고 가르칠 수 있었다. 비정기적인 협의, 비공식적 상호작용이 활발히 일어나며 수시 협의 체제 구축해 나갔다. 같은 학교 동료교사 뿐 아니라 같은 지역 이웃 학교, 타 지역 학교까지 정보력을 동원하기 위한 네트워킹이 여느 때 보다 수시로 활발히 적극적으로 이루어졌다. 다섯째, 교사들은 학생 평가 계획 수립, 평가 및 피드백을 위한 협력을 경험하였다. 학습 결과물을 동료교사들과 함께 검토하고 분석하며 학생의 학업성취도와 수업 태도, 피드백을 위해 고민하였다. 공동으로 교육과정과 수업을 연구하게 되면서 학생 평가 부문 또한 공동으로 고민하고 실천하는 경험을 할 수 있었다. 연구자는 이와 같은 코로나19 상황에서의 교사협력 경험이 어떠한 영향을 주었는지 살펴보기 위해 먼저 다음의 교사협력의 효과를 분석해 보았다. 첫째, 교사들은 협력을 통한 수업 실천으로 학생들의 학업 수행 및 성취도가 더 향상될 수 있었을 것이라고 하였다. 코로나19 상황의 학력 저하 우려에도 불구하고 교사협력으로 즐거운 수업을 보장하여 학생들의 역량을 길러낼 수 있을 것이라 한다. 교사들은 학교 업무나 생활 지도 영역의 업무가 축소되며 수업에 집중할 수 있었다. 둘째, 교사들은 코로나 위기와 그 위기에 적응해 나가는 과정 속에서 교사로서의 성장하는 삶을 살게 되었다. 많은 협의, 대화, 공유, 실천을 하고 도움을 주고받으며 교직생활에서의 협력의 유용성을 느끼며 협력에 대한 만족도가 높아졌다. 어느 때 보다 교사전문성을 발휘할 수 있는 기회가 많이 주어졌다. 새삼 가르치는 즐거움을 다시 느끼고 본연의 가르치는 일에 몰입했다. 교사들은 자신들이 교육에 기여, 헌신한다는 마인드를 느끼고 교직에의 만족도가 높아졌다. 교사 협력이 학교효과성(학업향상, 교직만족도)을 높이는 효과를 가져다주었다. 셋째, 교사협력은 관계의 소중함을 일깨워주었고 그 결과 학교조직에의 변화에 영향을 주었다. 교사들은 온라인 개학이라는 초유의 위기를 함께 극복하면서 서로 위안이 되었다. 앞장서 문제를 해결해 주고 필요한 사항을 꼼꼼하게 알려주는 동료의 모습에서 고마움을 느꼈다. 도움을 제공해 주는 입장에서는 그러한 지원과 도움을 제공하는 것 자체가 기쁨과 보람이었다. 이처럼 교사들은 위기 극복을 위해 도움을 주고받으며 유대 관계가 형성되었다. 교실을 벗어나 학년협의회실, 교사 연구실에 자주 모이며 서로의 입장과 개별 상황을 더욱 이해하게 되었다. 정서적 지지와 공감을 주는 동료 관계가 형성된 동학년 모임은 관계성 향상을 바탕으로 교육과정의 원활한 운영을 보이며 동학년 집단에의 소속감과 만족감이 형성되었다. 이와 같이 교사협력을 통해 관계성 중심으로 학교 조직이 변화되었다. 연구자는 이와 같은 코로나19 상황에서의 교사협력 경험이 어떠한 영향을 주었는지 살펴보기 위해 다음으로 교사협력에 대한 태도를 분석해 보았다. 교사들은 각종 협의 및 교사 모임이 유용하다고 생각하였다. 고립에서 벗어나 긍정적이고 원활한 소통이 가능했다. 동료 교사와의 원활한 소통은 학생과 학부모의 관계 향상으로 이어져 더욱 만족도가 높았다. 그러나 앞서 제시한 연구 결과를 통해 교사 협력의 긍정적인 경험과 그 영향을 살펴볼 수 있었지만 다음과 같은 교사 협력의 부정적인 경험, 그 영향도 분석해 볼 수 있었다. 교사들은 역할을 나눠 교과를 분담하여 수업자료를 찾고 수업구성을 하여 제시하는 것이 효율성에는 효과가 있을지라도 때로는 책임감이 무거웠다. 공동의 수업이라는 공동체성을 강조하는 분위기에서 교사의 수업권이 존중 받지 못한다는 생각을 하기도 하였다. 팬데믹 상황에서 자발적이면서도 어쩌면 반강제적으로 요구되는 교사들 간의 협력이 교사 자율성 문제를 침해할 가능성도 있을 것이다. 또한, 협의로 인한 시간이 많이 소요된다고 인식하기도 하였다. 공유를 해야 한다는 부담감도 있었다. 공동으로 수업을 연구하거나 공동의 책무를 가지고 수업 계획 및 자료 등을 공유하는 것은 협력의 한 유형으로 볼 수 있으나 이와 다르게 몇몇 교사의 일방적인 공유, 그리고 나머지 교사들의 일방적인 공유 받음 현상도 볼 수 있었다. 협력하는 과정에서 부장교사와 일반교사 사이, 경력 차 또는 세대 간의 차이에서 기인하는 갈등도 발생하였다. 이로 인해 여러 구성원이 속해있는 모임으로서 동학년 집단은 구성원 사이의 관계에 따라 동학년 협력 경험의 양상이 다양하며 협력의 효과 또한 달라짐을 확인해 볼 수 있었다. 이 연구를 통해 교사협력을 통한 교사전문성 향상의 가능성을 탐색해 볼 수 있었다. 교사협력을 높이기 위한 적절한 지원방안을 모색하고 정책적 시사점을 도출해 보며 연구를 마무리하고자 한다. 내실 있고 효과적인 교사협력이 이루어질 수 있도록 교육청과 학교장은 협력적 환경을 조성하는 데에 대한 정책적 지원을 아낌없이 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 학교 관리자와 중간 관리자는 교사들이 협력적 배움에 대한 상호격려를 해 주는 분위기, 자유롭게 자신의 수업경험담을 주고받을 수 있는 학교 풍토를 만드는데 노력을 기울여야 한다. 교사들을 교육적 투입-산출의 매개체가 아닌 실천의 주체로서 고려하고 이미 자발성이 충분한 교사들에게 그들의 충분한 능력과 가능성을 믿고 이를 발현할 수 있는 정책적 지원이 이루어져야할 것이다. 다양한 종류의 질 높은 수업자료를 보급하는 등 보다 적극적인 지원이 필요하다. 마지막으로 교사협력의 현상에 대한 연구, 교사협력의 긍정적 영향을 늘리고 부정적 영향을 줄일 수 있는 요인과 방안을 찾아보는 후속 연구가 꾸준히 수행될 수 있길 바란다. 주제어: 교사협력, 동학년, 수업연구, 교사전문성, 공유

Psychological Variables Related to Grit Among Adolescents in South Korea : A Longitudinal Study from Age 4 to 14

박성은 서울대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사

Various studies examine the predictors of success, one of which is grit. Grit is defined as “perseverance and passion for long-term goals” (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007, p. 1087). Although research on grit has been carried out over the past decade, studies on Eastern populations are still lacking compared with studies on Western. In addition, most studies have been conducted with college students. Moreover, most studies focus on the effects of grit, but there has yet to be a study on the precedent factors of grit. Therefore, in the present study, Korean adolescents were examined, and the signs of grit were examined in longitudinal settings. A total of 106 Korean adolescents participated in this study. In Study 1, the relationships between implicit theories of intelligence, academic achievement, and grit were explored. All variables were collected via self-reporting. The results showed that individuals’ theories of intelligence and grit were related to academic achievement. In addition, the theory of intelligence was related to grit. Finally, grit fully mediated the relationship between the implicit belief of intelligence and academic achievements. In Study 2, signs of adolescents’ grit in adolescence were studied using 10-year longitudinal data. At age 4, parental education level, unrealistically optimistic beliefs, and the delay of gratification were measured. Parental education level was reported by the parents of the participants. Unrealistically optimistic beliefs were measured to investigate participants’ overestimated cognitive bias regarding their ability or future. Both the positive change of negative traits and the maintenance of positive traits were measured, adopted from Choi and Kwak (2007). The ability to delay gratification was assessed using a waiting period originally developed by Mischel and Baker (1975), whereby children waited in front of their desired sweets to obtain bigger rewards in the future. In addition, grit was measured by self-reporting when children turned 14 years old. Using stepwise regression analysis, we found that only the ability to delay gratification predicted grit in adolescence. While two factors of grit were analyzed independently, the delay of gratification only predicted perseverance of effort, not consistency of interest. In the present study, Korean adolescents’ grit was extensively examined. The results suggest the possibility of early intervention in children with a low ability to delay gratification to prevent low grit in adolescence. Moreover, this is the first empirical study in which the signs of grit have been longitudinally investigated from a developmental psychological perspective. The implications and directions for future research are discussed.

소아암 부모 멘토링 참여자의 경험 연구

이진 연세대학교 행정대학원 2019 국내석사

This study is focused on a parents’ experience as a mentoring participant for parents of their children who have a childhood cancer, moreover, it considers their changes among mentor, mentee, and family through the mentoring program. Also, this study is defined as a qualitative case study for a practical and political proposal by considering a requirement to develop and to spread the parents mentoring program of their children who have a childhood cancer. Therefore, this study collects four mentors and four mentees, after that, it conducts a depth interview to identify the parents, experience in various ways as mentoring program participants. In case of the mentor, they are parents of children with childhood cancer who have been admitted and been treated to the S university hospital, and finally been completed its treatment. Furthermore, they are working for the parents of children with childhood cancer mentoring program in the S university hospital and all participants are grown up over nineteen years old. In case of mentee, this study conducts a depth interview for the parents of children with not finished childhood cancer treatment. Thus, this study conducts ‘within case analysis’ and ‘between case analysis’ from a qualitative case study. In case of ‘within case analysis’, this study summarizes it as a storytelling form based on parents’ emotional difficulties and an effect of parents mentoring program from diagnosis and treatment procedure for the sick children. Compared to this, in the ‘between case analysis’, it concludes parents’ experience on the mentoring program as twelve parent categories and thirty five subcategories. For a detail, in the twelve parent categories, it is composed of their emotional difficulties, mentoring experience, and changing process according to a time sequence. But in the thirty five subcategories the parents’ experience on mentoring program is realized. After a childhood cancer occurs, their parents are facing many difficulties such as an acceptance of their children’s cancer, experience during and after medical treatment procedure. As a reason for starting the mentoring program, this study considers a reason why the mentor starts the program and a reason why the mentor participate in the program after facing the mentee’s first reaction. From the mentoring program, there is a positive change between a mentor and family. This is shown as a parent category. Also, there are a mentor’s change through a mentee and family’s change through a mentor. This is shown as two subcategories. Furthermore, in this study, it confirms that there are many positive changes to the mentee by sharing their experiences between mentor and mentee and by changing a tunnel with exit from a blocked cave and by mentor’s devotion. As for the advantage of mentoring program and its further advanced way, this study suggests its advantages such as a comfort and recovery and system construction of mentoring program: necessity of role medical social worker. In this study, it considers the parents’ experience on the mentoring program through a depth interview, moreover, it concludes a discussion by reviewing both a mentor’s and a mentee’s stance comprehensively. To summarize it, first of all, there is a limitation in an existing service to solve the parents’ emotional difficulties. Second, this study confirms that the mentee’s difficulties are solved by the parents’ mentoring program. Third, there is a virtuous circle in the parents’ mentoring program. Fourth, there are several factors for the mentor’s change and their motivation. Fifth, this study makes a sure for activating and spreading the parents’ mentoring program. Sixth, at last, an approach from the social service is required for improving and developing the parents’ mentoring program. Through this study, it collects the parents’ experience on the mentoring program, furthermore, it considers their difficulties from a diagnosis of childhood cancer to treatment and an effect of the mentor on the mentee in the mentoring program. According to ‘between case analysis’, there are twelve parent categories and thirty five subcategories. Based on this, this study has a practical meaning in social support by considering the parents’ difficulties and by solving a problem through the mentoring program. Moreover, this study has a political meaning by suggesting a necessity and direction of psychological and emotional support for their family over the supporting medical treatment expenses for childhood cancer. However, there is a following limitation in this study. At first, this study has a limitation fo make a sure about representing overall parents because it is only collected from eight parents as a subject of study. Second, due to a snowball sampling, there is a possibility to reflect mentor’s characteristics on participants. Third, there is a limitation because of single experience on the specific S university hospital. Therefore, this study expects many other hospitals to conduct the mentoring program in near future and it expects an advanced study by strengthening the mentioned limitation based on many cases. 본 연구는 소아암 부모 멘토링에 참여한 부모의 경험을 확인하고 멘토링을 통해서 멘토와 멘티 및 가족이 어떠한 변화를 경험하였는지 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 소아암 부모 멘토링이 발전 및 확산되기 위해서 필요 요소를 파악하여 실천적, 정책적 제언을 하는 것을 목표로 하는 질적 사례연구이다. 연구자는 소아암 부모 멘토링에 참여한 부모의 경험을 다각적으로 확인하기 위해서 멘토와 멘티를 동일한 비율로 4명씩 총 8명을 모집하여 심층 면접을 진행하였다. 멘토는 S대학교병원에서 소아암에 관련된 치료를 받고 치료 종결 후, 완치 판정을 받은 환아의 부모이면서 현재 S대학교병원에서 소아암 부모 멘토링에서 멘토로 활동하고 있는 만 19세 이상의 성인으로 정했고, 멘티는 현재 S대학교병원에서 소아암 관련 치료중인 환아의 부모를 대상으로 선정하여 심층 면접을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 질적 사례연구의 분석방법 중 사례 내 분석 및 사례 간 분석을 시행하였다. 사례 내 분석에서는 소아암 부모가 환아 진단 및 치료과정에서 경험하는 어려움과 소아암 부모 멘토링의 효과를 중심으로 스토리텔링 형식으로 정리하였다. 사례 간 분석에서는 소아암 부모 멘토링에 참여한 부모 경험을 12가지 상위범주, 35가지 하위범주가 도출되었다. 12가지 상위범주는 소아암 발병 후 경험하는 어려움부터 멘토링 경험 및 변화의 과정을 시간 순서에 따라 구성하였고 35개의 하위범주를 통해서 소아암 멘토링에 참여한 부모의 경험을 구체화 하였다. 소아암 발병이후 부모는 자녀의 ‘소아암 수용의 어려움’, ‘치료과정 중 경험하는 어려움’, ‘치료 종결 후 경험하는 어려움’을 경험하면서 치료 과정에 따른 다양한 어려움을 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 멘토링 시작의 계기에 대해서는 ‘멘토가 멘토링을 시작한 계기’, ‘멘티의 멘토링 첫 경험’을 확인하면서 멘토가 멘토링을 참여하는 이유와 멘티가 멘토링을 경험하는 접점을 확인할 수 있었다. 소아암 부모 멘토링 이후 멘토와 가족의 변화에 대해서는 ‘긍정적으로 변화하는 나(멘토)와 가정’ 의 상위범주가 나타났고, ‘멘티를 통한 나(멘토)의 변화’, ‘나(멘토)를 통한 가족의 변화’의 2가지 하위범주로 구체화 되었다. 멘티들은 멘토의 ‘경험의 공유’, ‘막힌 동굴에서 출구가 있는 터널로 변화’, ‘멘토의 헌신’을 통해 멘티들이 긍정적인 변화가 나타나는 것이 확인되었고, 소아암 부모 멘토링의 장점 및 발전 방안에서는 ‘위로와 회복’이라는 장점 및 ‘멘토링의 발전 필요’, ‘멘토링 시스템 구축: 의료사회복지사 역할의 필요성’이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 소아암 부모 멘토링에 참여한 부모들의 경험을 심층면담을 통해서 확인하고, 멘토와 멘티의 입장을 종합적으로 검토하여 다음과 같은 논의점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 소아암 부모가 경험하는 어려움을 해결하기 위한 기존 서비스의 한계가 존재한다. 둘째, 소아암 부모 멘토링을 통해 멘티의 어려움이 해결됨을 확인하였다. 셋째, 소아암 부모 멘토링에 선순환 구조가 확인되었다. 넷째, 멘토의 변화 및 동기부여 요소를 발견하였다. 다섯째, 소아암 부모 멘토링의 확산 필요하다. 여섯째, 소아암 부모 멘토링의 개선, 발전을 위한 사회서비스 차원의 접근 필요하다. 본 연구는 소아암 부모 멘토링을 참여한 부모의 경험을 청취하며, 소아암 진단부터 치료 종결까지 경험하는 어려움을 살펴보고 소아암 부모 멘토링이 멘토와 멘티에게 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴보았다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 사례 간 분석을 통해서 나타난 12개의 상위범주와 35개의 하위범주를 도출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 소아암 환아 부모들이 경험하는 어려움을 확인하고 멘토링을 통해서 문제가 해결되어져가는 과정을 확인할 수 있는 계기가 되었다는 사실에 사회복지 실천적 의의가 있다. 더불어 소아암 환아를 위한 치료비 지원 사업을 넘어서 환아와 가족의 심리·정서적 지원 정책의 필요성과 방향성을 제시하여 정책적 의의가 있다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 한계점이 있다. 첫째, 연구대상이 총 8명으로 소수로 구성되어 소아암 부모 전체의 대표성을 갖는다고 확신하는데 한계가 있다. 둘째, 눈덩이 표집 방식을 사용하였고, 연구대상자를 추천한 멘토의 성향이 연구 참여자들에게 투영되었을 확률이 있다. 셋째, S대학교병원에서만 진행되는 프로그램으로 단일 병원의 경험이라는 제한점을 갖는다. 본 연구를 통해서 많은 병원이 소아암 부모 멘토링을 시행하고, 다양한 사례를 통해서 위에서 언급한 한계를 보안하여 후속연구가 이루어지기를 기대한다.

중·고등학교 「사회」교과서의 정치참여에 대한 내용 분석

정준용 연세대학교 교육대학원 2017 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to analyze the ways of political participation in social study curriculum of 2009, the current ‘social study 2’ Middle school textbook and ‘social study’ High school textbook, and figure out how to educate young adults about the proper way of political participation. The research questions for this is first, how the social studies curriculum of Middle and High school in 2009 are treating the political participation education, and how Middle and High school curriculum and its textbooks are connected. Second, how the contents about political participation education are reflected in the ‘social study 2’ Middle school textbook and ‘social study’ High School textbook. Third, how the contents about political participation in ‘social study 2’ Middle school textbook and ‘social study’ High school textbook are relevant. The study proceeded around these three research questions. We selected four kinds of textbooks from Miraen inc., Bisang Education inc., Jihaksa inc. and Chunjae education for each four textbooks of Middle school’s ‘social study 2’ and High school’s ‘social study’, which are chosen by schools the most and publish both Middle school and High school ones together. The research results are as in the following. First, the social study curriculum of 2009 do not carry the contents of political participation related to basic human rights and natural law of democracy. There is no content about contact method to public official, which is the content element related to freedom of association as one of the basic human rights, and no various political participation such as ‘signing’, ‘protest’, ‘rally’, ‘strike’, ‘civil disobedience’, ‘exercise of right of resistance’, etc., that are related to natural law. Also, ‘social study 2’ Middle school textbook and ‘social study’ High school text book do not carry the way of political participation related to basic human rights and natural law of democracy. The revised curriculum of 2015 should cover the way of political participation related to basic human rights and natural law, suggest various ways of political participation based on participatory democracy, and retain the connection between the curriculum and textbooks. Second, ‘social study 2’ Middle school textbook and ‘social study’ High school textbook that follow the social study curriculum of 2009 do not reflect the contents of political participation related to basic human rights and natural law. Textbooks should fully suggest the basic concept and generalization to educate political participation, but it only suggests them by few words, pictures or illustrations, except political participation as a voter, ‘citizen democratic’ political participation related to communication, and ‘petition’ related to political participation as exercising right of claim. Third, there is not enough relation in contents grading between ‘social study 2’ Middle school textbook and ‘social study’ High school textbook that follow the social study curriculum of 2009. As studying the spiral structure between the Middle school and High school textbooks, the High school textbook does not suggest the deepen or developed contents from the Middle school textbook, except contents related to election and citizen democracy. Hereupon, teachers recognize the problem of not attracting the students’ interest, and the problem is that the students cannot suggest various ways of political participation. Although the current social study curriculum of 2009 advise to suggest various ways of political participation, it does not suggest any systematic and deepen content about participation method based on citizen democracy, as describing it without the contents of political participation related to basic human right and natural law. 본 연구의 목적은 2009 사회과 교육과정과 현행 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교 「사회」교과서의 정치참여 방법에 대한 내용을 분석하여, 청소년들의 적절한 정치참여 방법에 대한 교육을 어떻게 해야 하는지를 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 이를 위해 연구문제는 첫째, 중·고등학교 2009 사회과 교육과정에서 정치참여 교육을 어떻게 다루고 있으며, 중·고등학교 교육과정과 중·고등학교 교과서가 어떻게 연계되어 있는가, 둘째, 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교 「사회」교과서에서 정치참여에 대한 내용이 어떻게 반영되어 있는가, 셋째, 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교「사회」교과서 간의 정치참여에 대한 내용의 연계성이 어떻게 있는가의 세 가지의 연구 문제를 중심으로 진행하였다. 연구의 대상을 선정하기 위해 학교에서 많이 채택하고 있으며, 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교 「사회」교과서를 함께 출판하는 ㈜미래엔, ㈜비상교육, ㈜지학사, ㈜천재교육 중학교 「사회②」교과서 4종과 고등학교「사회」교과서 4종을 선정하였다. 이를 통한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2009 사회과 교육과정에서 민주법치국가의 기본권과 자연법에 관련된 정치참여의 내용을 다루지 못하고 있다. 기본권의 하나인 결사의 자유와 관련된 정치참여의 내용적 요소인 공직자 접촉 방법과 자연법과 관련된 ‘서명’, ‘시위’, ‘집회’, ‘파업’, ‘시민불복종’, ‘저항권 행사’ 등의 다양한 정치참여의 내용이 없다. 이에 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교 「사회」교과서에서 역시 민주법치국가의 기본권과 자연법에 관련된 정치참여 방법을 다루지 못하고 있다. 2015 개정 교육과정에서는 기본권과 자연법에 관련된 정치참여 방법까지 다루어, 참여 민주주의를 전제로 하는 다양한 정치참여 방법을 제시해야 하며, 교육과정과 교과서 간의 연계도 확보되어야 한다. 둘째, 2009 사회과 교육과정에 따른 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교 「사회」교과서에서도 기본권과 자연법에 관련된 정치참여의 내용을 잘 반영하지 못하고 있다. 교과서에서 정치참여 교육을 위해 기본 개념 및 일반화가 충분히 제시해야 하지만, 선거와 관련된 ‘투표자형’정치참여, 의사전달과 관련된 ‘심의 민주주의적’ 정치참여, 청구권 행사로서의 정치참여와 관련된 ‘청원’을 제외하면 본문 내용에서 단어만 제시하거나 사진이나 삽화 정도로만 제시하고 있다. 셋째, 2009 사회과 교육과정에 따른 중학교 「사회②」교과서와 고등학교 「사회」교과서 간의 내용 위계상 연계성이 부족하다. 중학교와 고등학교 교과서 간의 나선형 원리를 살펴보면, 선거와 심의 민주주의와 관련된 내용 요소들을 제외하면 중학교에서 제시하고 있는 내용이 고등학교에서 심화·발전되어 제시하고 있지 않다. 이에 교사들은 학생들에게 흥미를 못 끈다는 문제점을 인식하고 있으며, 학생들은 다양한 정치참여 방법을 제시 못하는 문제점이 있다. 2009 사회과 교육과정에서는 다양한 정치참여 방법을 제시하는 것을 권고하고 있지만, 기본권과 자연법에 관련된 정치참여의 내용을 제외하고 서술하고 있어 참여민주주의에 입각한 참여 방법에 대해 체계적이고 심화된 내용을 제시하지 못하고 있다.

모래를 이용한 Study model의 활용방안에 관한 연구

라장원 成均館大學校 大學院 2003 국내석사

This study had been carried out to establish of efficient practical of a Study Model that uses sand as one of design method for mounding design in landscape architecture. Generally, drawing figures on two-dimensional plane in computer or drawing was principal method. In this study, limitations and effectiveness of the mounding were examined using sand through demonstration that may supplement various kinds of insufficiencies in presentation of space in two-dimensional design. Method of the study is divided by two principals as follows, 1. One is about way of converting the study model using sand into feasible plan in landscape. This experiment is consisted by following order. 1) Prepared the study model with sand in 110×80cm of water bath. 2) Pour water into the prepared model in water bath of certain heights each. 3) Take indoor photographs for shape of filled water in each heights of study model including water bath in 2miter heights vertically. 4) Digitalizing tangent between filled water and the model by accessing photographs in computer. Prior experiment on size of water bath and height for taking photograph were executed before the above model experiment. 2. Child parks of the Gomurae Park and the Ohyeon Park were selected for the following experiment to establish effectiveness of the sand study model as case study. 1) Experiment of boundary mounding in case of height difference with surrounding ground, reestablishment of mounding according to existing design and site planning were conducted with sand study model in the Gomurae Park. 2) Prepared the sand model after topographical design along with space partition of existing park for the plan then conducted 3D simulation with computer in the Ohyeon Park. Also, comparison between sand model and 3D simulation had been followed. The experiments had been executed that examine the efficiency and limitation of the sand study model through case study as above. The results are as follows, 1. The most efficient sand study model is of less than 8,800 square meters with scale of 1 to 100 in 110×80 cm water bath. 2. Expanding width according to the height of planned green belt for mounding will contribute on expressing natural topography in sand study model. 3. The sand study model was available for designing shape of mounding as well as position for mounding and space partition in the park, if the model is applied in planning phase of design. 4. The appearances between sand study model and 3D simulation of the model are alike. Thus, if construction can be carried out as per mounding plan, digitalized plan of the model would be practically applied in the field. 5. The sand model is more adequate in scale of over 1/300 for block planning of whole site, path planning and curt form in mounding rather than figuring out mounding form due to enlarged site. Based on the experiments, the sand model is not fully applicable, if the site of park is with limited space or extremely different in height with ground. Generally, sand model is applicable in the site more than 1,500㎡ that is standard area for child park. Also, when applying sand model on site with scale of over 1/300, it is recommended to have two stages, using appropriate scale such as general curt mounding study in scale of over 1/300 and mounding form study as partial application in a scale of 1/100. Application of the sand study model has limitation in expression of fine part of topography and such limitation requires more detailed work in computer with topographical chart, and necessary to have further study on it together with practical use of the model in wider area.

Interpretation of cultural landscape in traditional Malay village : case study of Padang changkat village in Malaysia

Teoh, Meiyee 서울대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

This thesis is an ethnographic study of describing the cultural landscape of traditional Malay village in Malaysia called Padang Changkat. The study focuses on the characteristics and implication of cultural landscape, in order to know the way that indigenous people build their home settlement, which influence and develop their original perception of home-making, so that the home settlement can express who they are, help people become who they are meant to be, and finally it becomes one of their ethnic expression. This study has three objectives: first, to determine the physical and social attributes that shaped the cultural landscape in Malay village; second, to analyze the specific logic and implication behind the landscape patterns inside the Malay village that contributed to the identity of place; third, to interpret the Malay home settlement landscape in aspects of physical and social-cultural context. To achieve the objectives, this study has been undertaken through several phases which consist of: literature review, research methods, data collecting and analysis of the study site, and finally resulted in the interpretation form. Throughout the study, several methods are adopted to enable the exploration and understanding on the identities of Malay village (kampung) studied. The overall study is underlay on the basis of COSI (causation, operationalization, sampling, and interpretation) method that has been common used in cultural psychology studies. In this study, it is supported by the participant observation as field study method, as well as the hermeneutics approach for the final interpretation phase. To fit the study into the native context, research measurements are decided based on narrative knowledge derived by Malay kampung own vernacular system. They have been identified and categorized as: 1. Background (for macro analysis) 2. Villagers (for macro analysis) 3. Overall kampung layout (for macro analysis) 4. Malay houses (for micro analysis) 5. Malay homegarden (for micro analysis) 6. Orchard farms and forest (for micro analysis) 7. Winding paths and roads (for micro analysis) 8. River (for micro analysis) 9. Historical and cultural elements (for micro analysis) Resulted from interpretative analysis, each feature inside Padang Changkat has demonstrated different faces and dimension of Malay village cultural landscapes; even though these features are united into a whole and difficult to be looked separately in actual state, especially for outsiders. As summary of each feature mentioned above, first, the background of Padang Changkat has an intimate bond with the local royal called Perak Sultanate as well as development of Perak State, which directly related to the presence of village as well as its craftsmanship tradition. Second, villager is the dominator of environment and culture of Padang Changkat through the time-honored coordination among the nature and the society itself. Third, in terms of village layout, Padang Changkat is basically laid within the circle of reserved forest and large-scaled orchard farms that surrounded by a bow–like curve of river; and formed by a centered bulk of Malay houses, which are snuggled among the winding paths, thickets of fruit trees and edible plants simultaneously. Forth, Malay house is the most idiomatic representation of the Malay traditional living culture- it not only represent the native principles in term of “spirit” and “life” of traditional rural Malays, but also constitute a consummate system for both daily activities and social purpose. Fifth, the Malay homegarden as well as orchard farms and forest most reflect the living landscape in Padang Changkat when the multi-layered and complex planting composition not only fulfill the local necessities of life, but also demonstrate the traditional ethno-botany knowledge of rural Malay as well. Sixth, the winding paths and roads provide maximum flow ability and space flexibility; meanwhile they also act as social place for the villagers as well. Seventh, Perak River, which is the river laid at the edge of Padang Changkat, has several significant meanings ranged from politic and economic importance in the old times, to the present-day historical, socio-cultural and recreational value for the village as well as the Perak Royal. Lastly, the historical and cultural elements found in Padang Changkat have functioned as the reinforcing agent for the significance of Padang Changkat cultural landscapes. The overall study of Padang Changkat in fact explicates the Malay village characteristics and implication through its spaces, elements, people and activities. The interpretation has showed how they are functioned in collectively so that formed a vernacular living system in rural Malaysia, as an ethnic responsive landscape specifically for Malays. Finally, this study recommends several schemes for Padang Changkat future development, which considering the rural village improvement as well as cultural heritage conservation and development. The schemes include the use of modern ways in traditional context; declaration as traditional folk village; and application of tradition as authority. These ideas are all underlay on the Frampton’s idea of Critical Regionalism, which mainly focused on the cultivation of resistant and identity-giving culture, with a discreet recourse to modern techniques. As conclusion, both in-depth understanding on Malay village and interpretation of its cultural landscape, in fact, function as ‘value statement’ for rural settlement landscape’s significance to reinforce its survival in the modern era. Therefore, this study, lastly, can be used to solidify the justifiability of calling for attention on the conservation and development of rural village cultural landscape in Malaysia in the future research and planning. 본 연구는 문화기술학적 연구방법 (ethnographic study)을 채택하여 말레이시아의 말레이 전통마을인 파당창카드 (Padang Changkat) 의 문화경관을 해석하였다. 특히 문화경관의 특징과 영향을 중심으로 연구가 진행되었다. 이 지역만의 주민들의 주거 환경은 자신이 누구인지, 또 다른 사람들과 모여서 어떠한 지역 문화를 형성하는지를 보여주기에 파당창카드의 문화경관을 이해하는데 그들의 주거환경에 초점을 두고 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구는 말레이시아 전통마을의 문화경관을 해석하는데 있어 다음과 같은 목적을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 말레이 마을의 문화경관을 형성하는 물리적, 사회적 환경요인을 파악한다. 둘째, 말레이 마을만의 물리적 경관 패턴을 바탕으로 형태에서 의미를 파악하고 분석한다. 셋째, 물리적, 사회문화적 맥락에서 말레이 주거 정착 마을의 경관을 해석한다. 이와 같은 목적을 가지고 본 연구는 이론적 고찰, 방법론 연구, 대상지 자료 수집 및 분석, 해석하는 과정으로 진행하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 문화인류학적 연구방법을 비롯한 여러 연구방법으로 말레이 전통마을(kampung)을 연구하고 해석했다. 전반적으로 문화적 심리 연구에서 사용되는 COSI (Causation 원인, Operationalization 시행, Sampling 표본조사, Interpretation 해석) 연구방법을 채택한다. 대상지 현장에서의 연구방법은 Spradley (1980)의 참여관찰법, 말레이 마을의 해석 단계에서는 Gadamer (1976)의 해석의 방법론과 함께 진행되었다. 말레이마을을 해석하는데 내부자적 관점에서 말레이 마을 (kampung)의 공간적 배치와 주택을 비롯한 다양한 장소에 부여된 의미를 이해해야 한다. 따라서 말레이마을의 요소를 다음과 같이 분류하였다. 1. 배경 (거시적 분석) 2. 마을주민 (거시적 분석) 3. 전반적 말레이 마을 (kampung) 배치 (거시적 분석) 4. 말레이 주택 (미시적 분석) 5. 말레이 주택정원 (미시적 분석) 6. 과수원과 숲 (미시적 분석) 7. 구불구불한 길 (미시적 분석) 8. 강 (미시적 분석) 9. 역사적, 문화적 요소 (미시적 분석) 이와 같은 파당창카드 마을의 구성요소를 통해 말레이마을 문화경관을 다양한 각도로 분석했다. 특히 이 요소들은 전반적으로 대부분의 말레이마을을 구성하며 외부인들은 각 개별 요소로 분류하기에는 난해하다. 각 요소를 통해 말레이 마을을 해석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 페락 주(Perak State)에 위치한 파당창카드의 배경은 이 지역의 페락 왕(Perak Sultanate)으로 인하여 마을이 번창하고, 전통 수작업이 활성화되는 등 왕가와 밀접하게 관련된다. 둘째, 파당창카드의 주민들은 100년 이상을 거주하면서 자연과 사회를 이해하고, 적응하여 그들만의 환경과 문화가 공존한다. 셋째, 파당창카드의 배치는 기본적으로 원형의 보안림, 거대한 과수원이 강으로 에워싸는 형태이다. 그 중심에는 말레이 주택들이 위치하여 구불구불한 길이 배치되고, 식용식물과 유실수가 동시에 심겨져 형성된 마을이다. 넷째, 말레이의 삶과 전통을 가장 자연스럽게 보여주는 말레이 주택에서 주민들의 일상뿐만 아니라 그들의 정신과 삶의 모습을 볼 수 있다. 다섯째, 말레이 주택정원과 과수원, 그리고 숲은 말레이 주거환경의 경관을 반영한 곳으로 지역 주민들의 삶을 충족시킬 뿐만 아니라 말레이만의 전통 식재경관을 나타낸다. 여섯째, 구불구불한 길은 많은 사람들이 통과하는 길이자, 사교 모임의 장소로서의 역할도 수행한다. 일곱째, 파당창카드의 가장자리에 위치한 페락 강(Perak River)은 과거에 정치적, 경제적 수단이었으며, 현재에는 역사적, 사회문화적 요소로서 다양한 가치를 지닌 자연요소라 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 파당창카드의 역사적, 문화적 요소는 이 마을의 문화경관을 보강하면서 마을의 정체성을 보여주기도 하는 등 다양한 기능을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 파당창카드의 각종 물리적 요소, 장소, 사람들, 그리고 이들의 활동을 토대로 말레이 마을의 문화경관의 의미를 해석하고자 했다. 파당창카드를 해석하면서 요소와 장소, 사람들 그리고 활동이 상호적으로 어떻게 엮이고, 경관을 형성하는지 파악하고자 한다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 파당창카드의 해석을 통해 도출한 결론을 통해 발전 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 파당창카드 마을의 발전 방안은 전통 문화를 유지하면서 전통 민속 마을로 선정하여 현 시대의 기술력을 동원하여 이 마을만의 문화경관을 유지하는 것이다. 이는 문화를 보존하는데 있어 시대의 변화에 맞춰 현대의 기술이 함께 적용되어야 한다는 팸턴(Fampton, 1983)의 맥락과 일치한다. 끝으로 한 특정마을이 성장할 수 있도록 설계하고 계획하기 위해서는 파당창카드를 통해 말레이 마을을 이해하고 문화경관을 해석하는 연구의 의미가 크다. 다시 말해, 본 연구는 앞으로 말레이시아에서 전통마을의 문화 경관이 보존되고 발전하는데 첫 걸음이 될 것이다.

An Empirical Study of the Concept of Brand Personality : The Case of Restaurants

윤태환 University of Surrey 2004 해외박사

Due to increasing competition and technological advances, brands that compete on product attributes alone have faced severe limitations. Therefore, as a core aspect of symbolic and emotional attributes of a brand a considerable amount of attention has been given to the concept of brand personality. It is widely accepted that brand personality not only helps to differentiate a brand within a competitive market, but also decreases vulnerability from competition. Although the important implications of brand personality have been accepted by a wider community, there is a lack of consensus among researchers with regard to what brand personality actually is. Most studies conducted in this field have failed to provide a conceptual framework and empirical testing. Therefore, the entity of brand personality still remains an elusive concept. The objective of this research was to establish the validity of brand personality and its influence on consumers’ brand choice. To achieve this goal, the research comprised two complementary studies. The first study (Study I) aimed to achieve the above goal by validating the brand personality scale in the context of hospitality branding, namely restaurant brands. The specific objectives of the first study were 1) to assess the validity of Aaker’s (1997) Brand Personality Scale (BPS) in the context of restaurant brands, 2) to identify the dimensions of restaurant brand personality and 3) to investigate the relationship between brand personality and brand image. The first study resulted in several significant findings. The results of the study confirmed that brand personality is a valid concept and used for consumers’ evaluation of restaurant brands. However, of the five brand personality dimensions suggested by Aaker (1997), only two (‘sincerity’ and ‘excitement’) were confirmed in this study. In addition, the findings of the first study revealed that the brand personality component and non-personality component of brand image are not the same construct although there exists a certain degree of overlap between these two components. The second study (Study II) reassessed the validity of brand personality under different conditions. The specific objectives generated for the second study were 1) to examine the causal relationship between brand personality and restaurant choice intention, 2) to investigate the influence of situational factors on the evaluation of restaurant brands and 3) to investigate the relative importance of brand personality (versus the other attributes of brand image) in choosing restaurant brands under different situations. To achieve these objectives, experimental conditions were designed based on the findings of Study I. The experimental scenarios are described using a combination of personality and non-personality attributes. Also the moderator effect of involvement on the relationship between brand personality and restaurant choice intention was investigated. The results of Study II provided further support to the findings of Study I by empirically confirming the influence of brand personality on consumers’ choice intentions across the experimental situations. However, the relative importance of brand personality (versus non-personality) on restaurant choice intention was found to be different according to the situations. The findings of the study also suggest that ‘levels of involvement’ have a significant positive moderator effect on the relationship between brand personality (‘reliable’) and restaurant choice, and have a significant negative moderator effect on the relationship between non-personality component (‘value for money’) and restaurant choice. The findings of this research help to broaden our understanding of the concept of brand personality and shed insight into how brand personality operates when consumers evaluate brands. The results of both studies support the premise that brand personality does influence consumers’ brand choice and thus suggests that brand personality is used for the evaluation of brands.

(A) study on the development of fixed dose combination preparations containing mirabegron and tamsulosin

Lee, Dongwoo Sungkyunkwan University 2022 국내박사

This study aimed to develop a fixed dose combination of tamsulosin and mirabegron in polycap dosage form that can exclude the chemical and drug release interaction. The goal was to complement insufficient tamsulosin monotherapy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. To design the polycap dosage form, compatibility and quantity were evaluated with hydroxyethyl cellulose as a hydrophilic polymer to improve the stability and pharmacokinetics of mirabegron after examining the drug-drug interaction (DDI). Tablet formulations containing sodium alginate and microcrystalline cellulose were optimized to prevent weakening the gel strength of hydroxyethyl cellulose at low pH and retain robustness against gastrointestinal agitation. Dissolution and stability were evaluated for polycap fixed dose combination (FDC), which was designed by mixing with tamsulosin multilayer coated pellets. A phase I study was conducted on 40 adult males. In the DDI study, tolerability and safety were similar when tamsulosin and mirabegron were co-administered and administered individually. Pharmacokinetic determinations revealed that the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of Cmax-ss and AUCt-ss were respectively 0.8179 and 0.8903 for mirabegron and 1.4151 and 1.2950 for tamsulosin. Therefore, no significant difference clinically in drug interaction was evident. Hydroxyethyl cellulose used as a hydrophilic polymer reduced the impurities by 43% compared to polyethylene oxide and polyethylene glycol used in the Betmiga® mirabegron reference drug in a 7-day compatibility study. The formulation specimen containing 28% hydroxyethyl cellulose and 5% sodium alginate in tablet weight met acceptance criteria, with 56, 90, 87 for dissolution similarity factor at pH 1.2, 4.0, and 6.8, respectively. Tamsulosin was not affected by the mirabegron tablet formulation and dissolution similarity factors were 62.3±2.2 with reference. Purity and content remained stable for 6 months with the long-term and accelerated condition. In the phase I study, the FDC was safe and tolerable compared to the co-administration. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic properties (Tmax, Cmax, and AUC) without abnormal compared to the co-administration. The results will be useful in the FDC development of a polycap dosage form containing mirabegron and tamsulosin with improved stability and pharmacokinetics. 본 논문은 탐스로신 단일요법으로 불충분한 하부요로증상의 치료를 보완하기 위하여 탐스로신과 미라베그론의 화학적 상호작용 및 약물방출 상호작용을 배제할 수 있는 폴리캡 제형을 설계하고자 하였다 이를 위하여 약물상호작용 임상시험을 진행했고 미라베그론의 안정성 및 약물동태 개선을 목적으로 히드록시에틸셀룰로오스를 친수성고분자로 사용하여 배합적합성과 분량에 따른 용출을 확인하였으며 낮은 pH 조건에서 히드록시에틸셀룰로오스의 겔강도 약화를 막고 위장관 운동에 대한 완건성을 확보할 수 있도록 각각 알긴산나트륨과 미결정셀룰로오스를 포함하는 정제 처방을 최적화하였으며 최종적으로 탐스로신 다층코팅 펠렛과 혼합하여 설계한 폴리캡 복합제의 용출율, 안정성을 평가하고 성인 남성 40 인을 대상으로 임상 1 상시험을 실시하였다. 약물상호작용 시험에서는 병용투여군과 단일제투여군의 내약성 및 안전성은 유사했으나 약동학적 특성에서는 미라베그론의 Cmax,ss 와 AUCt,ss 에 대한 GMR 이 각각 0.8179, 0.8903 이었고, 탐스로신의 Cmax,ss 와 AUCt,ss 에 대한 GMR 이 각각 1.4151, 1.2950 로 임상적으로 유의성 있는 약물상호작용이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 친수성 첨가제로 사용된 히드록시에틸셀룰로오스는 7 일간의 배합적합성 시험에서 미라베그론 성분 대조제인 베타미가서방정에 사용된 PEO, PEG 보다 유연물질 발생을 43% 감소시켰으며, 정제중량의 28%에 해당하는 히드록시에틸셀룰로오스와 5% 알긴산나트륨을 포함하는 조성의 시료는 용출율 유사성인자가 pH1.2, 4.0, 6.8 에서 각각 56, 90, 87 로 유사성 기준을 충족함을 확인할 수 있었다. 탐스로신의 경우는 미라베그론 정제 처방의 조성에 상관없이 대조약과의 용출율 유사성이 62.3±2.2 로 변화가 적었으며 복합제의 장기, 가속 6 개월 시험에서 순도, 함량에 유의한 변화 없이 안정함이 확인되었다. 임상 1 상 시험에서 복합제는 단일제 병용투여군 대비 안전성과 내약성은 물론 각 성분 모두 Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t 의 약동학적 특성이 병용투여군 대비 특이 사항 없이 유사함을 확인할 수 있었으며 이 결과는 안정성 및 약물동태가 개선된 미라베그론과 탐스로신 함유 polycap 제형의 복합제 개발에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을것으로 기대되었다.

A STUDY ON EXPLETIVE IT IN ENGLISH: SUBJECT EXTRAPOSITION CONSTRUCTION

AKHMEDOV ABRORBEK ADKHAM UGLI 강원대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

Abstract The primary purpose of our thesis is to investigate the properties of the pronoun it in subject extraposition from a lexicalist prospect. English allows heavy constituents such as a that-clause to move to the final position of the sentence. We call this process English Extraposition. The peculiarity of this process is to leave the expletive it in the empty slot after that-clause moves to the end of the sentence. In order to explain the distributional behavior of the pronoun it in Subject extraposition, this thesis presents syntactic and lexical analysis within HPSG (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar) and attempts to explain the linguistic behavior of the pronoun it in Subject Extraposition. On the one hand, Transformational approaches such as Rosenbaum (1967), Emonds (1970), Chomsky (1981), Stowell (1981), and Groat (1995) have considered the pronoun it as an expletive element. They attempted to solve this phenomenon in terms of movement, it-insertion, and EPP (Extended Projection Principle). On the other hand, HPSG scholars such as Sag (2003) and Kim and Sells (2008) tried to explain the same concept with ARG-ST (argument structure) and different ELRs (Extraposition Lexical Rules). However, their analyses have fallen short in explaining the linguistic property of the pronoun it. In this regard, this study claims that the pronoun it is a non-expletive element following Bolinger, it can function in 3 different ways. On this basis, this study accounts for subject extraposition constructions, by adopting the lexical rule suggested by Kim and Sells (2008). To describe the properties of the pronoun it in Subject extraposition, this study, first suggested that unlike the previous dichotomy approach the pronoun it is referential and reflects some degree of referential meaning, following Bolinger (1977). We claim that the pronoun it has at least three distinctive referentiality features namely, NP[NFORM normal it], NP[NFORM structurally determined it], and NP[NFORM contextually determined it]. The important factor to note is that the meaning of each type of referentiality is explained in the lexicon. Second, it is postulated that NP [NFORM contextually determined it] refers to the middle degree of referentiality. Consequently, NP [NFORM contextually determined it] can occur in the argument structure (ARG-ST) of the verb. More specifically, in the lexicon of NFORM structurally determined it, the information to what it refers should be specified as the fact. By doing so, we can understand the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the pronoun it in subject extraposition more clearly. The optimal lexical rule of subject extraposition presented in this study implies that any predicative (adjective or verb) selecting XP [fin ∨ inf] (which can be CP or to-infinitive) and NP[NFORM contextually determined it] in its ARG-ST, basically allows extraposition. In doing so, we can ensure that our lexical rule generates only grammatical sentences with CP and to infinitive clauses. The advantage of our rule is that it can explain both syntactic and semantic features of the pronoun it in subject extraposition with XP [fin ∨ inf] This study did not deal with further relevant data such as, Gerundive Phrase Extraposition, Adjunct Extraposition, or Object Extraposition. These remaining data remain for further study. Abstract The primary purpose of our thesis is to investigate the properties of the pronoun it in subject extraposition from a lexicalist prospect. English allows heavy constituents such as a that-clause to move to the final position of the sentence. We call this process English Extraposition. The peculiarity of this process is to leave the expletive it in the empty slot after that-clause moves to the end of the sentence. In order to explain the distributional behavior of the pronoun it in Subject extraposition, this thesis presents syntactic and lexical analysis within HPSG (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar) and attempts to explain the linguistic behavior of the pronoun it in Subject Extraposition. On the one hand, Transformational approaches such as Rosenbaum (1967), Emonds (1970), Chomsky (1981), Stowell (1981), and Groat (1995) have considered the pronoun it as an expletive element. They attempted to solve this phenomenon in terms of movement, it-insertion, and EPP (Extended Projection Principle). On the other hand, HPSG scholars such as Sag (2003) and Kim and Sells (2008) tried to explain the same concept with ARG-ST (argument structure) and different ELRs (Extraposition Lexical Rules). However, their analyses have fallen short in explaining the linguistic property of the pronoun it. In this regard, this study claims that the pronoun it is a non-expletive element following Bolinger, it can function in 3 different ways. On this basis, this study accounts for subject extraposition constructions, by adopting the lexical rule suggested by Kim and Sells (2008). To describe the properties of the pronoun it in Subject extraposition, this study, first suggested that unlike the previous dichotomy approach the pronoun it is referential and reflects some degree of referential meaning, following Bolinger (1977). We claim that the pronoun it has at least three distinctive referentiality features namely, NP[NFORM normal it], NP[NFORM structurally determined it], and NP[NFORM contextually determined it]. The important factor to note is that the meaning of each type of referentiality is explained in the lexicon. Second, it is postulated that NP [NFORM contextually determined it] refers to the middle degree of referentiality. Consequently, NP [NFORM contextually determined it] can occur in the argument structure (ARG-ST) of the verb. More specifically, in the lexicon of NFORM structurally determined it, the information to what it refers should be specified as the fact. By doing so, we can understand the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the pronoun it in subject extraposition more clearly. The optimal lexical rule of subject extraposition presented in this study implies that any predicative (adjective or verb) selecting XP [fin ∨ inf] (which can be CP or to-infinitive) and NP[NFORM contextually determined it] in its ARG-ST, basically allows extraposition. In doing so, we can ensure that our lexical rule generates only grammatical sentences with CP and to infinitive clauses. The advantage of our rule is that it can explain both syntactic and semantic features of the pronoun it in subject extraposition with XP [fin ∨ inf] This study did not deal with further relevant data such as, Gerundive Phrase Extraposition, Adjunct Extraposition, or Object Extraposition. These remaining data remain for further study.