The Reconstruction of China’s Rural Financial System

지 칭따오 고려대학교 국제대학원 2009 국내석사

The rural area is the potential for the future growth, even the catalyst for economic reconstruction for whole China. So small and medium-size firms located in rural will play a significant role which contributes to economic growth, social stability and employment in the process of rural-urban integration. However, current official financial system cannot satisfy the demand for further development in rural due to various reasons. Ordinary people own little possibility to have secure, open, sufficient finance source to start, run, and develop their own small business. By the contrast, unofficial finance contributes to rural economy remarkably but yet to be legalized fully due to critique of being illegal and insecure. The reconstruction is to make financial system meet rural economic need. Meanwhile, market mechanism and competition should be introduced in. External experience is helpful for reconstruction. And legitimizing unofficial finance should be taken into consideration.

한국 농촌 미자립교회의 자립운동에 관한 연구=

방재항 아세아연합신학대학 1986 국내박사

Assessment of Agricultural Supply Chain Finance Model: Focus on Jilin Province China

Ju, Wen 강원대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

현 단계에서 중국의 주요한 모순은 더 나은 삶에 대한 사람들의 열망 및 발전과 부족 사이의 불균형 사이의 모순으로 변화되였다. 현재 도시와 농촌의 큰 격차는 의심할 여지없이 중국의 주요한 모순으로 인해 가장 큰 타격을 받고 있다. 지난 20년 간의 중앙 1호 문서를 살펴보면 농촌 금융 부문의 개혁이 더욱 더 정부의 주요 계획의 대상이 되어왔다. 2017년 길림성은 농촌재정개혁 시범성으로 선정되어 국가농촌재정개혁 시범구의 기능을 수행하였다. 농촌금융의 효율적 발전은 농촌활성화 촉진에 근본적인 역할을 한다. 길림성의 토지자원, 농업 인프라, 농업 및 농촌고용자들은 상당한 비교우위를 가지고 있다. 길림성은 길림성 내 농촌 금융에 이용될 수 있도록 농업공급사슬금융 개발을 우선 순위를 두었다. 개발은 참조 및 평가 기준을 위한 매우 진보된 모델을 제공한다. 길림성 농업공급사슬금융 발전의 운영방식은 아직 탐색단계에 있지만 그 발전경험은 상대적으로 뚜렷한 대표적인 특징을 가지고 있다. 개발 유형은 중국 농업 공급사슬 금융의 개발에 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 본 논문의 구체적인 구성은 다음과 같다. 제1장은 서론으로 주로 길림성 농업 공급사슬 금융 효과의 평가 및 개발 모델 연구의 기초, 국내외 연구 상황, 주요 연구 내용, 연구 방법, 연구 혁신 포인트 및 연구 기술 경로를 설명한다. 제2장은 문헌 고찰과 이론적 근거이다. 농업공급사슬금융 등의 관련 문헌을 위주로 정리하고, 정보비대칭이론, 거래비용이론, 공급사슬관리 등의 기초이론을 해설한다. 제3장은 길림성 농업공급사슬금융의 개요이다. 길림성의 농업공급사슬금융의 주요 유형과 문제점 및 주요 원인을 소개한다. 제4장에서는 길림성 농업공급사슬금융의 주요 모델을 선정하고 길림성 농업공급사슬금융 주요 모델에 대한 실증 연구 모델을 구축한다. 제5장에서는 길림성 농업공급사슬금융의 주요 모델을 평가하고 데이터와 지표를 선정하여 계량경제모델을 사용하여 평가하고 실증분석결과를 제시한 다음 본 연구의 결론을 제시한다. 제6장에서는 길림성 농업공급사슬금융의 발전을 위한 건의를 제안하고 길림성 농업공급사슬금융의 건전하고 신속한 발전을 보장하기 위한 합리적인 발전 모델을 제시한다. 본 논문은 다음의 네 가지 결론을 도출한다. 첫째, 현재 길림성 농업공급사슬금융의 발전단계는 비교적 후진적이다. 비록 농업공급사슬금융의 서로 다른 발전 모델을 만들어냈지만 세 가지 발전 모델은 현재까지 이상향에 있어 큰 성과를 내지 못했으며, 길림성에서도 이를 이성적으로 인정해야 한다. 농업공급사슬금융의 개발 상태는 현실에서 출발하여서 길림성 농업 발전의 재정 병목 현상을 돌파해야 한다. 둘째, 농업핵심기업을 더 많이 육성하고 농업산업에서 농업핵심기업의 역할을 발휘 시키며 금융기관과 농업핵심기업의 합리적인 교량을 장려한다. 셋째, “농업, 농촌 지역과 농부들”의 발전에서 금융상품의 큰 역할을 충분히 인식하고 사고를 넓혀서 소유자들로부터 농업에서 금융수단을 올바르고 합리적으로 취급할 것을 요구해야 한다. 넷째, 길림성의 농업공급사슬금융의 문제점에 대해 다음과 같은 조치를 제안한다: 농업공급사슬금융 서비스의 능력 향상; 농업공급사슬에서 핵심 기업의 역할 강화; 농업공급사슬금융 시설의 건설에 적극적 참여; 농업공급사슬금융 서비스의 생태 건설 구축. The main contradiction in China at this stage has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's longing for a better life and the imbalance between development and insufficiency. At present, the huge gap between urban and rural development is undoubtedly the hardest hit by China's current major contradictions. Looking at the Central No. 1 document in the past two decades, the reform of the rural financial sector has increasingly become the target of the government's key layout. In 2017, Jilin Province was established as a pilot province for rural financial reform, carrying the function of the pilot zone of the national rural financial reform. The efficient development of rural finance plays a fundamental role in promoting rural revitalization. Jilin Province's land resources, agricultural infrastructure, and agricultural and rural employees have significant comparative advantages. Jilin Province gives priority to the development of agricultural supply chain finance, which can be used for rural finance in Jilin Province. Development provides an extremely advanced model for reference and evaluation criteria. Although the operation mode of agricultural supply chain finance development in Jilin Province is in the exploratory stage, its development experience has relatively distinctive representative characteristics. The type of development has guiding significance for the development of China's agricultural supply chain finance. The specific layout of this article is as follows. The first chapter is the introduction, which mainly expounds the basis of the research on the evaluation and development model of agricultural supply chain financial effect in Jilin Province, the research status at home and abroad, the main research contents, research methods, research innovation points and research technology routes. The second chapter is the literature review and theoretical basis. It mainly summarized related literatures such as agricultural supply chain finance, and expounds the basic theories such as information asymmetry theory, transaction cost theory and supply chain management. The third chapter is an overview of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province. It mainly introduces the main types of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province, the problems and main causes of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province. The fourth chapter selects the main model of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province, and builds a model to conduct empirical research on the main models of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province. The fifth chapter evaluates the main models of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province, selects data and indicators and uses the econometric model to evaluate and give empirical analysis results, and then promote the conclusion of this study. The sixth chapter is to promote the suggestions for the development of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province, and propose a reasonable development model to ensure the healthy and rapid development of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province. This thesis draws the following four conclusions. First, the current development stage of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province is relatively junior. Although it has produced different development models of agricultural supply chain finance, the three development models have not yet produced great effects in the ideal, and should be rationally recognized in Jilin Province. The development status of agricultural supply chain finance, starting from reality, breaks through the financial bottleneck of agricultural development in Jilin Province. Second, cultivate more agricultural core enterprises, give play to the role of agricultural core enterprises in the agricultural industry, and encourage the reasonable bridging between financial institutions and agricultural core enterprises. Third, we should fully recognize the great role of financial instruments in the development of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers”, emancipate our minds, and call on agriculture to treat financial instruments correctly and rationally from the owners. Fourthly, the following countermeasures are proposed for the problems of agricultural supply chain finance in Jilin Province: improving the capacity of agricultural supply chain financial services; enhancing the role of core enterprises in the agricultural supply chain; actively participating in the construction of agricultural supply chain financial facilities; Ecological construction of agricultural supply chain financial services.

(The)Reconstruction of China's Rural Financial System

Ji, Chengtao Graduate school of international studies, Korea un 2009 국내석사

Financial inclusion for rural development in Peru : an analysis of the national financial Inclusion strategy (NFIS)

설승경 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2017 국내석사

Financial Inclusion for Rural Development in Peru: An Analysis of the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) Peru, one of the best performing economies in Latin America, has taken advantage of global networks to strengthen its position as the global leader in promoting financial inclusion, through active participation in initiatives and partnerships. This research was motivated by an interesting phenomenon that opportunities to participate in the financial market are distributed to only a few Peruvians even if the country belongs to the upper ranks of the world when it comes to the financial sector development. Why is that? Peru has set the goal of inclusive economic growth and the inclusion in the financial sector is an important part of the social consolidation and the rural development policy. This research studies the implications of the national policies for financial inclusion on rural development in Peru because rural Peru has been socially, economically and politically marginalized. In an attempt to achieve the main research purpose, the author defined financial inclusion as the pro-poor growth strategy and using this idea as the evaluation criteria, conducted policy analysis as a research method. The official document of National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) will be closely examined but other sources published by important actors in the public sector will also be reviewed. Meanwhile, the G20 principles for financial inclusion that contain the contents pertaining to the pro-poor policies, the three basic dimensions and other elements found in many definitions of financial inclusion were all combined to devise an analytical framework. Findings of this research indicated that the principles of diversity, innovation, protection and empowerment have been reflected quite successfully in the national plans according to the specific actions for implementation. However, regarding the issue of inclusion of the poor, there is a limit to the extent to which the contents of the official document cannot be linked to a more fundamental and effective tool for rural development or poverty reduction due to inappropriateness of financial products to the poor, the absence of contents related to safety measures against technological progress, insufficient consideration for the most vulnerable segments and lack of the emphasis on the role of suppliers. 페루의 포용적 금융발전 국가전략이 농촌개발에 미치는 시사점 라틴아메리카에서 빠른 경제성장을 이룬 페루는 국제협약의 이행, 파트너십 체결을 통한 해외 네트워크의 적극적인 활용으로 포용적 금융 발전에 있어 선구자 역할을 하고있다. 이 연구는 페루가 상위권에 속하는 금융섹터의 발전 정도와 달리, 얼마나 많은 인구가 금융시장에 참여하고 있는지를 나타내는 포용적 금융 지수에 있어서는 매우 낮은 성과를 보이고 있는 현상에 대한 궁금 점에서 출발했다. 금융시장 참여에 대한 기회가 왜 일부에게 집중되어 있을까? 페루는 국가 독립 200주년을 기념하여 포용적 경제성장을 위한 단계적인 그리고 종합적인 국가계획을 발표하였다. 포용적 금융이란 기본적으로 금융섹터에서의 포용정책을 의미하며 페루의 사회통합, 농촌 개발과 관련된 정책과도 일맥상통한다. 그동안 페루의 농촌은 사회적, 경제적, 그리고 정치적으로 많은 소외를 받아왔다. 이러한 배경에서 이 연구는 페루의 포용적 금융발전 국가전략이 농촌개발에 미치는 시사점을 논의하려고 한다. 위와 같은 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 저자는 우선 포용적 금융을 '친 빈곤계층' 성장전략의 하나로 정의하였고 이 관점을 큰 틀의 평가기준으로 설정하여 정책 분석을 연구방법으로 수행하였다. 특히 페루의 국가전략 공식 문서인 NFIS를 중심으로 관련된 주요 정부부처에서 발간된 다양한 문서가 중요한 분석 자료로 활용되었다. 또한 이 연구를 위해 '친 빈곤계층' 성장 전략과의 관련성이 명백히 제시된 포용적 금융을 위한 G20 원칙, 포용적 금융의 세 가지 기본요소(접근, 사용, 질), 그리고 문헌연구에서 얻은 중요한 개념들을 일부 결합하여 분석 도구인 연구 프레임워크를 고안하였다. 공식 문서에 포함된 구체적인 실행계획(행동강령), 실제 반영 현황, 그리고 과정 등을 미루어 볼 때 앞서 채택된 G20 원칙인 다양성, 혁신, 소비자 보호, 권한 부여 원칙 모두 성공적으로 반영되어 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 '포용'의 개념이 다소 난해 함에도 불구하고 현재 접근 가능한 정부 문서의 내용만으로는 페루의 포용적 금융발전 국가전략을 농촌개발 또는 빈곤 감축에 근본적인 도움을 주는 효과적인 해결책으로 판단하기에는 많은 한계가 존재한다. 다양성 원칙에서 빈곤계층에 대한 몇 가지 금융상품의 부 적합성, 혁신 원칙에서 기술진보에 대응하는 안전대책의 부재, 소비자 보호 원칙에서 소외된 인구를 공식화 하기 위한 특별대책의 미흡, 그리고 권한 부여 원칙에서 지역사회의 참여, 공급자의 역할에 대한 강조 부족 문제가 발견되었다.

THE EFFECT OF FAMILY SIZE AND STRUCTURE ON HOUSEHOLDS’ ASSETS ALLOCATION

WEI JIA 수원대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

This paper investigates the effect of family size and structure on household assets allocation in China. We use China Household Financial Survey (CHFS) from 2011 to 2017 as a four years’ panel dataset which was conducted every two years. In this study, households’ assets are classified into four categories: house, second house, deposits and stocks. What’s the difference with previous studies is that house and second house are considered as asset categories. We test the probability of four types of household asset holdings with Probit regression and the proportion of each asset category with Tobit regression. The results show that family size increases the probability of a family holding house and second house; decreases the probability of holding deposits and stocks in China. A few related studies (see e.g. Coile and Milligan (2006), Keister (2003), Lugauera et al. (2017), Pierret (2006)) show the similar results only in developed countries and don’t include house and second house. It is confirmed that the family size has a significant effect. Family size decrease the proportion of deposits and stocks holding in China. With consideration of elderly number and children number, family size increases the proportion of second house.This means that if a family own a house or a second house in the property category, the family size increases the proportion of the second house. Households with elderly have a lower probability of own house, second house and stocks. Bogan (2015) find that obligation of old family members caretaking markedly decreases high risk asset holding which is similar with our results on financial assets analysis. An increase in elderly number have a negative (-) effect on the proportion of house, second house and a positive (+) effect on deposits. Households with children increase the proportion of deposits and second house and decrease the proportion of stocks. This is different from Bogan (2015), where the number of children reduced stock holdings but had no significant effect on deposits. In addition, we analyze the regional difference of the effect on household portfolio choice. In urban area, as family size increases, the probability of holding a second house increases. Whereas in rural area, family size increase house holding. More children in a family increase second house and deposits’ holding. Furthermore, we also analyze the income effect on household assets allocation. Family size has similar effect in high and middle-income groups that has a negative effect on stocks holding. It is found that the larger the family size is, the more favored the possession of the second house in low-income families. At last, we analyzed the changes in household assets allocation according to the abolition of the policy of single-children. Previous studies mainly concentrated on children number and family size before the two-child policy (see e.g. (Lu and Liu,(2017); Wu (2018); Qian( 2016)). As a result of this study, we find that after the implementation of the two-child policy, family size increases the house shares which was negative before the policy. The increasing children number decrease stock shares after the two-child policy. 본 논문은 중국 내 가족규모와 구성이 가계의 자산배분에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 연구하였다. 2011년부터 2017년까지 2년마다 실시되는 중국 가계 금융 조사(CHFS)로 부터 얻은 자료를 사용하였으며, 가계의 자산 범주를 주택, 두 번째 주택, 예금, 주식 등 네가지로 분류하였다. 기존 연구와 달리 주택과 두 번째 주택을 자산 범주로 고려한다는 점이 선행 연구들과의 주요 차이점이라 할 수 있다. Probit 분석을 통해 가계의 네가지 유형에 대한 자산 보유 확률을 분석하였고 Tobit 분석을 통해 가계의 각 자산 비율을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 가족규모는 주택과 두 번째 주택의 보유 확률을 높이는 반면, 예금과 주식 보유 확률을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기존의 선진국 대상의 선행연구(예: Coile and Milligan (2006), Keister (2003), Lugauera et al. (2017), Pierret (2006))와 유사한 결과로, 본 연구에서는 두 번째 주택 보유에 대해서도 가족규모가 유의한 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한, 가족 규모의 증가는 중국 가계의 예금과 주식 보유 비중을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 반며, 고령자와 아동 수를 고려하면, 가계 규모 증가가 둘째 주택의 비율을 증가시킨다. 이는 첫 번째 주택과 두 번째 주택을 자산 범주에 포함하면 가족 규모가 두 번재 주택의 자산 비중을 증가시킨다는 것을 의미한다. 한편, 고령자 있는 가계는 첫 번째 주택, 두 번째 주택, 그리고 주식의 보유 확률이 낮은것으로 나타났다. Bogan (2015)는 노인가족 보호의무가 가계의 고위험자산 보유를 현저히 감소시킨다는 것을 발견했는데 본 연구에서도 이와 일치하는 결과를 얻었다. 그리고 가계 내 고령자 수 증가는 첫 번째 주택과 두 번째 주택의 보유 비율에 음의(-) 영향을 미치고 예금에는 양의(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 자녀가 있는 가계의 자산 배분도 유의미한 차이가 존재하였다. 자녀가 있는 가계는 예금과 두 번째 주택의 자산 비중을 높이는 반면, 주식의 비중을 줄이는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 자녀 수가 주식 보유를 감소시키지만 예금과는 큰 관계가 없었던 Bogan (2015)의 결과와는 다른 결과이다. 본 연구에서는 중국 내 가계의 자산 배분 결정이 지역적 차이에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지도 분석하였다. 도시 지역에서는 가족 수가 증가할수록 두 번째 주택의 보유 확률을 증가시키는 반면, 농촌에서는 가족 수 증가는 첫 번째 주택의 보유 확률을 늘리는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 농촌에서는 자녀수 증가는 두 번째 주택과 예금의 보유 확률을 늘리는 것으로 나타났다. 소득의 차이에 따른 중국 내 가계의 자산배분에 대한 차이도 분석하였다 가족의 규모는 주식 보유에 부의(-) 영향을 미치는데 이는 고소득층과 중산층에서 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 그리고 저소득층에서는 가족 규모가 클수록 두 번째 집의 보유를 더욱 선호한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 한자녀 정책 폐지에 따른 가계의 자산배분의 변화를 분석하였다. 기존의 연구에서는 주로 둘째 아이 정책(two-child policy) 이전의 자녀 수와 가족 규모에 주로 초점을 맞추고 있다(Lu & Liu (2017), Wu (2018), Qian(2016)). 본 연구에서는 둘째 아이 정책 시행 후, 정책 시행 이전에 비해 가족 규모 증가는 집의 보유비율을 더욱 증가시키며, 두 번째 아동 정책이 자유화 된 후, 아동 수의 증가는 주식의비율을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

A Study of Regional Differences and Financial Support for Rural Industrial Revitalization from the Perspective of Efficiency : -Focus on 31 Provinces in China

주림림 세한대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내박사

Abstract Rural revitalization is a major strategy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. It follows the objective laws and historical trends of urban and rural development, and is an innovative development of the theory of agricultural and rural development. In the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, rural finance has much to do. Therefore, it is particularly important to perfect the rural financial system, optimize the allocation of financial resources in rural revitalization, improve the efficiency of financial support for rural revitalization, give full play to the role of financial support for "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" and promote the development of rural economy to achieve the strategic goals of national rural revitalization. This study based on the background of China implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country, in China's 31 provinces, with emphasis on the efficiency of financial support rural industries, on choosing the four input indicators and output indicators, using the financial statistics yearbook from 2015 to 2021 China statistical yearbook "China's regional financial operation report" and the Wind panel data such as database, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Mamlquist index are used to compare the financial support efficiency and its changes in different provinces from static and dynamic aspects, and the coefficient of variation (CV) and Theil index are used to compare the difference of financial support efficiency in different regions. This paper analyzes the time and space evolution of total factor productivity (TFP) supported by finance in rural industrial revitalization by kernel density function and Markov chain method The research results mainly include the following aspects. (1) From a static perspective, the number of provinces with high technical efficiency supported by financial support for rural industrial revitalization in China has a fluctuating growth trend from 2014 to 2020, while the number of provinces with low technical efficiency has a fluctuating decline trend, indicating that the efficiency of financial support for rural industrial revitalization in China has gradually increased. From 2014 to 2020, the number of provinces with low pure technical efficiency in China's financial support for rural industry revitalization gradually decreased, and the pure technical efficiency steadily increased. China's financial support for rural industrial revitalization is in an increasing trend of scale efficiency, indicating that there are still insufficient input elements of financial support for rural industrial revitalization. Increasing input can expand scale efficiency and give full play to the potential of financial support for rural industrial revitalization. The fluctuation of technical efficiency of financial support for rural industrial revitalization is mainly caused by the change of scale efficiency. (2) From a dynamic perspective, the total factor productivity of China's rural industries supported by financial support increased by 7.23% from 2014 to 2020, mainly due to technological progress. The change in technological efficiency increased by 3%, while technological progress increased by 4.23%. It shows that pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency play an important role in the financial support industry development process of rural industry revitalization. From the perspective of Malmquist productivity index (MPI) index, the maximum value in 2014-2020 was all greater than 1, the minimum value was 0.6312-0.9407, and the average value was 0.9620-1.0733, showing a fluctuating trend. The MPI index is greater than 1 in 20 provinces, accounting for 65 percent of the total factor productivity growth. The top five provinces are Hunan, Beijing and Zhejiang, with an average annual growth rate of more than 5%. In Hunan province, growth reached 10 percent. The average value of MPI index is less than 1 in 11 provinces, accounting for 35%, namely shaanxi, Qinghai, Gansu, Shandong, Ningxia, Jilin, Shanxi, Guangxi, Henan, Anhui and Hebei. (3) From the perspective of regional differences, among the 7 regions in China, the coefficient of variation within central China is the largest with an average of 0.3873, followed by North China with 0.2479, while the coefficient of variation in northeast China is the smallest with 0.0156. At the same time, the variation coefficient of financial support efficiency is greater than the relative difference of south China, southwest China and northeast China. The coefficient of variation of the efficiency of financial support for rural industrial revitalization in China is stable and fluctuates slightly. The coefficient of variation of the efficiency of financial support in east China, northwest China and southwest China basically maintains a similar trend with that in the whole country. The coefficient of variation of financial support efficiency in North China increases gradually. The coefficient of variation of financial support efficiency in central China increased rapidly in 2014, and then decreased rapidly in 2020, with great fluctuation. The coefficient of variation of financial support efficiency in northeast and South China is lower than the national average. On the whole, Theil index of financial support efficiency in central China is the largest, which is 0.0778. North China, 0.0278; The mean value of Theil index in northeast China is the lowest, which is 0.0004, indicating that the internal difference of efficiency level in northeast China is the smallest among the seven regions. The total difference of Theil index of overall financial support efficiency fluctuates, rising from 0.0176 in 2014 to 0.0338 in 2020. This shows that at the national level, except for a few years, the regional difference in the efficiency level of financial support for rural industry revitalization in China is gradually expanding, and the efficiency level is in a decentralized situation. From the decomposition of Theil index, the inter-group difference of the overall financial support efficiency is basically the same as the overall difference, while the intra-group difference shows a gentle fluctuation state. From 2014 to 2020, the difference between groups was greater than the difference within groups. (4) From the perspective of time and space evolution, from 2015 to 2020, the proportion of provinces with medium and high MPI supported by finance for rural industry revitalization showed an increasing trend, and the difference between provinces showed a narrowing phenomenon over time, and the gap between provinces in MPI supported by finance for rural industry revitalization became smaller year by year. The MPI of financial support for rural industry revitalization from 2015 to 2019 showed no obvious trend of polarization or multilevel polarization. In 2020, the MPI of financial support for rural industry revitalization showed an obvious trend of polarization or multilevel polarization. Without considering the spatial lag, financial support for rural industrial revitalization of total factor productivity liquidity is high. Considering the spatial lag, MPI supported by finance for rural industry revitalization has spatial agglomeration effect and spatial spillover effect. Under the influence of spillover effect of regions with high MPI level, regions with low MPI may break through the barrier of low-end lock-in To this end, all regions should strengthen construction from the construction of sound financial institution support system and policy system, financial support to promote the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and optimize the financial environment to support the revitalization of rural industries, formulate and adjust financial support strategies according to local conditions, and better serve the revitalization of rural industries.

The Association of Tennessee Promise and Post Secondary Trends in One Rural East Tennessee High School

Windsor, Kristi C ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Lincoln Memorial U 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Rural Indebtedness in India: Dimensions, Causes, and Perceptions

Kandikuppa, Sandeep ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Debt is omnipresent. Almost everybody borrows at some point or another. Yet, the pressure to repay exacts a higher toll—financially and mentally—on some than on others. Rural households in India have found their debt burdens to be onerous and have been agitating for ‘relief from debt’. Scholars and policymakers have studied indebtedness in India for almost a hundred years. Yet, the vast body of work suffers from three shortcomings. First, it does not lay out the precise dimensions of indebtedness, and often conflates ‘rural indebtedness’ with ‘farmers’ indebtedness’. In the process, it fails to acknowledge the diversities within the category of ‘farmers.’ Second, extant literature does not consider the impacts of climate change on household debt burden. Third, it does not adequately grapple with the moral underpinnings of debt. In my first substantive chapter, titled ‘Class and vulnerability to debt in rural India-a statistical overview’, I undertake a class analysis to ask: how indebted are rural households and do the magnitude and nature of indebtedness vary across space, time, and classes? In the second chapter titled ‘Climate change and household debt in rural India’, I ask: what is the impact of shifts in rainfall, temperature, and occurrence of extreme events like droughts and floods, on household debt burdens? In both these chapters I rely on large secondary datasets like the National Sample Survey Office’s All-India Debt and Investment Survey, the Indian Human Development Survey, and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) to propel my arguments. In the third chapter, I use qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with farmers in Andhra Pradesh to delineate the moral economy of debt and identify the political and economic factors that shape how these rural households ‘live with their debt’.

농민소요를 통해 본 개혁기 중국의 국가-농촌사회 관계 : 1990년대 이후를 중심으로

윤지혜 서울대학교 대학원 2006 국내석사