공연예술인의 정치의식과 문화정책의 상관성에 관한 연구 : 전라북도 국악·음악·무용·연극예술인을 중심으로

배수연 전북대학교 일반대학원 2017 국내박사

Culture is a man-made form of life while art is defined as a means and method of presenting culture. Culture and arts are occupying important parts of our future life since they function as a entertaining means and economic instrument simultaneously which enrich human life. In the past, political arena and artistic one were studied separately. But the relationship between two arenas is intertwining and they should be studied closely. The scope of art is expanding over simple entertaining to economic area now. This change makes artists have more interests in politics and participate in political action or campaign. The various cultural policies influencing the life of artists affect their political awareness and especially government subsidies on arts made a new bond between politicians and artists. The purpose of this study is founding out the relationship between political awareness of artists and public policy on culture and art. The political participation model of Verba was employed for this study and political awareness was classified as political participation, political interest, political trust, and political partisanship. In this study, public policy on cultural art was focused on the creativity enhancement, cultural welfare improvement, and cultural facility expansion and operation project. The survey for this study asking 47 questions about demographic distribution, political awareness, and public policy on cultural art was filled by 334 performance artists(traditional Korean music, music, dance, drama) in Jollabukdo province. In the research model for analyzing the relationship between political awareness and cultural policy, political awareness was set for independent variable, the public policy on culture was set for dependent variable, and performance artists on various fields was set for parameter. The first research subject is founding out the relationship between the political awareness of performance artists in various fields and the public policy on culture and art. The second research subject is more focused on the artists in the specific field. According to this survey, the artists on the field of traditional Korean music are highly motivated by political partisanship, have relatively strong political interest, high level of political trust, and are influenced by cultural welfare improvement and performing facility expansion project. The musical artists are very strongly influenced by the creativity enhancement project and have strong political trust and partisanship while they are a little influenced by performing facility expansion project and rarely motivated by political participation, political interest, and cultural welfare improvement. The dancing artists have very strong political trust, political interest, and strongly influenced by creativity enhancement project while little motivated by political partisanship, cultural welfare improvement and performing facility expansion project. The artists in the field of drama are very strongly influenced by cultural welfare improvement and performing facility expansion project whereas they have a little interest and less participate in politics and little motivated by creativity enhancement project. They also have very low level of political trust and partisanship. Among four artistic fields, traditional Korean musicians have the highest level of political awareness and dancing artists are the second while other artists have lower level of awareness. On the other hand, the artists in the field of traditional Korean music and drama have more concern on the cultural policy than other artists. The reasons of the result from the first research subject are Firstly, all artists desire to expand the project of encouraging new creative art. Secondly, the government has continuously promoted various cultural campaigns and offered artists opportunities to perform. Thirdly, the government also has promoted and financially aided artistic performances and supported artists groups and theaters to cooperate. Fourthly, various government supports for the artistic performance including Culture and Art Development Fund are the result of artists' expectation and interest for the government. Fifthly, the government has implemented a variety of welfare programs for artists such as voucher card, financial aid for artists' pension, and incorporation of artistic companies. Sixthly, the artists have great concern about the systemic management of the number of audience and the benefit from the performances. Seventhly, some public cultural policies such as a remodeling business street into cultural one were not satisfied for the artists. Eighthly, the enhanced political awareness of artists has pushed the public artistic programs such as volunteering for the artistic performance or campaign. Ninthly, the artists participated in this research strongly want continuous governmental support on the small theater, performing facilities and the education of related human resources. Tenthly, the political awareness and cultural policy are not directly related with ideological inclination such as political partisanship. The reasons of the result from the second research subject are Firstly, the musical artists have higher income level than other artists. Secondly, the four main projects of the public cultural policy are common concern of all artists. Thirdly, the government has planned the construction of the special dancing theater. Fourthly, the main measures of the creativity enhancement project is financial support. Fifthly, the public support of local governments to the artists group and financial aid to elder artists made the artists have political interest and concern for the welfare program for themselves.. Sixthly, the artists have strong desire for the construction of the special performance facilities while the performances are increased in size, upgraded, and specialized. Seventhly, the artists' interest and demand for the politicians' pledge related with cultural issue and their enactment and other political activities are linked to political trust. Eighthly, the recognition of the artists in the field of music and drama on the creativity enhancement project was relatively high. Ninthly, the political partisanship of artists was strongly related to their ideology and not relative to the public policy on culture. Tenthly, the relative satisfaction for performing environment of artists with high education and career in Jeonju is high. Thus the expansion and operation of performing facility was irrelevant to the artists' satisfaction.

기초연금 정책성과의 영향요인에 관한 연구 : 경남지역 기초연금 수혜자의 인식을 중심으로

한명철 경상국립대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

This study analyzed the performance level of Korea's currently promoted basic pension policy in terms of pension beneficiaries' subjective satisfaction with service receipt and identified influential factors in each detailed area to suggest the direction of improvement of the basic pension policy and policy implications in the future. The policy performance of the basic pension was divided into overall satisfaction and satisfaction by detailed area, and the factors influencing performance were divided into policy awareness factors of pension beneficiaries, policy management system factors, government financial factors, and socio-demographic factors. A survey was conducted on basic pension recipients living in 10 cities and rural areas in the Gyeongnam region. The main analysis results of this study and their meaning are summarized as follows. First, the overall satisfaction level of pension recipients, which is a result of the basic pension policy, was 3.78, which is above average. In other words, it was analyzed that the basic pension has a positive effect on the overall life satisfaction of the elderly. By detailed area, satisfaction with family relationships (3.76) > satisfaction with economic status (3.57) > satisfaction with physical health (3.39) was generally above average, and depression was at a relatively low level of 1.43 (out of 4). According to the demographic characteristics of basic pension recipients, overall satisfaction is higher for women (3.85) than for men (3.67). Excluding depression, the older the age, the lower the income and education level, and the more single-person the household, the higher the satisfaction level. Elderly people living in urban areas were found to have a higher level of awareness of key variables. On the other hand, depression was higher in younger age, higher income and education, and in rural areas, showing conflicting results. In particular, in the case of age, the elderly's satisfaction level increases with age in both overall satisfaction and satisfaction by area, so it can be seen that the benefits of basic pension are greater for the elderly. Second, the overall average of the level of awareness of factors influencing basic pension policy performance was 3.32, showing a medium level of awareness. Looking at each factor, the policy awareness factor is 3.36 on average, and policy understanding is high at 3.53, while information provision is relatively low at 3.18, so changes in information guidance and promotion methods and active delivery of information about changes in pension policy seem necessary. The management system factor is also at a medium level with an average of 3.25, with accessibility at 3.52, accountability at 3.24, and comprehensiveness at 3.0, indicating that the convenience of applying for and using pensions is relatively high. The average government financial factor is 3.37, which is at a medium level, the adequacy of the amount is 3.24, fairness is 3.41, and sustainability is 3.47. It was confirmed that elderly pension recipients in the Gyeongnam region perceive that the basic pension amount will continue to be provided in the future. Third, as a result of analyzing the influencing factors of basic pension policy performance, five factors (policy understanding, responsibility, comprehensiveness, sustainability, and age) were found to have significant influence on overall satisfaction. Eight factors (policy understanding, responsibility, comprehensiveness, accessibility, sustainability, fairness, age, and income) were found to be significant factors in satisfaction with economic status. Five factors (policy understanding, responsibility, fairness, age, and region) were major factors in satisfaction with physical health, and age and region were significant factors in depression. Seven factors (policy understanding, information provision, comprehensiveness, fairness, household characteristics, age, and region) were found to be statistically significant factors in family relationship satisfaction. Overall, the factors that greatly influenced the satisfaction of pension recipients were the understanding of the basic pension policy and the responsibility of pension managers. Therefore, it is necessary to first promote the pension policy and review ways to improve the responsibility of pension managers. According to the above analysis results, the policy implications of each factor are as follows. First, in the case of policy awareness factors, in order to improve pension beneficiaries' policy understanding and level of information provision, priority is given to setting clear policy goals and information sharing between the National Pension Service and local governments by revising the Enforcement Decree of the Basic Pension Act and the Enforcement Decree of the National Pension Act. Second, in terms of the management system of basic pension work, improvement to an efficient work system is necessary to increase the responsibility of pension managers. For efficient execution, it is necessary to review the direction of expanding the National Pension Service's basic pension work compared to the present in order to reduce the heavy workload of local government officials and strengthen the public pension nature of the basic pension. Third, in order to improve the policy performance of the basic pension, a plan is needed to ensure sustainability and fairness in basic pension finance. And decisions on the increase and scope of the basic pension amount must be made very carefully and thoroughly, taking into account future financial needs. Lastly, in relation to demographic factors, this study found that the older the age, the higher the satisfaction with pension benefits, so continuous provision of basic pension is necessary to improve policy performance and the quality of life of the elderly. However, the limitations of this study are as follows. First, in this study, policy performance was measured in terms of overall and domain-specific satisfaction in terms of subjective satisfaction of pension service beneficiaries. However, the measurement of policy performance is complex and various factors influence each other, resulting in changes in goals and means during the implementation process. Therefore, in addition to subjective satisfaction with pension services in the future, it is necessary to set and measure objective performance types by indicator. Second, because this study conducted a survey of the perceptions of elderly pensioners limited to 10 cities and rural areas in the Gyeongnam region, there are limitations in generalizing the research results. Therefore, there is a need to expand the research area nationwide in the future and compare and investigate by Seoul and metropolitan cities, urban and rural areas, and urban and rural complexes. Third, this study failed to discuss the perceptions of various stakeholders related to the basic pension policy. In other words, interviews and expert perception surveys could not be conducted on the awareness of public officials in charge and the degree of inter-organizational connection in relation to the service delivery system factors of the basic pension policy. As a future research project, specific discussion and investigation on this will need to be confirmed through a perception survey of the service management and delivery system of national pension managers and local government basic pension managers. We hope that through follow-up research, the research areas and methods will be supplemented, contributing to establishing the right direction for Korea's basic pension policy in the future, and being used as basic data for reducing poverty among the elderly and expanding welfare services.

4학년 아동의 행정구역별 기호식품 섭취 빈도와 아동 및 보호자의 정책 인식 비교

유지혜 창원대학교 2018 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of favorite food intake, the status of consumption of favorite food, and the perception of policy related to favorite food in 4th grade children according to the administrative divisions. The survey subjects were 4th grade children and parents of the nationwide. The frequency of favorite food intake and their awareness of favorite food-related policies (recognition, usefulness, necessity, intention to select) were compared and analyzed after dividing 3 groups into metropolitan cities, small and middle cities, and small towns and villages(Eup, Myeon). The data of 1,971 children and parents respectively participating in the survey were analyzed as follows. There was no significant difference in the frequency of favorite healthy food intake and the frequency of high-calorie and low-nutrient food consumption by the administrative districts. In detail, ‘Soy milk' consumed more in small and middle cities' children than in other administrative district children(p<0.05). And ‘Fruits'(p<0.05) were consumed by the children of special metropolitan cities and small and middle cities compared with the children of towns and villages(p<0.05). ‘Chocolates and candies’(p<0.01) and ‘Beverages'(p<0.001) were more consumed in small and middle cities than in other administrative district, and ‘Ramen' in small towns and villages more than children in special metropolitan cities(p<0.05). The time spent watching TV, computer, and smartphone use was higher in small towns and villages than that of children in other administrative districts(p<0.01). As a result of the experience of receiving the nutrition education at the school was very low, there was no difference by administration area. In the case of the awareness for favorite food-related policies, while children in the small and middle cities had a lower perception rate than the children in other areas(p<0.05). Children’s awareness in small towns and villages regarding ‘TV advertisement restriction', was higher compared to other areas(p<0.01). In terms of policy-specific usability, children in metropolitan cities showed high awareness, responding that policies such as ‘Green Food Zone’, ‘Exemplary Business Places’, ‘Restrictions on TV advertising’, ‘Restrictions on advertising for free offer’, ‘Nutrition labeling’, ‘Education on food safety and nutrition’, ‘Prohibition detrimental to children’s emotional health’ were helpful in having healthy eating habits(p<0.05∼0.01). In recognition of the necessity of the policy, the children in the small and middle cities were lower than the children in the other administrative districts(p<0.01). In the ‘Expansion of middle school and high school students of food safety and nutrition education', children in small towns and villages showed higher awareness(p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between children's favorite food consumption frequency and the policy perception by the guardians(r=0.059∼0.290, p<0.05∼ 0.01). Especially, the frequency of food consumption of children with high calorie and low nutrition was negatively correlated with their perceived the policy usefulness by the guardians'(r=-0.051, p<0.05). In addition, the experience of nutrition education in the children's school showed a positive correlation with the health food consumption(r=0.111, p<0.01), and there was also a correlation in the policy awareness, usefulness and necessity(r=0.097∼0.376, p<0.01). The results of this study suggest that if school nutrition education is active, children will be able to improve their perception of behavior and policy to consume more healthy foods than high-calorie and low-nutrition foods. In addition, there was a correlation between the child's policy perceptions and the guardians' perceptions, so that nutrition education for the children as well as guardians may positively affect the ability of the children to improve healthy food selection and eating habits. 본 연구는 행정구역별에 따라 4학년 아동의 기호식품의 섭취 빈도, 기호식품의 섭취 관련 현황 및 기호식품과 관련된 정책 인식을 비교하여, 추후 아동의 기호식품 선택 능력 향상을 위한 방안을 모색하기 위한 기초조사로 실시되었다. 조사대상자는 전국의 4학년 아동과 학부모를 대상으로 하였으며, 특별광역시, 중소 도시, 읍‧면‧도서벽지로 집단을 분류하여 기호식품 섭취 빈도, 기호식품 관련 정책별 인식(인지도, 유용성, 필요성, 선택 의향)을 비교분석하였다. 설문조사에 참여한 아동과 학부모 각각 1,971명의 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 행정구역별로 아동의 건강기호식품 섭취 빈도나 고열량‧저영양 기호식품 섭취 빈도에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 세부적으로 보면 ‘두유’는 중소 도시 아동들이 다른 행정구역 아동들보다 더 섭취하고 있었으며(p<0.05), ‘과일류’는 특별광역시, 중소 도시 아동들이 읍‧면‧도서벽지 아동들보다 더 섭취하고 있었다(p<0.05). 그리고 고열량‧저영양 기호식품을 세부적으로 보면 ‘초콜릿‧캔디류'(p<0.01), ‘음료류'(p<0.001)는 중소 도시 아동들이 다른 행정구역 아동들보다 더 섭취하고 있었으며, ‘라면류’는 중소 도시, 읍‧면‧도서벽지 아동들이 특별광역시 아동들보다 더 섭취하고 있었다(p<0.05). 대중매체 노출 시간에서 TV시청과 컴퓨터, 스마트폰 사용시간은 읍‧면‧도서벽지 아동들이 다른 행정구역 아동들의 사용시간보다 많았다(p<0.01). 기호식품 관련 영양교육을 학교에서 받은 경험으로 행정구역별에선 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 항목별 중 ‘고열량‧저영양 식품’은 중소 도시 아동들이 다른 행정구역 아동들보다 경험이 낮게 나타났다(p<0.01). 기호식품 관련 정책별 인지도에서 ‘어린이 식품안전보호구역’의 경우 중소 도시지역 아동들이 다른 지역의 아동들보다 인지율이 낮았으며(p<0.05), ‘TV광고 제한’의 경우 읍‧면‧도서벽지 아동들이 다른 행정구역 아동들보다 높게 인지하고 있었다(p<0.01). 정책별 유용성에서는 ‘어린이 식품안전보호구역’, ‘우수판매업소’, ‘TV광고 제한’, ‘무료제공 광고제한’, ‘영양정보 표시’, ‘식품안전 및 영양교육’, ‘정서저해 식품 판매금지’는 특별광역시 아동들이 올바른 식생활 습관을 가지고 실천하는 데 도움이 된다는 높은 인식을 보였다(p<0.05~0.01). 정책별 필요성 인식에서 중소 도시 아동들이 다른 행정구역 아동들보다 인식이 낮게 나타났으며(p<0.01), 항목별로 '학원가를 어린이 식품안전보호구역으로 지정·관리', ‘인터넷 정보노출 관리 방안 마련', ‘TV광고 제한시간 연장’은 특별광역시 아동들이 높은 인식을 보였으며(p<0.05~0.01), ‘식품안전 및 영양교육을 중‧고등학생 확대’에선 읍‧면‧도서벽지 아동들이 높은 인식을 보였다(p<0.05). 아동의 기호식품 섭취 빈도 및 정책 인식과 보호자의 정책 인식 간의 상관분석에서 아동과 보호자의 정책 인지도, 유용성, 필요성 및 선택 의향에서 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.059~0.290, p<0.05~0.01). 이 중 아동의 고열량‧저영양 기호식품 섭취빈도와 보호자가 정책에 대해 유용하다고 인식하고 있을 때 음의 상관관계를 보였다(r=-0.051, p<0.05). 그리고 아동의 학교에서의 영양교육은 건강기호식품 섭취와 양의 상관성을 나타냈으며(r=0.111, p<0.01), 정책 인지도, 유용성, 필요성에서도 상관성을 보였다(r=0.097~0.376, p<0.01). 결론적으로 학교 영양교육은 건강기호식품 섭취와 정책 인식들 간에 학교에서 교육을 적극적으로 한다면 아동들이 고열량‧저영양 기호식품보다 건강기호식품을 더 섭취하려는 행동과 정책에 대한 인식을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 또한 아동의 정책 인식들과 보호자의 정책 인식들 간의 상관성이 나타나 아동뿐만 아니라 보호자 대상으로 영양교육을 한다면 아동의 식품 선택 향상능력과 식습관에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

Examining Information Security Policy Violations, Rationalization of Deviant Behaviors, and Preventive Strategies

Velazquez, Lucia ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Northcentral Unive 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

Studies have documented the financial and reputational damage that emerged from information security breaches caused by certain behaviors of users with legitimate access to organizational resources. Research indicates that even when most organizations have information security policies in place, employees regularly and knowingly circumvent and/or disregard these policies. The problem addressed in this study was the gap in academic research of a clear understanding in the relationship that exists between information security policy violations, rationalization of deviant behavior, and preventive strategies for policy violations in organizational environments. The purpose of this quantitative research was to examine the relationship between the variables: information security policy violations, rationalization of deviant behaviors, and preventive strategies. Neutralization theory from the field of behavioral research was used. A quantitative non-experimental with e-survey research design and a binary logistic regression model was employed to addressed research questions and tested hypotheses. The sample population was professional individuals from the state of Texas in the United States, between 18 and 70 years old, with access to their organizations’ network, and are required to comply with information security policies. IBM SPSS software was used to examine the collected data. The statistical results provided evidence for the rejection of the null hypotheses for each research question; this means that there was a statistically significant relationship between information security policy violations, rationalization of deviant behaviors, and preventive strategies for policy violations in organizational environments. The implications these findings suggested are that rationalization of deviant behaviors show an increase of intention to violate information security policy and that preventive strategies show a decrease of intention to violate the information security policy. The recommendations are to develop an information security awareness program (informal) and information security training program (formal) that addresses how to detect and avoid each neutralization technique in order to prevent their use when employees interact with sensitive information and network resources. This study calls for future research on the relationship that exists between individual demographic characteristics, neutralization techniques, and information security policy violations in organizational environments that can help to understand how employees’ characteristics influence neutralization techniques and information security policy violations.

Spokespeople or Gatekeepers? A Case Study of Teacher Engagement with the Data Privacy Policy Environment in U.S. Public Schools

Potasznik, Amanda University of Massachusetts Boston ProQuest Disser 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

Teachers may not always be able to pay for desirable educational technology programs for their students, but they can adopt extremely popular and valuable software and apps in their classrooms for “free.” Despite this seemingly beneficial arrangement, it can result in teachers, and by extension, students, entering complicated agreements with technology companies. Teacher misunderstanding (or ignorance) of company privacy policies may result in a company’s exploitation of its position in classrooms and access to student data. When teachers require students to sign up for educational technology (EdTech) apps, at either the district’s request or their own discretion, it is imperative to study teacher awareness of and thoughts regarding EdTech privacy policies, as well as legislation at various levels that may influence that awareness and those thoughts. To that end, I conducted a) a policy analysis of documents in the EdTech and governmental privacy policy environment in states with varying degrees of legal protection for student data, and b) a survey of teacher awareness of those documents; I then identified existing discrepancies between the two. I employed theories from the fields of psychology and information science to explain what motivates teachers to include or refuse EdTech in their classrooms. The apps studied in this research were Remind, Kahoot!, Google for Education, and Photomath. Not enough teachers used Photomath in their classrooms for statistical analysis, but the results for the other three apps show significant discrepancies between policies and teachers' understanding of those policies. This study was needed because the influence of state law on teacher policy awareness has not been documented; neither have discrepancies between how popular EdTech companies say they treat student data, and how teachers think the companies treat that data. The results of this study show which policies, and elements therein, are misunderstood by teachers, and that governmental policies must be updated in order to fully protect student data from information-hungry EdTech companies. Results also show that lack of enforcement of current legislation may be further compromising student data privacy.

Dissenting Against EU’s Green Ambition : A Case Study of Polish Defection on EU Climate Policy

심민경 서울대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

The European Union aims to be a frontrunner in the field of sustainability and environmental protection, often positioning itself as a green leader. In response to the global climate crisis, the EU has adopted many ambitious climate initiatives such as the European Green Deal, the European Climate Law, and Fit for 55 packages to reduce carbon emissions. Above all else, the collection action by member states is the key to the success of these policies. However, the unanimity was challenged when Poland defected from the latest carbon regulation on transportation, which is vital to the EU’s green ambition to achieve net zero by 2050. Although this paper initially began by examining Poland’s policy choices concerning vehicle regulation, we identified a broader pattern in Poland’s consistent opposition to the EU’s climate policy. Therefore, our research focus widens to encompass the general implications of Poland’s defection from the EU climate directives. The central research question of our study is: What socio-political factors drive Poland's withdrawal from the EU Climate Policy? While existing literature has often attributed Poland's environmental policy preferences to economic factors, our study probes into an alternative perspective by applying theories of socio-political policy preferences. In this qualitative case study, we construct and test hypotheses related to the influence of three distinct actors: (1) the executive branch, (2) the legislative branch, and (3) public opinion. Each actor is associated with a specific hypothesis that explores their respective roles and impacts within the framework of Poland's climate policy decisions. 현재 기후 변화와 환경 파괴 등의 의제가 주요 국제 사회의 현안으로 부상 한 오늘날, 유럽연합은 탄소 감축에 있어 더욱더 적극적인 행보를 보이고 있다. 2019년 12월 11일, 세계적인 기후 변화에 대응하기 위해 EU 집행위원회는 ‘유럽 그린 딜’ (European Green Deal)을 발표했다. 해당 정책은 2050년 기후중립 목표 달성을 위해 교통을 비롯한 사회 전 분야를 전환하기 위한 정책 패키지이다. 그린 딜 발표 이후 후속 정책으로 2020년 그린들의 법적 기반인 ‘기후법안’ (European Climate Law)’와 ‘Fit for 55’정책이 공개되며, 교통 부문에서 급증하는 탄소 배출문제를 해결하고자 더 엄격한 탄소 감축안을 2023년에 개정하였다. 그러나 폴란드가 새로운 기후 입법안에 이의를 제기하며, 유럽연합내의 공통 목적 달성을 위한 집단적 노력에 어려움을 끼쳤다. 따라서 본 연구는, “왜 폴란드가 유럽연합의 기후법안에 이탈하게 되었는가? 그리고 어떠한 사회 정치적 요인들이 그런한 정책 결정을 야기했는가” 라는 질문에 대한 답을 구하고자 한다. 폴란드의 환경 정책 선호도와 관련된 다수의 기존 문헌들은 경제적인 요인을 답으로 제기한 반면, 이 질적 사례 연구는 사회 정치적인 시각으로 폴란드의 기조를 살펴본다. 이때, 사회-정치적 정책 선호 이론을 바탕으로 (1) 행정부, (2) 입법부 그리고 (3) 시민 의견의 역할에 초점을 맞추어 세 행위자들이 폴란드의 환경 정책 방향을 형성하는 것에 대한 가설을 세워 검증한다. 이 연구는 EU 환경 지침에 대한 국가 저항의 복잡성과 그러한 입장이 국제 기후 전략에 미치는 영향을 조명한다.

적대적 상대와의 평화협력 실천성 연구 : 예상 결과에 관한 관료조직의 구성적 인식을 중심으로

김윤영 연세대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

Threat perception, which affects the practicality of cooperation, should be understood as 'constructive notions about specific policy issues'. Among various actors, the bureaucracy possesses direct influence on the practicality of the policy. The given premises interrelates the idea of the bureaucracy to the level of cooperation practice performance. Under this assumption, this study analyzed the processes and results of the 'West Sea Peace Cooperation' policy in the Roh Moo - hyun and Moon Jae - in Administration with a particular focus on discourse and constitutional perception. The results reveal that the perception of the bureaucracy depended on the expected outcome of the oriented policy within the bureaucracy. Moreover, this research displayed that the formulations of bureaucratic perceptions were influenced by the relevant social discourses regardless of the objectivity of given situations. As the threat discourse expanded into the mainstream discourse, the perceptions of the policy in each sector were divided. On the other hand, when the discourse revolving peace was extended to mainstream discourse, the ROK government's practice for peaceful cooperation was high. In sum, the policy awareness based on the collaboration with other parties was composed by discourse exchanges regardless of the objectivity of given situations. The social discourse constituted and reconstructed the perceptions of a specific policy, and the mechanism of peace cooperation with hostile opponents was shifted in this mechanism. 협력의 실천성에 영향을 미치는 ‘위협 인식’은 ‘특정 정책이슈에 관한 구성적 관념’으로 이해해야 한다. 그리고 여러 행위자들 가운데서도 관료조직은 정책의 실천성에 직접적으로 영향을 미치고 있기 때문에 특히 관료조직의 관념이 어떤 것인지가 협력 실천성과 관련해 중요하다. 이러한 가정 하에서 본 연구는, 노무현 정부 시기와 문재인 정부 시기에 나타난 '서해평화협력' 정책실현 과정 및 결과를 담론과 구성적 인식을 중심으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 예상되는 이행 결과에 대한 관료조직의 위협인식이 객관적 상황과는 무관하게 사회적 담론에 따라 ‘구성’됨에 따라 협력 실천성에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 위협담론이 주류담론으로 확장되어 가는 과정에서 각 관료조직들의 정책인식이 분열되었다. 반면 평화담론이 주류담론으로 확장되었을 경우에는 평화협력에 대한 한국 정부의 실천성이 높게 나타났다. 상대방과의 협력 결과를 중심으로 한 정책 인식이 객관적 상황 변화와 관계없이 담론교환에 의해 가변적으로 구성되고 있었다. 사회적 담론에 의해 특정 정책에 대한 인식이 구성 및 재구성되며, 이 매커니즘 안에서 적대적 상대와의 평화협력 실천성이 달라지고 있었다.

Power aware cache memory system design for embedded processors

박정욱 연세대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

This paper proposes two kinds of low power set-associative cache for embedded systems. The major contribution of this work is that proposed cache systems access only one of the cache way to reduce parallel accesses and their significant power consumption without additional delay or performance degradation. For this goal, proposed cache systems use way-selecting mechanism which can perform a perfect speculation on way-prediction with specialized deterministic replacement policy. Most of access time for the additional logics can be overlapped by that of existing components and compensated by eliminating multiplexer driver. The SSA cache is a modified two way set-associative cache which equips with a way-selecting mechanism and skewed indexing and reduces energy consumption up to 30~55%. Furthermore, the software controlled reconfigurable architecture of this cache brings flexibility with the proposed cache to operate as a direct-mapped cache or way-selecting cache based on given application adaptively. The SWS cache uses merely way-selecting and deterministic replacement policy on four way set-associative cache to remove additional delay time. The simulation result shows that this low power architecture can reduce a per access power consumption by 59% over conventional set-associative caches with average 0.06% of negligible performance loss. 본 논문에서는 집합 연관캐쉬에서의 전력 감소기법에 대한 연구와 제안하는 저전력 캐쉬구조에 대한 내용으로 이루어져 있다. 본 연구의 핵심 내용은 집합연관 캐쉬에 서 추가적인 접근 지연시간이나 성능의 감소 없이 매 사이클 접근하는 캐쉬 웨이의 개수를 줄임으로써 캐쉬에서 소모되는 전력을 감소시키는 방법이다. 이러한 내용을 실현하기 위하여 제안하는 캐쉬 구조는 결정되어져있는 캐쉬 블록 대체정책과 웨이 예측구조의 두가지를 이용하여 정확한 예측을 빠르게 수행할 수 있다. 이러한 추가적인 구조들에 대한 접근시간중 많은 부분은 기존에 구성되어져 있는 다른 부분들에 대한 접근과 동시에 일어날 수 있으며, 하나의 출력을 갖는 특성을 이용하여 멀티플랙서의 지연시간이 없어짐에 따라 보상받을 수 있다. SSA 캐쉬의 경우 추가적으로 캐쉬의 인덱스를 변환하는 기법인 인덱스 스큐 기법을 적용하여 2웨이 캐쉬에서 기존의 구조에 비해 30~55%의 전력을 감소시킬수 있으며, SWS 캐쉬의 경우 현실적으로 구현할 때 발생하는 많은 제약조건들을 감안하여 보다 간단한 웨이 예측구조와 대체정책을 4웨이 캐쉬에 적용하여 59%에 달하는 전력 감소를 가져오게 된다.

공유 메모리 다중 프로세서 시스템에서의 효율적인 L2 캐쉬 구성

정성우 서울大學校 大學院 2003 국내박사

집적회로 기술의 발전으로 마이크로 프로세서 내부에 부착되는 캐쉬의 용량이 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 응용 프로그램의 크기가 그다지 크지 않을 때, L2 캐쉬에서 용량을 어느 정도 이상 늘리는 것은 캐쉬 적중률 및 전체 시스템 성능에 있어서 미미하다고 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 공유 메모리 다중 프로세서 시스템에서 프로세서 내부의 L2 캐쉬를 효율적으로 구성하는 방안을 제시한다. L2 캐쉬의 용량이 충분하다는 가정 하에 L2 캐쉬의 성능을 향상시키기 위해서, L2 캐쉬 공간을 LRU 교체 방식에 기반하는 캐쉬와 이에 대한 victim 캐쉬로 구성한다. 전통적인 victim 캐쉬는 과다한 충돌 캐쉬 실패(conflict miss)를 방지하는 것이 목표이지만, 본 논문에서의 victim 캐쉬는 상호연결망에서 소요되는 시간을 줄이는 것이 목표이다. 이 victim 캐쉬를 위해서 두 가지 방안을 제시한다. 하나는 원격 메모리 영역의 캐쉬 라인에 대해서만 캐슁하는 victim 캐쉬(L2-RVC)이고, 다른 하나는 홈 노드로의 거리가 먼 캐쉬 라인을 캐슁하는 victim 캐쉬(L2-DAVC)이다. 메모리 접근 패턴에 기반하는 LRU 교체 방식을 채택한 하나의 L2 캐쉬와 비교해서 제안하는 나누어진 L2 캐쉬 구조는 캐쉬 적중률 상의 이득은 크지 않다. 하지만, 본 논문의 목적은 캐쉬 적중률에서의 이득이 아니라 전체 수행 시간에서의 성능 향상이다. 단일 프로세서 시스템에서의 캐쉬 적중률의 증가는 전체 수행 시간의 감소를 의미한다. 하지만, 다중 프로세서 시스템에서는 원격 메모리로의 접근 시간이 지역 메모리로의 접근 시간에 비해 매우 길어서, 원격 메모리로의 적중 실패 개수가 줄어든다면, 캐쉬 적중률이 감소하더라도 전체 수행 시간의 감소를 얻을 수 있다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해서, 대부분의 응용 프로그램에서 L2-RVC를 사용한 나누어진 L2 캐쉬가 같은 크기의 LRU 교체 정책에 기반한 L2 캐쉬의 성능을 능가하고 최대 27%까지의 수행 시간 감소를 보인다. 또한 나누어진 L2 캐쉬는 39~72%의 정도의 용량으로 LRU 교체 정책에 기반한 L2 캐쉬와 대등한 성능을 보인다. 프로세서의 개수가 늘어나서 노드 간의 평균 거리와 최대 거리의 격차가 늘어남에 따라서, 일부 응용 프로그램에서 L2-DAVC를 사용할 때의 성능이 L2-RVC를 사용할 때의 성능보다 최대 6 % 개선된다. 더 많은 프로세서를 장착하는 시스템에서 얼마나 많은 성능 개선을 보이느냐는 앞으로 실험되어야 할 부분이다. Working set의 크기가 캐쉬 크기보다 과도하게 크지 않을 경우, 제안한 나누어진 L2 캐쉬는 제한적인 하드웨어 비용만으로 시스템의 성능을 높이는데 효과적인 방법으로 판단된다. The advance of the VLSI technology increases the cache capacity in microprocessors. Increasing the size of the L2 cache more than a certain value does not affect the cache hit rate and the total system performance significantly, when the applications are not so large. In this paper, effective L2 cache organizations are proposed for shared memory multiprocessor systems. Based on the fact that the L2 cache space is enough, the L2 cache space is composed of the cache, which is based on the LRU replacement policy and its victim cache to enhance the performance. The goal of a traditional victim cache is to reduce the excessive conflict miss, whereas the goal of the victim cache in this paper is to alleviate the elapsed time in the interconnection network. Two alternatives are proposed for the victim cache. One is a victim cache that only stores cache lines of the remote address range (L2-RVC). The other is a victim cache that stores long-distance (from its home node) cache lines (L2-DAVC). The proposed split L2 cache structure has little gain over the traditional L2 cache structure in the L2 cache hit rate. However, the purpose of this paper is not a gain of the L2 cache hit rate but a reduction of the total execution time. In uniprocessor systems, the increase of the cache hit rate means the reduction of the total execution time. In multiprocessor systems, the access time to the remote memory is much longer than that to the local memory. Though the cache hit rate decreases, the reduction of the total execution time is achieved when the hit count to the remote memory increases. In most applications, smulation results show that the split L2 cache outperforms the L2 cache of a same size, which is based on the LRU replacement policy and the gains are up to 27 %. Equivalent performance is achieved with only 39~72% capacity of the split L2 cache, compared to the L2 cache, which is based on the LRU replacement policy. As the number of processors increases, the difference between the average distance between the nodes and the maximum distance between the nodes increases. In some applications, the L2-DAVC performs better than the L2-RVC up to 6 %. It is a future work how much more the performance is improved with more processors. In the case that the working set is not too large, the proposed split L2 cache is believed to be an effective method to enhance the system performance with little hardware costs.

Citizens’ Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ghana: The case study of the Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipality

Anthony Appianti 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2021 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 고형 폐기물 관리, 정책 개발 및 이행에 대한 시민들의 참여 및 인식 수준을 평가하고, MSW(고형 생활 폐기물) 관리 체계에서 담당하는 가구의 역할과 가나 Ledzekoku-Krowor 시 자치구에서 이루어지는 효과적인 폐기물 정책 이행에 대한 가구의 기여도를 조사하는 것이다. Ledzokuku-Krowor 시 자치구는 높은 폐기물 생성 속도, 낮은 수거 효율 및 범위, 저조한 재활용률 및 최종 폐기장의 부족에 직면하고 있다. 가나에서는 MMDS(Metropolitan, Municipal, District Assembly) 각각이 현행 관리 체제 하에서 관할 구역별로 일상적인 MSW 문제 해결에 대한 일차적인 책임을 지닌다. 하지만 대부분의 경우 MMDA의 MSW 관리는 수거 범위를 넓히고 관리의 환경 및 경제 측면에 중요한 지속 가능한 재정을 확보하는 데 초점이 맞춰져 왔으며, 폐기물 축소 필요성에 대해서는 관심이 거의 집중되지 않았다. 당면 문제의 해결에 목표를 둔 정책이 성공적으로 이행되고 폐기물 배출 관행이 개선되도록 하려면 사회적인 측면, 특히 시민들의 참여가 중요하다. 복합적인 연구 설계 및 방법론을 사용하여 무작위 표본 추출을 통해 160명의 응답자(주민)을 대상으로 정책 결정 및 개발에 대한 인식/참여 수준 설문 조사를 실시함으로써 데이터를 수집하는 한편, Ledzokuku-Krowor 시 자치구 공무원을 대상으로 한 목적 표집을 통해 시민 참여 수준을 파악하였다. 결과는 부가적 내용 분석 및 IBM SPSS Statistics 소프트웨어(버전 27)를 사용하여 해석하고 분석하고 검토하였다. 조사 결과 대부분의 시민(73.1%)이 재활용에 대한 낮은 인식과 재활용 시책 부족으로 인해 분리 배출을 하지 않아 쓰레기 생성량 축소에 기여하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 카이 제곱 검정에서는 가구의 분리 배출 성과와 시 당국의 MSW 관리 관련 프로그램/제도에 대한 인식 간에 상관 관계가 존재함을 보여줬다. 대부분의 경우 정책 개발 시에 전문가 컨설팅만 이루어지기 때문에 시 의회를 통한 시민 참여 수준은 낮은 편이며, 시민 공청회가 실시되는 경우라도 선호되는 방식이 채택되지 않아 정책 및 프로그램의 저조한 수용 및 인식과 MSW 시책의 미진한 성과로 이어진다. 쓰레기 분리 배출과 재활용의 경제적 타당성 및 사회적 수용성을 강화함으로써 폐기물 생성을 축소하는 방향으로 정책을 수립하고 효과적인 교육 캠페인 및 정보 보급을 목표로 하는 새로운 시민 참여 체계를 개발해야 할 것이다. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of participation and awareness of citizens in solid waste management practices, policy development and implementation; and explore the role of household in MSW management system and their contribution to ensure effective waste policy implementation in the Ledzekoku-Krowor municipality of Ghana. The Ledzokuku-Krowor municipality is faced with high waste generation rate, low collection efficiency and coverage, low recycling rate, and lack of final disposal site. In Ghana, each Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assembly (MMDA) is primarily responsible for addressing daily MSW issues at the local level based on the current management architecture. However, most MMDAs focus of managing MSW has been to increase collection coverage and ensuring sustainable financing constituting environment and economic aspects respectively of management with little emphasize placed on the need for waste reduction. The social dimension particularly citizen’s participation is important to ensuring performance of advanced practices and successful policy implementation aimed at addressing the current challenge. Using a mixed method research design, data was collected through survey from 160 respondents (residents) by random sampling on the level of awareness and participation in policy making and development, whiles officials from the Ledzokuku-Krowor municipal assembly were purposefully sampled to understand the level of public participation. Results were interpreted, analysed, and discussed using summative content analysis and IBM SPSS Statistics version 27 software. The findings showed that most citizens (73.1%) do not segregate waste as a measure to reduce waste generation in the municipality because of low level of awareness and lack of recycling initiatives. A chi-square test showed a relationship between performance of household segregation and awareness of municipal assembly’s program/schemes on MSW management. Further results showed that citizen engagement by the municipal assembly is low as in most cases only experts are consulted during policy development, and where general ordinary citizen consultation is done the preferred modality is not employed leading to low acceptability and awareness of policies and programs hence less performance of MSW initiatives. It is recommended that there should be a comprehensive policy orientation aimed at reducing waste generation by making source segregation and recycling economically viable and socially acceptable as well as a new framework for citizens engagement developed aimed at rolling out effective educational campaigns and information dissemination