Urban forestry for sustainable Dhaka City in Bangladesh : current role of the government and way forward

Arafat, Shawkat Imran 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2024 국내석사

방글라데시의 수도 다카의 환경은 매우 혼잡한 지역에 천만 명이 넘는 인구가 거주하고 있어 오염이 심하고 황폐화되어 있다. 따라서 도시 거주자와 토착 생물 다양성은 기후 변화와 자연 재해로 인해 엄청난 부정적인 영향을 받고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 다카시는 선진국의 지속가능한 도시 기준에 따라 도시의 나무와 숲을 가꿀 것을 더욱 적극적으로 요구하고 있다. 또한, 수많은 사회경제적 문제와 책임있는 정부기관의 역할 부족으로 인해 도시의 수목과 녹지가 급격히 줄어들고 있다. 본 연구는 다카시의 도시임업에 있어서 정부의 현재 역할을 살펴보고 향후 권고사항을 모색하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 주요 연구 질문에 대한 결과를 얻기 위해 2차 데이터와 1차 데이터를 모두 사용했다. 2차 데이터에는 주로 대상 정부기관의 공공 정책 문서 및 계획이 포함된다. 1차 데이터는 한 번의 관심그룹 토론과 목적 표본추출을 통해 선정된 15건의 주요 정보원 대면 인터뷰를 통해 수집하였다. 분석 프레임워크를 채택한 정성적 방법론을 사용하여 데이터를 분석했다. 본 연구를 통해 국가 정책 프레임워크와 개별 도시 산림 거버넌스에 도시 산림 정책이 없음을 발견하였다. 이는 Rajdhani Unnayan Katripakkha (라죽), 다카북부도시공사, 다카남부도시공사, 방글라데시 산림부 (Bangladesh Forest Department, BFD), 공공 사업부 및 국립 주택 당국(National Housing Authority, NHA)을 다카시의 도시 삼림 및 녹화의 주요 관계자로 확인했다. 라죽은 녹지계획과 시행에 핵심적인 역할을 하며, 이후에는 라죽이 녹지를 도시공사에 이관하여 관리하게 된다. 도시공사는 이러한 녹지를 인력 부족으로 인해 제3자에게 넘기거나 복지단체에 임대해 사업화하게 된다. 또한, 도시 법인 자체가 구 차원의 도시 녹지 지역을 계획, 구현, 관리하는 권한을 위임받게된다. 그럴 때 NHA는 도시공사와 비슷한 역할을 하게 된다. 장애인수목과에서는 자신이 소유한 공원과 도시숲을 관리하고 있으나, 조직구성이 미흡하여 관리가 미흡한 실정이다. 또한 BFD는 다카의 국립식물원(National Botanical Garden)과 발다 정원(Baldha Garden)을 관리한다. 또한 다른 조직에 기술 지원을 제공하지만 법률과 정책에 구속되지는 않는다. 따라서 도시임업 관련 정부기관 간 협력과 조정이 부족한 실정이다. 결국 경영, 역할, 직무에 대한 갈등이 발생하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다카시 도시임업의 조화로운 계획, 실행, 관리, 유지관리 시스템을 구축하기 위한 새로운 도시임업 정책 도구와 새로운 도시임업팀을 제안하였다. 전문가 의견, 역사적 배경, 기술적 효율성, 향후 정책 전망 및 연구의 핵심 결과를 바탕으로 새로운 건물을 수용할 수 있는 잠재적인 기회는 방글라데시 산림청 조직 및 구조 내에 있다. Native environment of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is highly polluted and deteriorated where more than 10 million people reside in a very congested area. Therefore, urban residents and indigenous biodiversity have been facing tremendous negative impacts of climate change and natural disaster. To get rid of these problems, following the criteria of sustainable cities in developed countries Dhaka city requires urban trees and forests more aggressively. Besides, urban trees and green areas in the city are reducing drastically due to numerous socio-economic problems and lack of proper role of the responsible government organizations. This study was undertaken to address the present role of the government in urban forestry of Dhaka city and searching for the future recommendations. To get results of the main research question, this study employed both secondary and primary data. Secondary data include mainly public policy documents and plans of the target government organizations. Primary data were collected from one Focus Group Discussion and 15 face-to-face key informant interviews selected by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using qualitative methodology adopting on an analytical framework. This research found the absence of urban forestry policy in national policy framework and discrete urban forestry governance. It identified Rajdhani Unnayan Katripakkha, Dhaka North City Corporation, Dhaka South City Corporation, Bangladesh Forest Department, Public Works Department and National Housing Authority as the major role player in urban forestry and greening of Dhaka city. RAJUK plays the key role in planning and implementation of green areas and afterwards, RAJUK needs to transfer the green areas to the city corporations for management. City corporation hand over those green spaces to third party or lease to welfare organizations due to lack of workforce that leads them to commercialization. Moreover, city corporations themselves are delegated with the power to plan, implement and manage urban green areas in ward level. NHA plays similar role like city corporation in that occasion. PWD Arboriculture Division manages parks and urban forests that they own but poor organizational setup leads them to insufficient management efforts. Additionally, BFD manages National Botanical Garden and Baldha Garden in Dhaka. They also provide technical assistance to other organization but not bounded by laws and policies. So, there is a lack of cooperation and coordination among the urban forestry related government organizations. Eventually, conflicts arise among them regarding the management, role and duties. So, this research suggests a new urban forestry policy tool and a new urban forestry wing for establishing a coordinated planning, implementation, management and maintenance system of urban forestry in Dhaka city. Based on expert opinion, historical background, technical efficiency, future policy prospect and core results of the study, the potential opportunity to accommodate that new wing is within the Bangladesh Forest Department organogram and structure.

韓國의 山林行政에 關한 考察

이양진 서울大學校 行政大學院 1961 국내석사

Analysis of the forestry incentive regulation in Mongolia

Zoljargal Sainbuyan 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2023 국내석사

몽골의 삼림 면적이 전체 국토 면적에서 차지하는 비중은 7.8% 정도이다. 몽골의 삼림은 기후 변화에 매우 취약하다. 그렇기 때문에 인적 활동(광업, 과도한 방목 등)이 삼림 자원 감소에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 두 가지 주요 요인 중 하나이다. 몽골 삼림법의 목적은 규제를 통해 삼림을 보호하고, 삼림의 적절한 활용 및 재생을 촉진하는 것이다. 삼림법에 따라 삼림 전문 조직, 삼림 커뮤니티 및 시민으로 하여금 삼림 생태계를 보호하도록 하고 임산물의 지속 가능한 사용을 촉진하기 위해 각각 “삼림에 유해한 영향을 완화하고 첨단 방법 및 기술을 도입한 시민, 지역 사회, 기업 및 조직에 대한 인센티브 규정(2010년)”과 “삼림 보호 및 묘목 식재를 위한 인센티브 규정(2015년)”이 승인되었다. 하지만 그와 같은 삼림 관련 규정이 승인된 이후 정부(환경관광부)에 의해 시행된 인센티브 제도는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 몽골의 삼림 인센티브 규정에 따른 제도와 이행 절차를 평가하고자 했다. 연구의 목적은 다음과 같다. 승인된 삼림 인센티브 규정에 대한 삼림 분야에 종사하는 사람들의 인식을 파악 삼림 관련 인센티브 규정의 이행이 불충분한 이유를 식별 몽골에서의 정책 결정과 삼림 인센티브 규정 간의 편차를 규명 연구에서는 공공 및 민간 부문의 삼림 전문 조직, 삼림 이용자 단체, 삼림 업체, 삼림 단체의 응답자 121명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 이에 더해, 4명의 정부 관료를 선정하여 인터뷰를 가졌다. 설문 조사 결과, 응답자 중 33%는 승인된 인센티브 규정을 어느 정도 알고 있었고, 28%는 약간 알고 있었으며, 23%는 전혀 알지 못했다. 또한 삼림 사용자 단체, 삼림 전문 조직, 삼림 업체, 공공 및 민간 부문의 삼림 전문가들은 삼림 복원과 삼림 커뮤니티 및 삼림 단체 관리에 집중할 필요가 있다고 응답했다. 응답자 중 다수(49%)는 정부 기관과 민간 부문 및 공공 부문 간의 관리 및 정보 격차가 인센티브 규정 이행 실패의 주요한 원인이라고 주장했다. 또한 정부 공무원들은 “삼림에 유해한 영향을 완화하고 첨단 방법 및 기술을 도입한 시민, 지역 사회, 기업 및 조직에 대한 인센티브 규정(2010년)”이 오래되어 인센티브 기준 및 규모를 개선할 필요가 있다고 밝혔다. 반면에 인터뷰 당사자들은 “삼림 보호 및 묘목 식재를 위한 인센티브 규정(2015년)”이 잘 설계되었지만 주민들의 인식 부족으로 인해 이행이 불충분하다고 주장했다. Mongolian forest area covers 7.8 percent of the total land area. Mongolian forests are the very vulnerable to the climate change. Therefore, a human activity (mining, overgrazing etc.) is the one of two main negative impacts on decrease of forest resource. Main purpose of the Forest Law of Mongolia is to regulate the protection of forest, the proper utilization and regeneration of forests. Accordance with Forest law, the “Incentive regulation for citizens, communities, enterprises, and organizations that have reduced harmful effects on forests and introduced advanced methods and technologies” was approved in 2010, and the “Incentive regulation for forest protection and breeding of tree seedlings” was approved in 2015, respectively in order to forest professional organizations, forest communities, and citizen to protect forest ecosystem and to sustainable use of the forestry products. However, there was none of the incentives assigned by the government (Ministry of Environment of Tourism) ever since those forestry-related regulations were approved. Thus, this study aims to assess the scheme and implementation procedure of the forestry incentive regulation in Mongolia. The objectives of the study are the following: Determine the awareness of people who work in the forestry field about the approved forestry incentive regulations To identify the main reasons of insufficient implementation of the forestry-related incentive regulation; To define the gap between policy-making and the carrying out of forestry incentive regulation in Mongolia. The study collects survey from 121 respondents from forest professional organizations, forest user groups, forest companies, forest units, public and private organizations. Additionally, 4 government officials were selected for the interview. As a result 33 percent of the survey respondents answered moderately aware, 28 percent were slightly aware and 23 percent are not at all aware of the approved incentive regulations. Furthermore, forest user groups, forest professional organizations, forestry companies, forestry professionals at public and private organizations in the forestry sector believe that it is necessary to focus on the incentives of forest restoration and forest user groups and forest units management. Most of the respondents, 49 percent, claimed that the management and the information gap between government institutions and the private, and public sectors as the main reason for the failure of implementation of the incentive regulations. Furthermore, the Government officials considered that “Incentive regulation for citizens, communities, enterprises, and organizations that have reduced harmful effects on forests and introduced advanced methods and technologies 2010” is outdated there is need for improvement of criteria of incentive and incentive amount. On the other hand, interviewers claimed that scheme the “Incentive regulation for forest protection and breeding of tree seedlings 2015” was well designed, however implementation is insufficient due to lack of adequate public awareness.

林業分野 디커플링정책의 導入可能性 分析

李敬一 光云大學校 大學院 2004 국내석사

This paper focuses on the rapid changes in both international and domestic forestry. Internationally, on changes within the WTO trade environment and locally, on coping with the limitations of forest investments in such conditions as increasing demand for public benefits by implementing "decoupling" policy as a realistic alternative to maximize forest public services. As a result, the paper presents the oughtness of the decoupling policy implementation and constructively corresponds to future changes in forestry. The paper also focuses on the embodiment of forestry's identity and reality through policy modifications. In order to satisfy the objectives of this thesis, comprehensive researches and comparative studies were conducted on the term "direct payment." After which, the paper concludes the term "decoupling" be used for direct payments in forestry which is defined as "the policy that after decoupling or separating forest goods(products traded in market) and forest services(benefits that cannot be traded in market such as environmental, social, cultural benefits), gives direct compensation for the latter." Comparative analysis on decoupling of forestry sector and similar direct payment policy of agricultural sector has been made, and unique features of decoupling policy have been identified. To analyze the feasibility of decoupling policy implementation, analysis and researches have been conducted on history of forest policy in Korea, mountain villages that are considered as less favored area(LFA), reduction and restriction of subsidy by WTO, and forestry subsidy policy in Korea. In addition, comparative studies have been carried out between the direct payment already in practice in Korean agricultural sector and the direct payment in USA, EU, and other countries. The paper then identifies the current issues related to direct payment and verifies the researches made on implementation of decoupling policy by conducting survey on forest experts applying the Delphi Method. Conclusions based on the analysis of these reference researches and Delphi survey results are summarized as the following. First, forest not only has a preventive function against environment destructing aspects of agricultural activities (environment friendly agricultural land use) but also has more active air purification, water enhancement, biodiversity conservation, and other diverse functions. Therefore, it is an obvious trend to apply the environment friendly forestry decoupling policy to compensate for the non-marketable public benefits. Consequently, it is a must to implement the decoupling policy in forestry. Secondly, the subsidy for chestnut, oak mushroom, and other short term income forest products that hold some portion in the international market share could be decreased or restricted according to WTO regulations if their production and price are affected. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the objectives of such subsidies according to the WTO's non-actionable subsidies. Thirdly, after analyzing the direct payments in domestic and international agricultural sectors and delphi survey on experts, the results show that the direct payments are now converting into compensation for environment friendly activities and for less favored area under the policy objective to promote balanced benefits on unification and equality aspects of the public and the public land. For instance, Japan's direct payment policy for high-altitude mountain area and Baden-Wuettemberg, Germany's benefit policy on forest land according to elevation could be considered. As to summarize these domestic and international trends and expert opinions, it is necessary to introduce Environment Friendly Forestry Decoupling and Less Favored Area Decoupling in forestry sector. However, this policy should be implemented neutral to product yield and as a direct income to compensate for public benefits. Public support and social agreement together with legal provisions should be prerequisites to implementation. Also, to prevent deviations, experimental and phase-in implementations should be considered. Consequently, continuous elaborate reviews and intensive researches on direct payment in domestic agricultural sector and overseas forestry sector are required in order to implement decoupling in local forestry. Fourth, in case of implementation, benefit principle which states that financial sources be allotted according to the subject of benefit was presented and majority suggested that financial source should be based on the share of expenses on national tax, water usage, environment enhancement, etc. Fifth, after the implementation of the decoupling policy, the central government should not only secure various relevant information and their analysis but also support policy establishment, staff, budget, and other necessary details. The local governments should focus on establishment and implementation of detailed program, funds, policy development appropriate for local features, local legal provisions, status investigation, detailed policy enforcement, enforcement management, and post management. As for the beneficiaries of the decoupling policy, they should conform with the obligations and responsibilities of the policy. Lastly, there are some prerequisite conditions to be considered in implementation of decoupling policy. Decoupling should be implemented harmoniously within the government's comprehensive program. For instance in case of the decoupling for the less favored area, agriculture and agriculturist, forestry and forester could be overlapped when Korea's topography, social aspects, and residential practices are considered. Also for environment friendly decoupling, it should be operated as a part of the government's comprehensive environmental programs. Consequently, these problems have to be approach generally in a distinctive method. The decoupling policy should be implemented within the scope of WTO agreement coupled with legal provisions and social agreement and support. Also, sustainable monitoring system is required to carry out verification and result analysis of the implementation process. Aside from these, financial capacity, strong implementation intentions, etc. are necessary conditions to successful decoupling policy. 본 논문은 임업을 둘러싼 급격한 환경의 변화 즉, 대외적으로는 WTO체제하의 무역환경 변화와 대내적으로는 임업의 다원적 기능으로서 공익적수요가 급증하는 상황에서 임업이 갖는 투자의 한계성을 극복하고 공공재로서의 임업 서비스 창출을 극대화하기 위한 현실적 정책대안으로서 디커플링이라는 정책의 도입가능성을 분석하였다. 그리고 분석결과로서 도입의 당위성을 제시하므로써 향후 임업환경의 변화에 적극적으로 대응하는 한편 새로운 정책변화를 통해 임업의 정체성과 현실성을 함께 구현하는데 목적을 두었다. 본 논문은 이러한 목적을 충족하기 위하여 우선 직접지불제라는 용어를 폭넓게 조사 및 비교한 후 임업분야에 있어서 직접지불제는 디커플링이라는 용어로 하되 그 정의를 “산림에서 창출되는 재화(시장에서 거래되는 생산물등)와 서비스(시장에서 거래되지 않는 환경, 사회, 문화적 기능등)를 분리하여 후자에 대해 직접적으로 보상하는 정책”으로 정의했다. 그리고 이렇게 정의한 임업분야의 디커플링에 대해 유사분야인 농업분야 직접지불제와 비교, 그리고 임업분야 직접지불제가 갖는 특성과 그 대상 등을 정리하였다. 또한 이러한 디커플링 정책도입의 가능성을 분석하기 위해 우리나라의 林業支援制度史와 조건불리지역으로서의 산촌, 그리고 WTO체제가 제시하는 보조금 제한과 감축, 우리나라의 임업보조금정책등에 대해 문헌조사를 통해 분석?정리하였다. 이와 함께 이미 도입되어 시행중인 농업분야 직불제와 그리고 미국, EU등 외국의 직접지불제도를 비교분석하여 그 시사점을 제시하였으며 특히 본 논문의 핵심으로서 델파이기법을 응용한 임업분야 전문가들을 대상으로 한 디커플링도입 및 산림기본 정책에 대한 설문조사를 통해 임업분야 디커플링정책 도입가능성에 대한 분석을 하므로써 연구의 실증성을 제고하였다. 이와 같은 문헌조사와 전문가 델파이 조사를 통해 분석된 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 임업은 현재 친환경농업 직불제를 시행하고 있는 농업이 갖는 환경훼손에 대한 예방적 기능(친환경적 농지이용이 물질순환계에 기여하는 것등)에 더하여 공기의 정화, 수원의 함양, 생물다양성의 보전등 보다 적극적이고 치유적 기능이 포함된 다원적 기능을 수행하고 있어 비시장재로서의 공익적 서비스에 대한 보조인 친환경임업 디커플링 도입은 너무도 당연한 것으로 받아들여진다. 따라서 임업분야의 디커플링은 반드시 도입되어야 한다. 둘째, 밤, 표고등 세계적으로 일정부분 시장점유를 하고 있는 농산물 성격의 단 기소득임산물에 대해 增産또는 가격에 영향을 미치는 보조의 경우 WTO의 규정에 따라 감축, 또는 제한을 받을 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 보조금은 WTO가 정한 허용보조(GreenBox)형식에 맞추어 보조목적을 조정할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 국내에서 실시하고 있는 농업분야 직접지불제와 외국의 직접지불제 그리고 전문가 델파이조사 결과를 분석한 결과 이제 직접지불제는 친환경프로그램에 의한 보상적 성격 중심으로 전환되어 가고 있고 이와 함께 국민, 국토의 통합성과 형평성이라는 차원에서 균형적 수혜라는 정책적목표 아래 조건불리지역에 대한 직접지불제형태로 확대되어 가고 있다. 예컨대 미국의 CDP, 프랑스의 CTE, 일본의 중산간지역직접지불제, 독일 바덴 뷰르텐 베르크주의 임지평형급부금제도가 대표적인 사례이다. 이와 같은 국내외적인 추세와 전문가들의 견해를 종합해 볼 때 임업분야의 디커플링은 우선 친환경임업디커플링과 조건불리지역디커플링을 도입할 필요가 있다. 물론 이 제도는 생산중립적 보상성격의 직접소득보조이어야 하며 국민적 공감과 사회적 합의?지지, 그리고 법령등의 완비를 선행조건으로 시행되어야 할 것으로 판단되며 시행상의 오류방지를 위해 시범?단계적도입도 판단대상이다. 제도의 시행에 관해서는 이미 시행중인 농업분야와 외국의 임업분야 직접지불제를 비교하여 우리나라 실정에 맞는 세부적 기준을 마련할 필요가 있으며, 이를 위해 보다 정교한 검토와 연구가 계속되어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 디커플링정책 도입시 재원은 수혜대상에 따라 부담분이 정해져야 한다는 수익자부담원칙이 제시되었으며 국세, 수자원이용에 관한 분담금, 환경개선 부담금등을 재원으로 해야 한다는 것이 다수의견이다. 다섯째, 디커플링 정책도입시 중앙정부는 각종 관련자료확보 분석과 정책수립 및 인원, 예산 및 기타 필요한사항을 지원하고 지방정부는 세부계획수립 및 시행, 재원마련, 지역특성에 맞는 정책개발, 지방조례제정, 실태조사, 세부시책수립, 집행관리 및 정확한 실태파악, 사후관리 역할에 중점을 두어야 한다. 그리고 수혜대상자의 경우는 디커플링정책 집행에 따른 의무사항의 준수등 역할을 다하여야 한다. 마지막으로 임업분야 디커플링정책을 도입시행 하는데 있어 몇가지 선행조건을 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 우선 정부 내에서 종합적인 프로그램하에서 조화롭게 시행되어야 한다는 것이다. 예컨대 조건불리지역에 대한 디커플링의 경우 농업과 농업인 그리고 임업과 임업인은 우리나라의 지형성, 사회성, 거주성등을 비교해 볼 때 중첩성이 제기될 수 있고 친환경디커플링의 경우도 정부의 종합적인 환경프로그램의 하나로 작동되어야 한다는 것이다. 따라서 이러한 문제는 차별적조치 아래 종합적으로 접근해야 할 것이다. 그리고 디커플링은 반드시 WTO협정상의 허용범위 내에서 이루어져야 한다. 이와 함께 법적장치 마련과 사회적합의 내지는 동의?지지가 필수적이다. 아울러 도입 후 시행과정에 대한 검증과 결과분석을 위한 지속적인 모니터링제 도입이 필요하다. 그 밖의 정부의 재정능력, 강력한 도입추진의지 등이 도입에 필수적 조건이다.

Personal networks and private forestry: Exploring Extension's role in landowner education

Sagor, Eli Samuel University of Minnesota 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Recognizing the public value of sustainable forest management on private lands, governments have invested in programs to educate and assist landowners. However, landowner awareness of and enrollment in these programs are low. Applying a basic social network analysis approach, I investigated the role of personal networks in the flow of information and adoption of sustainable forest management behavior. Based on the results of a written survey, 90% of 1767 owners of Minnesota forest land have received forestry information from at least one source including 65% from a peer and 53% from a professional forester. Personal forestry information network size ranged from 0 to 14 with a mean of 2.92. Network size was positively associated with ownership size and the number of land management activities implemented. Landowner network results confirm the important role of public sector foresters, but also suggest opportunities for increased use of peer learning techniques to engage landowners as learners. Extension forestry programs are the primary providers of landowner education nationwide. A second study investigated the ways that these programs leverage landowner personal networks for education. The managers of 39 forestry-related peer learning programs train volunteers and use other peer learning techniques to inform and educate landowners about sustainable forest management. Relative to state-level Extension forestry programs, a higher percentage of peer learning programs target smaller, often underserved, landowner groups. Although program outputs and demands for service are increasing, many peer learning program managers face reduced budgets and are turning to new technologies and techniques to maintain or grow their programs. In an environment of rapid changes in both the tools available to support Extension education programs and complex issues demanding a response, the results of these studies present both opportunities and challenges for the future of the nation's Extension forestry programs.

Economic analyses of agroforestry systems on private lands in Argentina and the USA

Frey, Gregory Eric North Carolina State University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

Agroforestry in sub-tropical and temperate regions of the world has often been advocated as an environmentally-friendly class of land-use systems. However, private landowners are unlikely to adopt them to a great extent if they do not provide economic benefits. This dissertation analyzes agroforestry systems in two extra-tropical regions to see if they are a potentially beneficial use of land for private landowners. The first main section of this dissertation contains ex-post analyses of a single specific agroforestry system, silvopasture, in northeastern Argentina. The second main section contains ex-ante analyses of several agroforestry and forestry systems in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA. Both sections investigate the private costs and benefits of agroforestry systems compared to conventional systems such as agriculture and forestry. The first chapter of the first section considers farmers' subjective perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of silvopasture systems in Argentina. Ordinal probit statistical models are used to determine the factors that explain their perceptions, and a binary logit model is used to determine how those perceptions might affect disadoption of the system. Most adopters have a positive view of the system and indicate that they will likely continue in the future. Small and medium farmers tend to have a more positive view of the cash flow and risk characteristics of silvopasture, while annual crop farmers have a more negative view of cash flow and less educated farmers have a more negative view of its risk. While we do not gain a good understanding of the factors that influence farmers' perceptions of costs and returns of silvopasture, those two perceptions were the most important factors in determining the likelihood of continuance. The second chapter investigates whether silvopasture is a more efficient use of resources for farmers than conventional systems such as pasture and plantation forestry in Argentina. A non-parametric technique based on linear programming called data envelopment analysis is used to estimate the relative technical efficiencies of the different systems. Then, non-parametric statistics are used to compare the systems within farms. Silvopasture is found to be a more efficient use of resources than conventional cattle ranching, but results were inconclusive with regards to conventional forestry. The first chapter of the second section compares the profitability and feasibility numerous agroforestry and production forestry systems to agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. The feasibility of these systems for the future is assessed. A panel of experts helps define the most appropriate systems and delineate market conditions in the LMAV. A deterministic model of profits is used to identify the most profitable systems and expert opinion is used to assess other factors not directly tied to profitability. Some agroforestry and production forestry systems are shown to have potential for adoption on the most marginal land, but cannot compete with agriculture on average land unless incentives are paid to landowners. The final chapter uses stochastic models to compare those same systems in the LMAV. These stochastic models use measures of the variability of returns to different systems to understand how farmers' decisions may be affected. A mean-variance model is employed to understand whether risk aversion might drive farmers to diversify their farms to produce agroforestry outputs. A real options model utilizes measures of variability and the costs of switching between agriculture and forestry or agroforestry to estimate how farmers might value flexibility. It is found that diversification into forestry or agroforestry may help reduce the risk inherent in agriculture. However, the real options analysis shows that farmers are unlikely to adopt either forestry or agroforestry systems on anything but the most marginal land.

The Community Forestry Implementation in Cambodia : The Role of Rural Community’s Participation in Forest Governance

Tarapong Sokkheng 서울대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

This research studies on the role of rural community’s participation in forest governance in Cambodia. It aimed to identify the important role of local community in participation in forest governance policy through community-based management. The research looked at how local community participate in community-based forest governance and how the increase in awareness could influence on key factors of forest governance including perception and attitude change, participation in forest governance, accountability and law enforcement network to prevent illegal activities within community forestry’s boundaries. The participation of rural community is important in enhancing good forest governance, strengthening collaboration with governance and resolving the forest management issues within the forest areas. In this study, researcher used qualitative methodology based on both primary data and secondary data to describe and explain the findings. Researcher collected primary data through key informants’ interview and survey with local community in selected study sites, while the secondary data was obtained through literature reviews, academic journals and various relevant documents. The research found that the rural community’s participation in community forestry arrangement has increased awareness of local community on the importance of forest resources, caused changes in perception and attitude towards resources utilization, and motivated their participation to forest governance in order to ensure sustainable forest management and the robust and dynamism of cooperation between community people and stakeholders. The studied community has shown high degree of community participation as the managers of resources by devising, negotiating, enforcing their power in managing their territorial resources.

Perspectives in forest policy and trade for eastern Bolivia

Merry, Frank David University of Florida 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Approximately 51 percent of Bolivia's 1,100,000 Km<super>2</super> is covered in forest. All of the tropical forest is located in the lowlands of Eastern Bolivia, which incorporates the Departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and northern La Paz. For the past few years, change, brought on by new forest and land use laws, has been apparent. This dissertation broaches these changes with three studies under the umbrella of sustainable forestry. The first considers the land use tradeoff between sustainable forestry and cattle production. A linear programming model is developed to analyze the land conversion from sustainable forestry, as prescribed by the new legislation, to pasture. The second two examine aspects of the mahogany trade, a dominant product in Bolivian forestry. The first trade study is an econometric model of the supply and demand for Bolivian mahogany. The second trade study tests whether the law of one price holds between Bolivian and Brazilian mahogany using a cointegration technique. These separate perspectives are linked within the overall issue of forest policy and trade in Eastern Bolivia. Results from the study suggest that (1) the rate of land conversion to pasture will differ between regions and that some flexibility in the land use taxes, to adjust for this difference, is warranted; (2) under certain conditions, increasing profits in sustainable forestry can exacerbate land conversion to pasture; (3) policies which control the area under concession are not likely to affect the supply of mahogany—a more effective means of controlling mahogany supply would be pricing policies such as export taxes; and (4) the law of one price does not hold for U.S. mahogany imports from Brazil and Bolivia. This implies that the mahogany is differentiated by country of origin and that country-specific legislation plays an important role in the management of the mahogany resource.

Multilevel planning in forestry

Pittman, Samuel David University of Washington 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a study of multilevel planning in forestry. Two models are investigated, the holistic model and the compromise model. A sample problem is formulated to demonstrate each model. The holistic model formulates the harvest scheduling problem of maximizing net present value with harvest flow and adjacency constraints. The compromise model, using a hierarchical optimization model, formulates the allocation of volume in a large diversified forest products firm. Numerical results are only presented for the holistic case, since it appears to be the currently more relevant problem studied within the hierarchical approach to forest management. These results appear to be favorable, considering the complexity of the addressed problem. The role of the model within the hierarchal approach is also discussed. The derived interpretation of the holistic model, with the contrast of the compromise model suggests new strategies and stricter formulations for multilevel planning models appearing in forestry.

Selected Topics of Deep Learning Application in Forest Research

Wu, Fanyou Purdue University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

Digital Forestry uses digital technology and multidisciplinary expertise to measure, monitor, and manage urban and rural forests to maximize social, economic, and ecological benefits.In chapter 2, we investigated the potential use of CNNs for hardwood lumber identification based on tangential plane images. In chapter 3, we developed deep bark, a lightweight tree species identification application, by using deep learning. In chapter 4, we first introduced a new dataset of images of hardwood species annotated for tree ring detection. We applied the state-of-art semantic segmentation models to the dataset. In chapter 5, we combined the observed classes and non-observed classes by distinguishing the attributes of objects and applied zero-shot learning to microscopic wood images.The results above chapters demonstrated the potential and effectiveness of machine learning in many forestry-related tasks. Those applications help both the research community and industry to conduct better digital forestry business. However, we still need to point out that the availability, quality, and quantity of data and annotation are critical factors in conducting meaningful research and applications in forestry.