(A) bayesian belief network-based quality evaluation method of candidate architectures

이정빈 Graduate School, Korea University 2011 국내석사

아키텍처 평가는 소프트웨어 아키텍처나 소프트웨어 스타일 또는 디자인 패턴 등을 분석함으로써 그 특징, 장/단점 및 달성하고자 하는 품질 속성을 평가하는 테크닉이나 방법이다. 이러한 아키텍처 평가기법 중, 시나리오 기반의 아키텍처 평가기법은 대부분의 아키텍처 평가기법의 기반이 되고 있으나, 그 평가 과정에서 다른 아키텍처의 품질속성에 주는 영향은 고려하지 않고 있다. 즉, 각 품질속성 관점에서 최종적으로 선정된 아키텍처 방법론들을 구현하기 위해 하나로 통합되었을 때, 소프트웨어 시스템에 미치는 품질의 결함에 대해서 파악하기 힘들다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결해 주기 위한 Bayesian Belief Net-work(BBN) 기반의 아키텍처 후보 품질 평가기법을 제안한다. 본 논문의 평가기법은 각 품질속성을 달성하기 위한 아키텍처 설계전술들의 조합을 BBN으로 구성하여 아키텍처가 통합되기 전에 미리 전체적인 아키텍처의 품질속성을 평가한다. 또한 본 논문의 평가기법을 적용한 사례연구를 통해 다양한 아키텍처 후보들의 품질속성 영향을 정량적으로 비교평가하여, 아키텍처를 통합하였을 경우 발생할 수 있는 품질 결함을 사전에 발견하였다. Architecture evaluation involves an assessment of the properties, pros and cons, and desired quality attributes of a software architecture. Most of the existing architecture evaluation methods employ a scenario-based method to achieve the desired quality attributes. However, this method does not consider the effect of an approach, such as architectural style and pattern and design pattern, on each quality attribute of the other approaches. In other words, it is difficult to identify the impact of quality attributes on the software system until the architecture approaches are integrated. Therefore, if negative impact is not recognized in the early phases of the project, this method causes considerable economic losses and may lead to the failure of the project. This is because the cost of addressing quality failures increases according to how late in the software process the defect is discovered and corrected. In this paper, we propose an architecture evaluation method based on a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to resolve the aforementioned problem. This method assesses the mutual impact of quality attributes among candidate architectures—which are composed of architecture tactics as the nodes of the BBN—before the architecture tactics are evaluated and integrated. Consequently, architects and designers can help determine whether candidate architectures ensure the quality of the software system through a quantitative comparison of candidate architectures. In a case study, we quantitatively evaluated the mutual impact of some quality attributes among the six candidate architectures, and we eventually determined a proper design decision that ensured high quality for the entire software system.

The vicissitudes of realism: Realism in architecture in the 1970s

Sykes, Anna Krista Harvard University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

In the mid 1970s, a series of architectural journal articles championed the concept of realism, a topic not commonly associated with architecture. In retrospect, the correlation of realism and architecture raises a number of questions. For example, what prompted the multiple appeals for realism in architecture, appeals that faded as quickly as they appeared? Furthermore, what was meant by "realism in architecture?". To address these queries, this dissertation begins with an investigation of historical and 20th century concepts of realism, followed by an examination of the specific texts of the 1970s that relate architecture and realism. The discussion of various forms of realism leads to the identification of the crucial components of realism, namely the existence of architectural autonomy alongside historical and contextual relativity. Considered in conjunction with the theories of Georg Lukacs, realism itself may even appear as a symptom of the struggles of architecture during the mid 1960s through the 1970s. The protagonists of realism in architecture---Martin Steinmann, Bruno Reichlin, and Bernard Huet---along with the architectural historians Vincent Scully and Manfredo Tafuri, share this struggle, the crux of which arrives in the late 1960s with the clear threat to the architectural discipline. Thus, this dissertation seeks to elucidate the conception of realism in architecture and to propose an understanding of the appearance of realism as a symptom of disciplinary turmoil.

Architecture, advertising, and corporations, 1929-1959

Ong Yan, Grace University of Pennsylvania 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

Architecture, Advertising and Corporations, 1929-1959 contributes to a larger, ongoing project that complicates twentieth century modernism, one that overturns the myth that American modern architecture was imported from Europe with the 1932 MOMA exhibition, Modern Architecture. This dissertation is based on a more inclusive history of American modern architecture; one that developed out of the late nineteenth-century aftermath of the Civil War when a modern American nation emerged vastly industrialized with the rise of corporations, the growth of media, and a burgeoning consumer culture---all of which directly affected modern architecture, and were factors in the four case studies of this dissertation. The specific contribution of this dissertation is the explication of the role of the corporate client in defining American modern architecture. How each client significantly affected their building designs, as well as explications of the architects' contributions to modernism are consistent themes of the four case studies. The four case studies of buildings, clients, and architects are: The Philadelphia Saving Fund Society and the partnership of George Howe and William Lescaze; The S.C. Johnson & Son Administration Building in Racine Wisconsin, and Frank Lloyd Wright; Lever House in New York and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; and Reynolds Metals Great Lakes Sales Headquarters in Southfield, Michigan and Minoru Yamasaki. This dissertation differs from past studies of corporate modern architecture in its cross-disciplinary nature, as a combination of business and architectural histories. The clients of these four buildings brought business perspectives to architecture, reflected most visibly in the company's advertising. Archival research and analysis revealed several kinds of advertising activity that was achieved through architecture: these are the use of signage, the architect's fame, an image of efficiency, a display of the company's material product, and a display of civic responsibility. Architecture, advertising, and corporate culture are interwoven in the story of American corporate architecture of the twentieth century, fulfilling the visions of both their clients and their architects.

Flexible Digital Architecture : On the Han-River

김경해 홍익대학교 국제디자인전문대학원 2007 국내석사

Digital technologies extend the possibility which make people experience the environments with variable emotion that could not be used in the media : computer. As a result, an user, a receiver who contacts with digital media environment, is more active to take messages. An User is also most active subject and producer who assembles cyber world and real environment and reproduces own system. Jhon Dewey, American philosopher defined 'experience' as the process of an organism which is produced through adaptation itself to the environment. The real environment constructed in process of experience which is physical and active participation is undetermined, because each person has different reaction. Experiential space of architecture is not an existing static, material, but a immaterial space interpreted by user's physical reaction, and interactive space is providing new experience for user through interaction with space, people and environment. Digital virtual space, real space and mixed space of two which are not divided but represent, mix and remove the boundary make new real space. The role of architecture should be defined again with more variable experimental plans in this digital world. And architectural space that improves the relationships between the users who want to be merged with others should focus on human interactions with architectural form. '괴물' is the title of my thesis. This work consists of interaction, flexible architecture, hdpersurface architecture. This architecture will provide special space for people to experience something new and enjoy themselves through interaction with '괴물'. For this purpose I designed something new architecture that has unique form and system in Han-river. It can move the bridge to the other bridge flexibly and attach to anywhere on the bridge by own automatic-system. And to make it more interactive and flexible, I created some special surface that react to people's motions and can change its shape. This project is applicable to and interactive architecture design for museum or and public space for people's interests.

Theory and Design in the Last Machine Age

Gannon, Todd Nicholas University of California, Los Angeles 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

In the decades following World War Two, London emerged as a fountainhead of radical architectural innovation. From the New Brutalism of Alison and Peter Smithson to the Clip-on approach of the Archigram group and Cedric Price to later High Tech works by Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, and others, English architects from the 1950s to the 1980s evolved diverse new interpretations of the Modern idiom. Throughout his prolific career, the historian Reyner Banham (1922-88) vigorously promoting these young architects as he cajoled them toward more daring experimentation. At the core of Banham's investigations was his idea of une architecture autre. The coherence and efficacy of this 'Other' architecture obtained from an unwavering commitment to formal clarity, honest expression, and the responsible servicing of human environments. Banham devoted considerable attention to the possibility of une architecture autre, finding promising signals first in the New Brutalism and later in various Clip-on approaches. But as these movements failed to foment the disciplinary transformations he sought, the beleaguered critic shifted his efforts. Where his early writings were dedicated to the systematic dismantling of architecture's outmoded compositional and visual conventions, Banham's little-examined later writings on High Tech became increasingly concerned with the dispassionate explication of the very habits his early writings had failed to dislodge. Tracing Banham's attempts to articulate an 'Other' architecture in published books and articles as well as in lectures, courses, and unpublished materials held in the Reyner Banham Papers at the Getty Research Institute, this study examines the historian's early advocacy of the New Brutalism, his promotion of Archigram and other architects associated with the Clip-on approach, his mid-career interest in "well-tempered environments," and his late-career support of High Tech architecture. In contrast to recent studies of these topics, this dissertation will direct significant attention to themes such as formal organization, construction details, and the role of disciplinary convention to argue that attempts to project architecture beyond building led Banham and architects of the period to re-examine---and ultimately to reinforce---traditional disciplinary values. Tracing a parallel commitment to rational, accommodative construction, I also will demonstrate that a little-studied trajectory of seemingly conventional works came much closer to Banham's call for une architecture autre by suggesting the possibility of a paradoxical mode of building beyond architecture.

Architectural Expressions of Music: Perceptions of Musically Inspired Architecture

유세원 서울대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

We live in a culture that easily privileges the stimulation of the eye more than the ear. When perceiving a matter, it is common to immediately absorb the visual information. However, if the information of the subject approaches with the sense of hearing, the method of how to directly visualize the matter must be examined as much as the sense of sight. Just as many thinkers and architects have noted the relationship between the senses of sight and hearing, music and architecture have an intimate relationship in the same context. Since music relies on sense of hearing and architecture relies on sense of sight, architecture has the advantage of visualizing music. By applying musical characteristics in architecture, it can produce creative and scientific design method, provide the enjoyable attraction for visitors, and reflect the social and cultural properties of the particular period. The purpose of this research is to examine the experience of musically inspired architecture, and to analyze the correlations between music and architecture with what architectural and musical factors form such experience. In order to achieve this goal, the history and relationship between music and architecture are examined. Then the case studies of musically inspired architecture are analyzed by the use of musical elements. Through the survey questionnaires to the architecture, music, and other majors on experience of music and architectural façades, the keywords on how people perceive music from architecture are extracted and analyzed. This research will determine the possibility of applying musical properties to architecture and what musical and architectural elements correlate to each other. The results of this study will help providing the ideas of creative design effectively for architects who desire to express the musical qualities through architecture. Keywords : Music and Architecture, Perception, Architectural Expression

Architectural publicity in the age of globalization

Seligmann, Ari D University of California, Los Angeles 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

Experiences in Bilbao epitomize Rem Koolhaas' claim that "globalization destabilizes and redefines both the way architecture is produced and that which architecture produces." The Guggenheim Museum (1997) remains the preeminent example of how architectural production and its repercussions are shaped by global flows, as well as how recognition of effects shapes public reception of architecture. Although the media catchphrase "Bilbao effect" continues to define the terms of what xv innovative architecture is expected to produce, we require stronger analytical frameworks for evaluating the broader implications of public sponsorship of innovative architecture. Exceeding the limited notion of the "Bilbao effect" and critiques of spectacle, this study develops the notion of architectural publicity as a conceptual framework to evaluate public architecture programs and elucidate their relative effects. Investigating several international architecture programs and their exemplary projects expands our understanding of how public architecture is defined and perceived within the contemporary context of globalization. Among the range of possible programs, inquiries focus on three cases located in peripheral areas with strong regional heritages. Strategic urban redevelopment in Bilbao Spain (1989-- ), the Libraries for All program in Seattle USA (1998--2008), and the Artpolis program in Kumamoto Japan (1988-- ) represent diverse attempts to employ innovative architecture to improve local positions within global hierarchies. Comparative analyses reveal how to operate within the contemporary global cultural economy, how architecture engages the public and facilitates a vital public realm, as well as how public interest in architecture is mediated. Invested with scholarly and practical concerns, the findings help sensitize architects to the broader implications of projects and increase general recognition of architecture's potential effects. Demonstrating a range of repercussions strengthens arguments for continued public sponsorship of innovative architecture. Through interdisciplinary perspectives applied to diverse cases, this research explicates the potentials of architectural publicity in the age of globalization.

Architectural approaches to strategic product development

강길모 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

While traditional design research has concentrated on creativity from a clean sheet, however in practice many design projects have been conducted by the modification or incremental development of existing systems to meet new requirements and regulations. Indeed, Ab initio designing is rare, while many new product developments proceed by modifying existing products. Radical design, which begins from white paper, requires new knowledge that carries higher uncertainty and an increased risk of market failure, compared with existing knowledge. Although many enterprises expect more success from radical innovations, most new products only improve or modify existing products. Therefore, minimizing novelty to reduce risk and cost, by using tried and tested solutions and carried-over components, is a key objective. In many industries, more formal procedures for specifying tight and complex requirements are changing the nature of decision making in design processes. The present thesis defines incremental design as a process of modifying or redesigning an existing system while carrying over core competencies in order to meet the required incremental changes and propose the methodologies to established effective strategies for the incremental design. In order to success in incremental product development, it is primary to comprehensively understand the existing product’s architecture. On the foundation of the understanding, determination of the design targets and effective realization on physical domain should be systemically conducted. The product architecture is defined as the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. Therefore, in the incremental design, the existing product’s architecture could be a design constraint for a new product. For determining design targets on the early stage of product development process, the proposed methodology figures out the interrelationships among functional elements, which specify the product’s tasks, and based on this, determines the consistent set of specifications that make a product satisfy new requirements. The determined specifications are implemented or realized with physical components on the physical domain. When the existing system incorporates new components in incremental design, reduced changes should be necessarily accompanied. Therefore, efficient rearrangement of the existing components with incorporating new components should be a key design strategy in incremental design. In order to determine a consistent set of design targets in incremental design, the proposed methodology defines the product architecture with specifications on the functional design domain and identifies the specifications that makes customers’ utility maximize; the design targets are specified with specifications. The methodology was practically developed based on new vehicle planning project, because it traditionally has been conducted in incremental manner, which relies solely on qualitative benchmarking analysis and intuitive human decisions. It has tried to capture the interplay between the important factors in preliminary vehicle design such as functional product architecture (design feasibility constraints), market demands, and economic conditions. The main contribution of the proposed research could read as showing how design information embedded in real data can be utilized in vehicle planning and determine a consistent set of design targets by coordinating those design information on moderate level. The determined design targets are implemented with physical components. When a new product is developed as based on an existing system but with new components, changing not only the components but also the entire architecture on physical domain is unavoidable. Therefore, this thesis proposes a methodology to re-architect an existing system that has modular architecture when new technologies are to be infused via a set of new components. The proposed method explicitly recognizes the existing system, as the foundation of the new system, focuses on the transformation of the existing architecture into the optimal architecture of the new system. Vast amount of prior research on designing modular systems or building product platforms have proposed numerous methodologies to determine the optimal architecture for developing new products, implicitly acknowledging the existence of the previous design. Although it is imperative to determine the goal of the new architecture, the paths of transformation, from the existing to the optimal architecture for a new system, can be exceedingly varied; furthermore, the optimal architecture itself should depend on the transformation path selected to meet the new requirements. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper models the transformation of an existing architecture by reflecting required changes. The present study determined the optimal architecture by consideration of the relevant transformation characteristics.

Modernity in architecture in relation to context

Setiawan, Arief B Georgia Institute of Technology 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

The thesis questions the ways in which architecture might embody the notion of modernity in different cultures and regions yet achieve appropriateness relative to place. In the early twentieth century in the industrialized world, the issue of modernity in architecture was identified with the notions of abstraction and rationalization that colored the development of the modern movement. The second generation of the modern movement queried the roles of human experiences and urban and architectural contexts in architectural design. With the spread of the modern movement to the rest of the world, the issue of context in architecture grew stronger. Following this line of thought, this dissertation examines the tension between modernist abstractionism and urban and architectural contexts in place in which the presence and the role of local knowledge and traditions in architecture remained influential. It investigates modernity in architecture through a specific Asian reading and through an analysis of the work of Geoffrey Bawa of Sri Lanka. Selected works of Geoffrey Bawa are chosen because the significance of his oeuvre is often contested by interpreters who see it as reflecting various contemporary approaches, including regionalism and vernacularism. Thus, in an effort to refute such simplistic explanations of his work, this thesis examines selected works of Bawa, analyzing their spatial organization, formal arrangement, materials, techniques, and building details. In particular, it attempts to highlight the ways in which Bawa articulated the notions of experience and memory in his architecture. These analyses are then placed within the framework of the social and cultural situations that his architecture confronted in Sri Lanka. It is within this framework that we might determine the ways in which modernity and locality were embodied in Bawa's work. Interpretations of his work take into account the understanding of modernity as a cultural practice and an attitude. Modernity as an attitude relates to a specific modernist subject who is able to use reason for judgment in addressing context. In this dissertation, a reading on the work of Walter Benjamin on modernity, the pasts, and traditions frames this understanding of this modernist subjectivity. In architecture, modernity as an attitude means that is not a style but a way of thinking and formulating design intent. This inquiry is then used as a framework within which this dissertation will interpret the relationship between modernity and local identity. The conclusions of the dissertation contribute to an understanding of the achievement of modernity in architecture in tight relationship to context. On a more focused level, it also hopes to contribute to an appreciation of the extant works of Geofrrey Bawa, which the author of this dissertation deems exemplary of what modern architecture might achieve in Asia.

(The) characteristics of kinetic architecture : a design for substitute of passive and active architecture

이서우 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2018 국내석사

Architecture designs have developed in progressions of adaptation toward the surrounding natural environment. Especially for the issue of the thermal comfort, the architecture had developed and evolved in forms to provide appropriate indoor environment. As a result to fulfill these needs, the design progressed in two design streams of “passive” and “active”. However, the passive and active architecture possesses several limitations. Current thesis aims to seek for probable potential of a kinetic architecture to enhance thermal comfort of the building while solving the limitations of passive and active architecture. To seek for the possibilities of kinetic architecture, following steps had been processed. First, the thesis analyzed the limitations of passive and active architecture through various literature review. Limitations can be summarized as 4 categories: Lighting, View, Energy Efficiency, and Spatial Restriction. Among these 4 limitations, the passive architecture possesses limitation on all of the 4 categories, and active architecture holds limitation on energy efficiency. Second, the kinetic architecture has studied into 2 approaches. First approach is the case studies of built examples for overcoming 4 limitations of the passive and active architecture, with limitation on climate. These typical built cases indicate that the kinetic architecture seizes the prospective to meet appropriate thermal condition with overcoming the limitations of the previous building type. Second approach in understanding the kinetic architecture is the macro and micro analysis of kinetic design characteristic. 31 built cases have been analyzed with following indicators: Climate, Control Mechanism, Operation, Visibility, and Spatial Scale. The relationships had been analyzed. The result of analysis are shown as followed. In case of macro trend, the kinetic architecture features the method internal heat gain (Control mechanism), intrinsic method (Operation), high (Visibility), and the façade element (Spatial scale) the most. However, it does not show that there are no dominant climate zone for facilitating kinetic architecture. The micro scale architecture had been processed with kinetic architecture with façade element. It showed that kinetic architecture featuring the façade element, has high relationship between high visibility, extrinsic operation, and heat control method of internal heat gain. In addition, the cases for kinetic architecture characteristic with the façade element has been examined by feature, operation, and material. Through the analysis and case studies, it is showed that the kinetic architecture occupies a strong characteristic that can be one of the solution for the limitations that passive and active architecture possess. Furthermore, the trend analysis showed the dominant characteristic of kinetic architecture that makes it possible to solve the limitations of previous architecture. 건축물은 주변 자연 환경에 대응하여 여러 목적을 위해 건물의 내부와 외부 모두 변화되어왔다. 그 중 쾌적한 실내 환경을 위해 건물은 열적 효율성을 높이는 형태를 취하게 되었다. 이를 위해 페시브 (Passive) 건축과 엑티브 (Active) 건축이 개발되었다. 두 건축 형태는 모두 건물의 열을 다루는데 효과적인 방법으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 이를 통한 한계들도 또한 존재한다. 본 논문은 건물의 열적 효율성을 높일 수 있는 엑티브 건축의 한 종류인 키네틱 건축 (Kinetic Architecture)의 가능성을 다루고자 하였다. 더 나아가 기존의 페시브와 엑티브 건축을 대체할 하나의 방안으로써의 키네틱 건축에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이를 위해, 페시브와 엑티브 건축의 한계 분석과 키네틱 건축의 특성을 분석하였다. 페시브와 엑티브 건축의 한계는 여러 매체의 문헌 고찰을 통해 이루어졌다. 이를 통해 한계들이 도출 되었다. 한계들은 4가지로, 빛 (Lighting), 시야(View), 에너지 효율성 (Energy Efficiency), 그리고 공간적 제약 (Spatial Restriction)이다. 이 4가지 한계들은 페시브 건축에서 모두 나타나며, 엑티브 건축에서는 에너지 효율성에 대한 한계가 나타난다. 키네틱 건축의 특성에 대한 고찰 및 분석은 2 가지 방향으로 진행되었다. 첫 번째 접근은 기존 건축물들의 한계를 극복한 완공된 키네틱 건축물의 사례 조사이다. 총 5개의 사례를 분석하였으며, 각 사례들은 페시브와 엑티브 건축의 한계와 기후의 제약을 극복하기 위해 키네틱 요소들을 사용한 대표적인 예시들이다. 두 번째 접근방법은 키네틱 건축 요소의 거시 분석과 미시 분석이다. 제약을 극복한 키네틱 건축물들의 요소와 특성을 분석하여 거시적인 트렌드를 알 수 있었으며 각 요소와의 관계 또한 유추하였다. 분석은 총 31개의 완공된 키네틱 건축을 기반으로 기후 (Climate), 열 제어 메커니즘 (Control mechanism), 동작 제어 메커니즘 (Operation), 가시성 (Visibility), 공간 스케일 (Spatial Scale)을 분석하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 거시 분석을 통해 키네틱 건축의 전반적인 디자인 트렌드를 도출해냈다. 디자인 트렌드는 열 제어 메커니즘으로 내부 열 유입 방지 (Internal Heat Gain)를 사용하며 AI 등을 사용하지 않은 내적 동작 방식을 사용한다. 또한 높은 가시성을 가지며 건물의 외관을 이루는 요소가 동적인 역할을 한다. 키네틱 건축을 사용하는 특정한 기후대는 나타나지 않았다. 미시 분석은 각 요소들의 연관성을 분석하였는데, 외관을 이루는 요소가 동적인 경우의 수가 가장 많아 키네틱 건축 중 키네틱 요소가 외관에 위치한 경우를 분석하였다. 키네틱 요소가 건물의 외관에 위치할 경우, 높은 가시성을 띄며, AI 등을 사용하는 외적 동적 제어를 사용하는 경우가 가장 많다. 또한 열 제어 방법으로는 내부로의 열 유입 방지의 방법을 가장 많이 사용하였다. 더 나아가 각 키네틱 건축물의 키네틱 요소와 동력, 재료 등이 분석되었다. 본 연구는 사례 분석과 미시, 거시 분석을 통해 키네틱 건축이 기존 건축의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 더 나아가 키네틱 건축의 거시적인 트렌드와 각 요소의 연관성을 분석함으로써 본 연구를 통해 디자인의 과정에서 건물에 동적인 요소를 사용하는 경우 효율적인 요소를 파악하는데 도움을 줄 수 있기를 기대한다.