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      • A Data-driven strategy for the development of a smart intercity bus system in Ecuador : a comparative public policy analysis between South Korea and Ecuador

        SUNTAXI, Paola Fernanda KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2020 국내석사

        RANK : 153407

        Providing convenient and sustainable public transport systems is one of the most fundamental challenges for any local and national government. Massive transport systems represent a primary means of maintaining economic opportunities, reducing inequalities, and ultimately enhancing the quality of life for people. Studies demonstrate that the deterioration of the public transportation system is associated with a continuous increase in the emission of CO2, traffic jams, illegal services, and road fatalities, which have come a public health problem. Therefore, policymakers have been called to act to improve public transportation systems and make sure that they evolve with the needs of society. This study explores the case of the intercity bus service in Ecuador and tries to shed light on recommendations to solve the structural problems behind the obsolesce of the service. Overlapping routes, accidents, robberies, unpunctual and poor service, limited coverage in rural areas, and lack of information for trip planning and online sales tickets are some of the issues why citizens have switched to using illegal door-to-door services. By conducting a comparative public policy analysis with the Korean Bus Reform and using guided interviews with Korean and Ecuadorian officers, it was discovered that 1) the lack of long-term vision, 2) the inconsistent rule of law, 3) the limited technology and human resources, 3) the need of a technical savvy, but above all the little compromise of authorities have hampered the smartization of public transportation in the country. Even though there are have been partial solutions and advances, authorities and experts recognize that it is necessary to rethink holistically how the transportation system is designed and operated, especially in the context of the recent pandemic lockdown. According to experts, it is expected that small and financially unstable bus operators will fill for bankruptcy. Therefore, authorities and critical stakeholders should ground a sincere discussion to build a collaborative transport system that benefits all not only those who have influenced the system for particular gains. The delivery challenges include the tools of the Korean Bus Reform, such as stakeholders’ engagement, quasi-public bus operation/management, adoption of an integrated and technical fare system, and centrally-controlled operations. The application of ICT significantly contributed to the successful implementation. Thus, it is recommended to analyze different scenarios and alternatives for a public-private partnership that optimize and accelerate the modernization of the public bus system.

      • Exploring Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction and Public Confidence in the ITS Environment : implications to CRM and public policy

        RAHMAN, A.K.M. Anisur KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2017 국내박사

        RANK : 153391

        With the advent of the Internet and Mobile Communications, the nature of communication has changed significantly over the past few decades .The promotion of technologies among the common people has been found to be an important element of public policy to reduce the digital divide. The rapid advancement of information technology (IT), automation systems and data communications systems leads to improvement of intelligent transport systems (ITS). ITS covers all branches of transportation and involves all dynamically interacting elements of transportation system, i.e. transport means, infrastructure, drivers and commuters. However, few researches have been carried out in the context of public sectors, especially that involving ITS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the justice dimensions that influence satisfaction and public confidence in the context of ITS and to explore implications to Citizen/Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and public policy. This study investigates the following research questions: i) Do levels of perceived justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) in ITS environment affect levels of satisfaction/dissatisfaction? ii) Do levels of satisfaction form ITS affect levels of public confidence? iii) Do levels of dissatisfaction form ITS affect levels of willingness to complain? iv) Do levels of dissatisfaction form ITS affect levels of complaining behavior? v) Do levels of complaining behavior in ITS environment affect levels of satisfaction with complaint handling when the complaints are resolved based on three dimensions (distributive, procedural and interactional)of justice? vi) Do levels of willingness to complain in ITS environment affect levels of public confidence? vii) Do levels of satisfaction with complaint handling in ITS environment affect levels of public confidence? The findings of this study imply that ITS users are more importantly perceive to equity and equality issues, or distributive justice. The employment of ITS should not be limited to the technical aspects of ITS, but should focus more attention on the subjective domain of justice. The results of this study also have important implications for public complaint handling in terms of increasing public satisfaction with ITS, which is crucial for CRM.

      • Effect of multi-regional waterworks on the operation efficiency of local waterworks

        방지훈 KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2018 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        There have been several studies for developing policies that can promote the efficiency of the underdeveloped local waterworks in Korea. The studies can be divided into two parts. First, there are some studies of economies of scale through the integration of waterworks by each municipality(Choi, 2005). The others are several studies that compared the improvement of operation management index when the operation management work of each municipal waterworks was entrusted to water specialist institution(Won, 2010). According to each study, it has been suggested that commissioning of waterworks management to specialized agencies is more effective in some indicators than direct management. The Korea Water Resources Corporation, a specialized water agency, has been operating 22 local governments since 2004. However, local consignment commissioning projects are limited by the local government's decision-making and cost burdens as a policy to improve the overall conditions of domestic waterworks. As it reflects this, the deployment of domestic local waterworks consignment projects has been stopped since 2013. Second, the integration plan of local waterworks confirms that economies of scale occur according to characteristics of network industry of local waterworks through various studies. However, according to the domestic laws, it is practically impossible for local governments to jointly operate and manage the local waterworks by integrating a part of the water supply facilities between the respective localities as management bodies. Therefore, it is not reasonable to establish a policy for improving the efficiency of domestic waterworks operation on the basis of it Therefore, this study was carried out to establish a feasible policy direction for improving the poor water supply in Korea. For this purpose, this study analyzed the effect of multi-regional waterworks on the operation efficiency of local waterworks in each municipality. The reason for the analysis based on the multi-regional waterworks is as follows. First, the multi-regional water means the water supply to more than two municipalities. Therefore, it is possible to indirectly analyze the influence of the integrated water supply assumed in the previous studies. Second, it is possible to establish a viable policy because the role of the regional waterworks is the largest in order to improve the operation efficiency of domestic local waterworks. In other words, if the municipality receiving the multi-regional water is more efficient than the municipality that does not receive it, then it indirectly proves the integrated effect of the waterworks. In addition, it is expected that the present domestic water system which is physically divided into multiregional waterworks by the goverment and the local waterworks that is operated and managed by the local government, is able to be evaluated efficiently and indirectly. The results of the regression analysis are as follows, First, the regression analysis between the ratio of the multi-regional waterworks and the operation costs per total water supply of the local governments showed that there was a negative relationship at the 95% statistical significance level. In other words, the higher the ratio of the multi-regional water supply, the lower the cost per total supply which is quantitatively that the expenditure per water supply will decrease by 72won /m3 as the ratio of multi-regional water increases by 10%. This is different from the common sense that each municipality purchasing a lot of the multi-regional water will cost more than other municipalities that do not. The reason that the municipalities that have their own water intake and purification facilities cost more than the municipalities that receive the multi-regional water are that the cost of their own water resource is low but the other expensive costs are incurred because of facility investments and maintenance costs for water treatments. Second, as a result of analysis of the regression between the supply of the multi-regional water and the rate of revenue water, it was found that the local governments with a high ratio of the multi-regional water efficiently manage the revenue water at the 95% statistical significance level. This is because the municipalities that receive the multi-regional waterworks can concentrate on the relatively easy water supply work without the water treatment and management work that requires expertise. Lastly, the result of analysis of the regression between the supply of wide area water supply and the municipal operating workforce showed that the operational workforce decreased as the multi-regional water was supplied due to the integration effect. Quantitatively, as the multi-regional water ratio increased by 10%, the number of operators decreased by one. Based on the results of this analysis, the following policy directions can be established. It is considered that it is not efficient in terms of workforce management to entrust all the water supply facilities and customer business of each local government collectively to a specialized agency like K-water. In other words, even though a specialized institution is entrusted with the management and administration of waterworks of various municipalities, it is difficult to expect economies of scale in terms of workforce management as the workforce is mainly determined according to the total water supply. Instead, it is considered more efficient to adjust the scope of responsibility for the multi-regional and local water supply, which is divided into geographical boundaries between local governments. In detail, there may be an integrated management plan by expanding the business scope to the water treatment business of the municipality by the multi-regional water service provider. In this case, each municipality can concentrate only on supplying the tap water to each customer, which will lead to efficient operation of the whole local waterworks.

      • ransitional labour market policy : logistic regression analysis on the determinants of successful transition from school to work in Cambodia

        CHOEURNG , Theany KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2016 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        Individual faces many problems within the labour market. School-to-work transition is an obvious social phenomenon to be witnessed that young people encounter many difficulties from education to the world of work. These difficulties are unemployment, difficulties in job searching due to the inadequate employment centers, occupational mismatch, working poor, occupational instability, and wage. Some of them are successful in getting a job while others could not get any job. The purpose of this paper is to find out key factors that contribute to successful transition from school to work in Cambodia. Based on the finding, the policy implication will be made to provide a smooth transition for the graduates or those who are leaving school. The purpose of the study will respond to two main questions: 1. What are the key determinants of successful transition from school to work? 2. What needs to be done to promote smooth transition from school to work? The data used in this study is taken from Cambodian school-to-work transition survey. 2353 of respondents who leave school are the unit of analyses. Using logistic regression analysis, we are going to see relationship between variables. The interest independent variables are using employment center, working and studying combination, gender, region, age, individual level of education, field of education, mother’s education and father’s education. The dependent variable in this study is employment status after the transition. The results are reported in odds ratio and marginal effect and discrete change of logistic regression. For the odds ratio interpretation, gender and working and studying combination have positive relationship with employment status while the rest of independent variables show no relationship. For the marginal effect for predicted probability, gender (being male), and working and studying combination have strong effects on employment status. Based on the result, at least three policy areas should be taken into consideration. Firstly, women employment program should be further focused to promote women job attainment. Secondly, a well-designed employment center should be given priority so that more employment center are build and available for job seekers to use. Last but not least, the working while studying program should be widely provided to help student get hand-on experiences.

      • The Effectiveness of innovative elementary schools in Seoul on decreasing educational gap

        나혜진 KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2015 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        This research analyzed the effect of innovative schools on decreasing the educational gap caused by socioeconomic backgrounds, using a multiple regression model. The data was collected from Seoul Education Longitudinal Study in 2012 and 2013. In addition, qualitative research was conducted through in-depth interviews and case studies in order to explain the result of quantitative research. The gist of the research is as follows. First, there was no significant difference between innovative schools and general schools in terms of family backgrounds, school life and academic achievement of students. Innovative schools did not reduce the effect of socioeconomic status on academic achievement. Secondly, the qualitative research found that principles of innovative schools were not applied effectively in practice. There were many obstacles such as unprepared school staff to reform the school. Therefore, this research recommends that efforts of the school staff including teacher be made and institutional supports be provided for the success of innovative school. Furthermore, more research on the effect of innovative schools has to be done to strengthen the public education system over a long term

      • The Central bank roles to drive sustainable banking in Thailand : focus on green loan policy

        PRUKPRAKARN, Tanaracht KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2021 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        The world environment has been damaged by human activities and natural disasters. This is further exacerbated by climate change. The concept of sustainable banking is one instrument to deal with climate change in the banking sector. Governments and private companies are applying these goals in their policy and business strategies. Because Financial Institutions are critical players to support and provide sufficient funding for the project. The linkage between climate change, the banking system, and central banks has become closer. Central banks are gaining a critical role in driving their sustainability in the financial system. However, the scope of sustainable banking and bank’s businesses is enormous. This study focuses on banks’ green loan policies. The study will analyze the factors which affect the green loan policies and enhance the resilience and sustainability of the environment and the banking sector. From the research question “What determines the green loan policy from a bank perspective”, increasing business opportunities, better risk management, and enhancing their reputation among stakeholders are 3 factors that will incentivize banks to integrate green loan policy. The data are divided into 4 parts - bank performance analysis, stock price response, consumer survey, and bank employee survey. It looks at the effect of green policy on business opportunities and risk management as well as the effect between financial performance and sustainability performance. The bank’s reputation from the investors’ point of view is measured through the effect of environmental events/news and environment disclosure score on the bank’s stock price. Customers’ attitudes on the reputation of green loan granting banks and linkage between obstacles and effective policy in employees’ view are examined. To examine the linkage between green loan and business opportunities, the financial data, sustainability score, environment events/news, and stock prices of 5 significant banks in Thailand from 2015 – 2019 was used. The data is then loaded into the SPSS software for analysis and hypothesis testing. This study aims to explore how are green loans increase the financial performance of Thai banks, and but does not confirm that green loans lead to better credit risk management. Environmental factors also have an impact on banks’ reputations. Environmental disclosure score affects the stock price which represents investors' perception. The customers’ attitude influences the reputation of green loan-granting banks. And the right obstacle defining leads the effectiveness of the central bank policy support. The Central bank should launch the policy to enhance interest in green lending. The green loan policies should have an impact on the bank’s financial performance, risk management, and/or reputation directly or indirectly to motivate banks to grant green loans. The voluntary policy will be boosted through non-financial incentives and financial incentive policies. However, the central bank should define the root cause of obstacles in designing practical policies. Regulation is not the only key to drive green lending. The banks’ reputation from the perspectives of both customers and investors confirms the concept that they are interested in green banking concept. The Central bank’s event or reward system on environmental concerns such as green banking reward will put pressure on the sector and increase awareness of green banking. It will also signal that the central bank is focusing on a new target. As green banking is a new concept in Thailand, the number of studies and data on the green loan is remarkably limited. The conclusion of the impact of the green loan on those motivating factors may early to decide the conclusion. Recommendations for improving the research are provided in the last part of this research.

      • Policy improvement for promotion of urban water circulation

        양정원 KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2018 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        In order to reduce urban flood damage caused by climate change and urbanization, to secure alternative water resources, and to improve the urban water environment, most specialists consent that it is important to effectively circulate urban water resources through diffusion of water cycle cities and low impact development (LID) measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the present state of domestic and foreign policy on urban water circulation and LID, and to study policy direction and improvement plan for promotion of urban water circulation and LID appropriate to the situation in Korea. This study reviews the current problems and suggests improvements in aspects of ''Institutional system, Industry fostering, and Public consensus'' according to the situation in Korea based on the premise that urban water circulation needs to be expanded to ensure sustainability of cities. In the aspect of institutional system, it is necessary to establish a joint legal system among the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, the Ministry of Environment, and the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. In the aspect of industry fostering, in order to maximize the effects by urban water circulation, it is necessary to adopt development certification program for LID planning and design in development projects and city management. And, in the aspect of public consensus, it is needed to collect opinions and disseminate consensus on related policies and technologies through establishment of urban water circulation forum, campaign, etc.

      • Improving the public-private-partnership system in Mongolia : a comparative study of the Republic of Korea and Mongolia

        BANZRAGCH, Undrakh KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2018 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        The concept of a Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) is an attractive, yet ambiguous one. It is a mechanism that has been widely welcomed and used to address huge infrastructure gaps and to reduce excessive government roles in public infrastructure development and provision in Mongolia. However, issues related to qualities of PPPs, fiscal problems, corruption, social disapprovals, manipulation - i.e. unknown risks - that are harmful to the society, have started to come up after 7 years of experience of actively promoting the PPP system. This paper based on empirical and comparative analyses, discusses that, the main causes of failures of PPPs have been that: 1) the flexibility and ambiguity of the PPP concept is not balanced against its accountability and efficiency; 2) that there is a lack of political will to nurture genuine partnership and a lack in the capability of the public sector; and 3) an uncompetitive private sector and immature environment. These factors have together created the maneuvering space for the manipulation of the PPP concept, its types, applicable infrastructures, institution as well as combined to promote fake procurement, management, economic analysis of PPPs, tendering, in general artificially legitimizing distorted partnerships in Mongolia. These distortions have enabled PPPs to be used in a socio-economically unbalanced way and have influenced the promotion of PPPs in an inefficiently allocative way at the expense of public interest. To eliminate confusions, instabilities and opportunisms within the PPP system, the paper proposes several must-implement policy recommendations by comparing the failure factors of Mongolian PPPs with success factors of the Republic of Korean PPPs. These are: to clarify all the existing confusions, to promote the check and balance mechanisms along with a fiscal safeguarding measures of various budget ceilings approaches, to enhance the accountability mechanism that is based on performance indicators for both public and private sectors as well as to shift from the ‘artificial’ PPPs procurement practice to the ‘proper’ and competitive procurement practice by taking various state-led deliberate measures. The paper concludes that if Mongolia could not take at least these must-implement measures, the PPP system might more harm the public interest than benefit it, due to the nature of infrastructure PPPs that are prone to rents.

      • Integrated water management strategies centered on local governments according to the unification of water management

        류세환 KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2021 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        This report presents ways to achieve water management and solve water problems within basin through organic water management integration between local and local governments. In the short term, the 'K-water Water Management Integrated Implementation Promotion Team' is formed to produce short-term results of policies and prepare for integrated materials management. In the long term, 'The water management integration implementation council' involving committees, local governments, institutions and research institutes that can serve as an implementation platform for integrated water management by the National Water Management Committee will be formed to supplement water management policies and coordinate roles with local governments. This will enable the unification of water management policies, from small-scale water management controlled by local governments to large-scale basin management managed by the state, to be successfully implemented.

      • Trade and industrial policy of Ecuador : proposal of improvement for the insertion of Ecuador into the 21st century economy

        ZARATE DIAZ, Paul Marcelo KDI School of Public Policy and Management 2021 국내석사

        RANK : 153391

        Ecuador has executed various industrial policies during the XX century with different focuses and results. Still, none of them could achieve the primary purpose, “creating a prosperous and developed nation.” Currently, Ecuador has in force the “Industrial Policy 2016- 2025.” However, it is not under execution since there is a disconnection between the projects, goals, and strategies with Ecuador''s competitive advantages and future global demands and trends. Besides, Ecuador does not have a formal trade policy; instead, the Ministry of Production, Foreign Trade, Investments, and Fisheries are executing trade agendas trying to sign free trade agreements with key commercial partners. Still, those agreements aim to take advantage of the current economic structure of Ecuador, which is characterized for promoting agriculture products, low-skill jobs, and no innovation. In this regard, this research describes a new approach of trade and industrial-innovation policy, outlining factors that determine its success or failure. Moreover, the study revised up-to-date bibliography to identify characteristics for increasing the odds for designing and executing trade and industrial-innovation policies. Besides, it describes the actors and roles that must develop the design and execution of the policy. Finally, a logical framework matrix is presented with general activities that will guide the update of the current industrial policy, to build a new approach for the insertion of Ecuador to the 21st century. The principal findings of the research show that the current industrial policy of Ecuador is not efficient and must be updated. The trade agenda should be transformed into a policy integrated into the industrial one. Moreover, for the updating, the Government should consider factors such as climate change, COVID-19, political issues like the trade war between China and the United States, the structure of a new global economy by 2050, and the rise of the African Free Trade Agreement. All those situations bring about opportunities and threats that must be tackled with a long-term, adequately financed innovation policy, structured after discussions with the private sector, academia, and civil society. Indeed, the new trade and industrial policy should be the outcome from communication with different actors instead of being a set of top-down actions proposed by the public sector. Finally, the trade policy must be built in concordance with the industrial policy and focused not only on the current supply but also on the future international demands and needs.

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