국립대학 자원관리 시스템 도입에 따른 금오공과대학교 산학협력단의 통합관리시스템 구축방안에 관한 연구

최성혁 금오공과대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

금오공과대학교 산학협력단 통합관리시스템의 구축은 국립대학 자원관리 시스템의 도입과 통합되지 않은 상태로 운영되고 있는 연구관리 관련 시스템, 그리고 2015년 4월까지 학생인건비 통합관리를 시행해야 하는 3가지 요인이 얽혀있어 매우 복잡하고 어려운 문제로 대두되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 제약사항이 상호복합적으로 얽혀있는 상황에서 국립대학 자원관리 시스템이 도입되어 정착될 때까지 산학협력단의 업무처리를 위한 통합시스템 구축에 대한 대안을 제시하였다. 통합시스템에 대한 중요한 영향요인으로 먼저 국가연구개발사업 연구비 공동관리규정, 학생인건비 통합관리제도, 대학연구활동 실태조사, NTIS시스템에 대한 자료입력, 연구비 종합관리시스템, 국립대학 자원관리 시스템, 현행 업무처리 시스템의 7개 항목을 도출하고, 이에 대한 상세한 조사를 실시하였다. 그리고 이러한 영향요인들을 조사·분석한 결과를 활용하여 산학협력단 통합관리시스템의 구성방법을 제시하였다. 또한, 선행 작업을 기반으로 하여 학생인건비 통합관리시스템을 효과적으로 구축할 수 있는 4가지 방안을 제시하였고, 이들 방안에 대한 구체적인 구현전략과 각각의 장단점을 분석하였다. The issue of development of industry-university cooperation foundation of Kumoh National Institute of Technology was raised as a very complex and difficult issue due to the entanglement of the three factors of the implementation of national university resource management system and research management related system being operated without being integrated, and the need to implement integrated management of student labor cost by April 2015. In this study, it presented plans of developing integrated system for the work processing of industry-university cooperation foundation until the implementation and operation of national university resource management system in the midst of a situation where such restrictions are entangled. As for the important influence factors on integrated system, seven items were deduced that were national research development project research cost joint-management regulation, student labor cost integrated management system, university research activity present condition research, data input of NTIS system, research cost total management system, national university resource management system and current work processing system, for which detailed researched were conducted. In addition, a method of composing industry-university cooperation foundation integrated management system was presented by utilizing the research and analysis results of such influence factors. In addition, four plans were presented for effectively establishing student labor cost integrated management system based on previous work and specific implementation strategies and respective strengths & weaknesses of these plans were analyzed.

대학 캠퍼스 경관요소 평가에 관한 연구 : 캠퍼스 유형별 만족도 및 이미지 평가를 중심으로

김천일 금오공과대학교 2013 국내석사

This paper is aimed for analyzing satisfaction and image about each type of landscape elements by typological approach of university campuses. The design elements of landscape improvement in campus were extracted from correlation analysis of satisfaction and image of campus. Conclusions from analysis above are as below. 1. Analysis of campus types 1) Three types were extracted by using spatial index of campus. From feature analysis of each types, three types are classified as below. Type 1 is ‘large-scale complex location’ type, and Type 2 is ‘middle-scale edge location’ type. Finally, Type 3 is small-scale urban location type. 2) Three universities are selected for investigation. The type 1 is Kyung-buk University(A-University), and the type 2 is Kumoh National Institute of Technology(B-University), and the type 3 is Dae-gu Educational University(C-University). 2. Landscape element evaluation in Architecture 1) The headquarter building of university is shown as a representative case of the university buildings. The main reasons are 'History of the building' and 'Good location'. Among elements in architectural formation, ‘Proportion & Balance' and ’Harmony & Order', are shown as very important factors. The same pattern were shown at all three cases. 2) Satisfaction level of landscape elements in architecture is high at 'Building layout' in all cases. However, satisfaction level is very low at ‘Building color & materials’. Therefore, organizing ‘Building color & materials’ is the main task for landscape development. 3) Satisfaction level of the headquarter building is higer than buildings overall. Satisfaction level of A and C-University shows high in ‘Building formation’, and C-University shows high in ‘Building layout’. 4) Image evaluation in architecture is a little bit different. Most universities show that image about 'Nobility‘ is positive, and image about 'Dynamic' is extremely negative. Therefore, giving a dynamic image is important during architecture design. 5) In cases of the headquarter building, A-University shows positive in ‘Scale’, and B and C-University shows positive in ‘Nobility’, respectively. These results shows the relations between image evaluation of the campus and the headquarter building. 6) The correlation between satisfaction and image of landscape elements shows that A-University has positive correlation with ‘Building color & Materials’, B-University has positive correlation with 'Building color & Materials’ and 'Building formation'. Therefore, the main task for landscape improvement in campus is to focus on these elements at each campus. 3. Landscape element evaluation in Outdoor space 1) In all three cases, 'Rest area' and 'Water area‘ as parts of campus outdoor space were considered as main landscape elements, and satisfaction level of those elements were high as well. 'University Entrance' was considered as a main landscape element but satisfaction level was low. 2) In outdoor space of three cases, elements with low satisfaction level were as follows. In A-University, Street Furniture Group, in B-University, Symbol․Entrance Facility Group, and in C-University, all of Facility Groups show low satisfaction level respectively. These are connected with environment condition that each university has. 3) Satisfaction level of ‘Planting area’ shows high in ‘Visibility’, and low in ‘Activity’. 'University Entrance' shows high in ‘Visibility’, and low in ‘Semanticity’. These results shows differently in each case. 4) Image about the overall university is positive at all elements except 'Scale‘ and 'Dynamic', and especially very positive at 'Familiarity'. 5) Image about 'Planting area' shows positive in all elements except 'Scale‘, and 'University Entrance' shows negative in all elements except 'Dynamic’. In case of 'University Entrance', A and C-University shows negative in all elements except 'Dynamic’ and 'Clarity’. In contrast, B -University shows positive in all elements except 'Dynamic’ and 'Clarity’. It is showed that the landscape charactieristics of each cases are reflected on these results. 6) The correlation of between satisfaction and image of landscape elements shows that A-University has positive correlation with 'Street Furniture Group‘ and 'Symbol․Enterance Facility Group’, C-University has positive correlation with 'Landscaping Facility Group‘. Therefore, the main task for landscape improvement in campus is to organize these facilities at each campus.

금오공과대학교 건축물 및 외부공간 이미지평가에 관한 연구

임근수 금오공과대학교 2013 국내석사

Abstract In this study, I performed the psychological analysis on campus facilities and open space for university students with the observation that the evaluation on the physical environment of the campus is related to the image evaluation of the campus users. Specifically, we investigated the cognitive structure and the image evaluation structure of users, i.e., students, on the architectural and morphological elements of campus buildings and open space. The investigation results are summarized as follows. 1) The cognitive structure of students on the architectural and morphological elements was different from building to building. In the case of architectural elements, the campus buildings were rated high, if they were designed with emphasis on symbolic elements, while the campus buildings with simple design were rated low. However, the morphological elements exhibited the opposite results. 2) I extracted six factors by performing the factor analysis for image evaluation. From the analysis results, we found that students showed a different structure of image evaluation for each building. In addition, the image evaluation structures were found to be related with the cognitive structures on architectural and morphological elements. 3) I also performed the correlation analysis between image evaluation structure and cognitive structure on architectural and morphological aspects. The analysis results indicated that each building showed different correlation patterns. In addition, the overall image became better, as they appraised “clarity” and “uniformity” more highly. 4) In planning campus open space, it is necessary to ensure open view and simplicity, but it should be avoid to make open space too desolate or poor image, and open space should be designed to have bright and clean image. 5) Finally, outside area of a university gate should not become distracted street scene. It is necessary to improve street scene through the district unit planning. Additionally it is suggested planning of park and greenery, square that can accept a lot of activities of students at there

인문계 고등학생의 진로의사결정 실태 분석

채동식 금오공과대학교 교육대학원 2007 국내석사

인문계 고등학생의 진로의사결정 실태 분석 (Analysis of the Actual Condition in the Career Decision of the General High School Students) 채 동 식 금오공과대학교 교육대학원 상담심리전공 본 연구의 목적은 경상북도 문경시내 대학진학을 희망하는 일반계 고등학생의 진로선택에 관한 실태를 분석하여 문제점을 알아보고 그 문제점을 바탕으로 바람직한 진로지도의 방향을 탐색하는데 있다. 본 연구에서 사용된 연구도구는 연구자가 제작한 설문이며, 연구대상은 경상북도 문경시에 재학하는 고등학생 300명을 표집하였다. 자료의 통계적 처리는 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 프로그램을 이용하여 먼저 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차 등과 같은 기본적인 통계치를 산출하여 자료의 일반적 분포를 확인한 다음, 차이검정(t-test), 분산분석(ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일반계 고등학생들이 계열을 선택할 때 우선적으로 고려할 요인으로 나의 적성, 장래직업 전망 등의 순으로 나타났고 대학이나 학과 선택 시 가장 크게 영향을 미친 요인은 장래직업 전망, 적성 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 입학원서를 작성 할 때는 학과, 적성, 졸업 후 진로 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학생들의 진로 상담 대상자로 부모, 친구, 형제 순으로 나타났고 학교에서 진로 지도에 필요한 내용으로 대학 학과의 사회 진출 현황, 진학 가능성, 공부 방법, 적성이나 흥미 검사 등의 순으로 나타났으나 뚜렷한 차이 없이 비슷하게 반응하였다. 셋째, 대학이나 학과선택은 대부분 학생자신이 하고 있으며, 시기는 주로 고등학교 3학년 2학기 때 이루어지고 있었다. 넷째, 학생들이 희망하는 계열과 실제 지원계열과는 많은 차이를 보이고 있었으며, 미래에 대한 자신의 인생설계는 대다수의 학생들이 비교적 심각하게 생각하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 직업 선택 시 고려사항으로는 적성에 맞는 직업, 장래성 있는 직업, 보수가 많은 직업을 원하고 있었다. 다섯째, 대학이나 학과의 정보는 주로 대학요람이나 안내서에 의존하며 교사로부터 얻는 정보는 극히 미미한 것으로 나타났으며, 대학의 학과, 과목, 졸업 후의 진로 및 전망에 대해서는 대충 알고 있거나, 거의 알지 못한다가 대부분이었다. 또한 학교에서의 진로교육(지도)는 조금 도움이 되었을 정도라고 인식하고 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 결론을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일반계 고등학생들의 진학과 관련된 진로결정요인은 성적, 직업전망, 본인의 적성, 학습내용 등이었으며, 부모의견, 교사의견, 친구의견 등은 중요한 진로결정요인으로 작용하지 못하였다. 또한 계열결정, 대학(학과)결정, 원서 작성 시 고려하는 내용은 직업전망, 본인적성, 취업전망 등이었다. 따라서 학생들이 자신의 진로에 대해 합리적인 결정을 내릴 수 있도록 학교에서 체계적인 프로그램을 계발하여 지속적으로 지도하고, 학부모에 대한 진로교육이 병행되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 학생들의 진로 상담 대상자로 부모, 친구, 형제 순으로 나타났으므로 정확한 진로정보를 제공하기 위해서는 진로문제 결정에 있어서는 담임교사나 진로지도 담당 교사의 영향력을 증대시키고 학부모의 영향력을 상대적으로 감소시켜야 할 것이다. 셋째, 학생들이 희망하는 계열과 실제 지원계열과는 많은 차이를 보이고 있었으며, 미래에 대한 자신의 인생설계는 대다수의 학생들이 비교적 심각하게 생각하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 주로 고등학교 시절에 장래 직업에 대해 많은 관심을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 직업 선택 시 고려사항으로는 적성에 맞는 직업, 장래성 있는 직업, 보수가 많은 직업을 원하고 있었다. 따라서 학생들이 교육 또는 직업에 대한 올바른 가치관을 가질 수 있도록 학생의 발달단계에 맞는 진로정보의 제공이 활성화되어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 대학이나 학과의 정보는 주로 대학요람이나 안내서에 의존하며 교사로부터 얻는 정보는 극히 미미한 것으로 나타났으며, 대학의 학과, 과목, 졸업 후의 진로 및 전망에 대해서는 대충 알고 있거나, 거의 알지 못한다가 대부분이었다. 또한 학교에서의 진로교육(지도)는 조금 도움이 되었을 정도라고 인식하고 있었다. 따라서 일선학교에서는 학생 본인의 진로에 대한 이해도를 높이기 위해 적성검사, 흥미검사 등을 활용하고, 진학지도를 실시함에 있어서는 지원대학보다 지원학과를 먼저 결정하도록 하여야 할 것이며, 성적을 바탕으로 한 진학지도는 지양 되어야 할 것이다. 다섯째, 일반계 고등학생의 성별에 따른 진로의사결정유형에는 별 차이가 없었다. 현대 정보화 사회는 성별의 차이는 큰 의미가 없으므로 성별에 따른 차별적인 진로지도보다는 전문적인 조력체제가 필요하다. 또한 진로의사결정유형은 부모의 사회․경제적 지위와 기대 같은 가정환경 요인뿐만 아니라 개인적 배경과 학교나 대중매체, 또래의 영향과 같은 사회적인 배경과의 상호작용에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 좀 더 역동적으로 연구할 필요가 있다.

대학수학능력시험 언어 영역쓰기 문항 분석

곽연정 금오공과대학교 2013 국내석사

The College Scholastic Aptitude Test introduced in 1994 for the college admission assessment in the Republic of Korea has met its 21th anniversary. Although there has been an active studies related to the language area of the recent College Scholastic Aptitude Test, there were no in-depth studies on the writing questions which is the basic ability essential for communicating and there has been almost no prior studies. Therefore, this study was conducted under the recognition that a study on the concentrated analysis of writing which is the basic ability was needed. After analyzing the 144 writing questions released on the examination questions up to date into contents area and behavior area, in the contents area, since 1994 when the first College Scholastic Aptitude Test was introduced to now, despite the fact that some of the questions related to vocabulary and grammar classified by writing was the question that assessed the contents of 'the knowledge of Korean grammar' within the area of 'the Korean Language' subject, it had a mistake of being set as a writing question. In the behavior area, a writing question that measures the 'expression' activity was forced to be applied as the 'understanding' activity and the sub-goals of each behavior area was not evenly reflected and it was found that the questions were being concentrated only for one goal. Based on such facts, the following improvement methods for language area writing questions were proposed. First, it is necessary to improve the assessment goal of the language area questions. The vocabulary and grammar area should be selected according to the contents divided into listening, reading and writing, and also the behavior area which are based on the classification scheme that is applied to the reading should be improved to be able to measure the writing ability. Second, a variety of writing questions by behavior goals should be developed. Through a variety of questions development, a question that can balance the sub assessment goal should be released. In a rapidly changing modern society, a writing becomes a basic action of communicating for conveying one's opinion to the others through a highly complex thinking processes and goal-oriented problem solving process. In the school, the importance of writing should be recognized right away and should be approached with a variety of perspectives and methods to set the proper education goal and teaching so that it may contribute to the normalization of the Korean language education.

서비스 리커버리전략이 리커버리 태도 및 서비스 재이용 의도에 미치는 영향 : 서비스 유형의 조절효과를 중심으로

CHI RENDAO 금오공과대학교 일반대학원 2019 국내석사

본 연구는 서비스 제공자의 서비스 실패 이후의 대응 상황에서, 서비스 리커버리 전략이 리커버리에 대한 재사용자의 태도 및 서비스 재이용 의도를 실증 분석한 것이다. 서비스 실패에 따른 대응 수단으로 사용되는 서비스 리커버리의 4가지 유형인 ‘사과, 보상, 경청, 대응속도’가 리커버리 태도 및 재이용 의도에 각각 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 연구하고자 하였으며, 서비스 유형을 병원과 음식점으로 나누어 그에 따른 조절효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 대구·경북에 거주하는 일반인 및 금오공과대학교 대학생, 대학원생을 대상으로 오프라인의 설문지를 제작·배포하여 조사를 실시하였다. 총 300부를 배포하였으며, 불성실하거나 무응답 및 누락된 응답 22부를 제외한 총 278부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 연구의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 서비스 리커버리 유형 4가지 (사과, 보상, 경청, 대응속도) 모두 리커버리 태도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 두 번째, 서비스 리커커버리 태도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 두 번째, 서비스 리커버리 유형이 리커버리 태도에 미치는 영향은 서비스 유형 (병원, 음식점)에 의해 조절되었다. 병원 유형에서 서비스 리커버리 유형인 사과와 보상은 부(-), 경청과 대응속도는 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 음식점 유형에서는 경청은 부(-), 사과, 보상, 대응속도는 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 세 번째, 서비스 리커버리 유형이 재이용 의도에 미치는 영향은 리커버리 태도에 의해 매개되었음을 확인하였다. 네 번째, 리커버리 태도는 재이용 의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로, 서비스 리커버리는 서비스 실패에 대한 대응 수단을 넘어, 적절한 대응은 오히려 기업의 이미지 상승효과가 나타남을 입증하였고 기업에 대한 고객 충성도 강화는 물론 기존 리커버리 관련 연구의 결과를 재확인할 수 있었다. 서비스 실패에 대한 리커버리는 서비스 불만을 해소하는데 중요한 요소이며 고객의 만족도를 높이고 긍정적 구전과 재구매 행동에 도움이 될 것임을 판단하게 함으로써, 현실적으로 서비스 실패에 대한 효과적인 방법을 제공하는 것에 본 연구의 의의가 있다. This study is an empirical analysis of the consumer’s recovery attitude and intention to re-use the service in response to the service provider's service failure. The four types of service recovery, 'apology, compensation, voice, and response speed', which are used as a countermeasure to service failure, were to study how each affected the manner and intention of service re-use of, and the corresponding adjustment effect was to be tested by dividing the service type into hospitals and restaurants. To that end, The survey was conducted by college and graduate students of Kumoh National institute of Technology University in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do. A total of 300 copies of questionnaire were distribute and 278 were used for final analysis excluding 22 which had missed or insincere. The main contents of the study are as follows: First, all four types of service recovery (apology, compensation, voice, and response speed) were found to have a positive influence on the recovery attitude. Second, the impact of the types of service recovery on the recovery attitude was moderated by the types of service (hospital, restaurant). Apology and compensation, the types of service recovery in hospital type, had negative (-), voice had an effect of positive (+), in restaurant type, voice and response speed affected negative (-), and apology and compensation and response speed affected positive (+). Third, it was confirmed that the impact of the types of service recovering on reuse intention was mediated by the recovery attitude. Fourth, the recovery attitude was confirmed to have a positive (+) effect on the re-use intention. Finally, this study showed service recovery, that is proper response can enhance the image of company which is reassurance of previous studies in addition to a tool to deal with service failure. It also strengthened customer loyalty to the company. The purpose of this study is to provide an effective method to take care of service failure in practice by making customer to be more satisfied which will lead to the positive oral and repurchase behaviors.

내부마케팅요인이 직무만족, 직무스트레스 및 고객지향성에 미치는 영향 : 고용형태의 조절효과를 중심으로

이성희 금오공과대학교 2016 국내석사

사립대학 대학생의 대학생활 만족도 분석

하재민 금오공과대학교 2014 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ satisfaction with college life in private institutions. That is, the researcher tried to check students’ degree of satisfaction with overall college life, institution’s attitude toward education, and welfare, facilities, and administrative service of institution. To do this, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to 407 students who were randomly selected from 3 institutions having more than 10,000 students and 3 institutions having less than 10,000 students in Daegu Metropolitan City and Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. The questionnaire contained questions regarding 8 area of specialization vision, facilities and environment, administrative and financial support, curriculum and teaching quality, support for student experience, general education, educational achievement, and contribution to society. The collected data were analyzed with the help of SPSS. The result is summarized as following. First, as for the specialization vision, students are moderately satisfied with institutions’ vision. The degree of satisfaction is greater in the institutions of less than 10,000 students than those of more than 10,000 students. And the degree increases with students’ years spent in school. Second, as for the facilities and environments, students are moderately satisfied with institutions’ facilities and environments. The degree of satisfaction is greater in the institutions of more than 10,000 students than those of less than 10,000 students. Third, as for the support for student experience, students are moderately satisfied with institutions’ support. The degree of satisfaction with the support is also greater in the institutions of more than 10,000 students than those of less than 10,000 students. Forth, as for the general education, students are also moderately satisfied with institutions’ general education. And the degree of satisfaction with the support is also greater in the larger institution than smaller ones. Fifth, as for the institution’s education achievement, students are also moderately satisfied, and the degree of satisfaction is greater in the smaller institution than larger ones.

기존 연구들에 대한 학교유형(4년제, 전문대)별 구직활동 및 근무조건 분석

정창하 금오공과대학교 2020 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 4년제와 전문대로 구분하여 학교유형에 따른 구직활동 및 근무조건을 비교 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 한국고용정보원에서 시행하는 대졸자 직업이동경로조사(Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey: GOMS)의 2007년에서 2015년까지 9년간의 조사자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 구직활동과 근무조건에 주목하여 학교생활, 구직활동, 경제활동 상태, 현재 일자리, 근로소득, 근로시간으로 각 각 구분하여 학교 유형에 따른 차이를 분석하였다. 세부적으로는 대학 선택 이유, 희망 사업체 유형, 평균 구직활동 기간, 구직활동의 어려운 점, 일자리 정보 얻는 방법, 경제활동 상태, 취업자의 사업체 규모, 월평균 근로소득, 주당 평균 근로시간에 대하여 빈도, 비중의 차이를 분석에 활용하였다. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze job search activities and working conditions according to school type, divided into four-year systems and college. To this end, 9 years of survey data from 2007 to 2015 of the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) conducted by the Korea Employment Information Service were used for analysis. By focusing on job search activities and working conditions, the differences in school type were analyzed by classifying them into school life, job search activities, economic activity status, current jobs, earned income, and working hours. Specifically, the reasons for choosing a university, the type of business desired, the average job search period, the difficulty of finding a job, how to obtain job information, the status of economic activity, the size of the business of the employee, the average monthly earned income, the frequency and share of the average working hours per week. The differences were used for analysis.

3D GIS 기반 캠퍼스 시설물 관리시스템 구축에 관한 연구

김기호 금오공과대학교 산업대학원 2009 국내석사

In disregard of a spatial concept of geographic information, most of geographic databases generally has been composed of 2D plane-centered data until now. For multi-dimensional spatial analysis, however, it is necessary to utilize a 3D spatial database which is more suitable to reality circumstance. A university is the complex object of site, buildings and facilities. A facility management system needs to manage the campus facilities efficiently, analyze landscape at various view points and devise a spatial utilization plan. Recently 3D GIS provides realistic topographical representation, graphic facility modeling and even virtual reality function. It forms the basis to not only build the database of their site ground and facilities above and under the ground but also develop a facility management system. The purpose of this study is to develop a campus facility management system, construct 3D graphic data and attribute data of facilities on the Kumoh National Institute of Technology and then verificate the developed system's practicability. We selected the world geodetic coordinate system based upon GRS80 and ITRF2000 which our country is supposed to put into operation in the near future. Utilized the existing campus facility data from the existing drawings, images, cadastre records and so forth, 3D position data of underground facilities surveyed with a total station and high-resolution aerial photos, 3D realistic models were produced by means of a XD2D software and a XDWORLD Builder Professional software of GIS engines. We intend to embody not only campus guide service in virtual reality space but visualization of 3D virtual campus by providing 2D and 3D data to web space using XDWORLD server soon after. It is expected that the campus facility management system is able to contribute to the integrated management of 3D facility data service, the support of prompt decision-making related to spatial affairs, the work simplification through data holding in common between the members of the staff and so forth.