Bernard Shaw의 작품에 나타난 인간 교화

오기원 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1992 국내석사

영어 명사화의 연구

윤청 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1980 국내석사

1. Introduction The problem of nominalization has been the controversies in transformational grammar for many years. However, there appear no articulated theories as to the notion of nominalization. Nominalization is construed as the syntactic process which relates sentences and noun phrases. Two opposing positions take different views on the syntactic process of nominalization. The transformationalist position argues that nearly all nominalizations are derived from sentences through the use of syntactic transformations, while the lexicalist position maintains that certain nominalizations are lexically rather than transformationally derived and that the syntactic relationships in these lexically derived nominalizations are defined by some lexical rules. 2. The Theoretical Review of Nominalization The controversy between the two positions on the syntactic process of nominalization has arisen because of conflicting data on derivational phenomena in English syntax. The transformationalists assert that verbal elements are basic in deep structure while nouns and noun phrases are derived. The lexicalists claim that stems are syntactically neutral and are given syntactic status through the application of lexical rules. The transformationalists assume that the similarity between sentences and noun phrases is not coincidental and arises from the fact that they share certain elements of deep structure, whereas the lexicalists assume that the similarity is just a coincidence and that sentences and noun phrases appear independently with the same syntactic properties. The major difference between the two positions lies in the fact that the transformationalist position simplifies the base structures, extending the transformational component, and the lexicalist position extends the base rules, simplifying the transformational component. Rosenbaum adopts the term "complementation" for both nominalization and complementation, and subcategorizes it as NP complementation and V P complementation by the relation they have to other nodes of the sentence. ◁표삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요.) Rosenbaum argues that the criteria for distinguishing the two kinds of complementation are based on some syntactic tests, such as passivization and pseudo-clefting, and that if these rules may apply, the complement is an NP complement; if not, a VP complement. Stockwell et al. state that the criteria which Rosenbaum applies are in some way faulty ones and that Rosenbaum's grammatical judgement on the relevant data for the dichotomy of complements is not necessarily correct. They claim that all "complement" structures that Rosenbaum calls complementation are not complements at all, but nominalizations: i.e., they have the deep structure like the following: ◁표삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요.) 3. Nominalization and Its Related Language Phenomena The item that can be inserted in the derivation of clausal nominalizations by an extremely general rule, given the conditions that there is an embedded sentence dominated by NP and that subject-verb agreement has applied; it is subsequently deletable by an optional rule, provided that the embedded sentence is not a subject, and is non-factive. The form to is inserted in the derivation of infinitival nominalizations to replace tense and modal, given one of the conditions under which the verb does not undergo agreement with the subject: i. e., when the subject is marked with an oblique case, or when the subject is erased from the clause of the verb, or when the subject is raised from its own clause into the next higher sentence. The insertion of for depends on a class of head items which have the feature [+MOT]. Stockwell et al. reject, along with the Kiparskys, the spurious introduction of for, as done by both Lees and Rosenbaum, and insert for in the presence of the feature [+EMOT] on the head item. The transformation of EQUI-NP-DEL erases the subject of the embedded sentence when the subject of the embedded sentence is identical with a dative, or with an agent in the absence of a dative, in the matrix- sentence. The subject of the sentential object may be raised to the sbject of the matrix verb by the rule RAIS-SUBJ, governed by the feature [+RAIS-SUBJ], or it may be raised to the object of the matrix verb by the rule RAIS-OBJ, governed by the feature [+RAIS-OBJ]. The surface contrast between gerundives and infinitivals depends on factivity in the deeper structure: gerundive nominalizations derive from the sentential objects of factive predicates and infinitival nominalizations derive from the sentential objects of non-factive predicates. Ross(1973), in "Nouniness", extends the theory of non-discrete grammar which underlies Ross (1972) and demonstrates the existence of a squish of nouniness which orders various complement types, as shown in the following: that> for to> Q> Acc Ing> Poss Ing> Action Nominal> Derived Nominal> Noun Ross cites 37 syntactic tests to show that these complement types are hierarchically grouped. The present writer, however, takes eight of those syntactic tests and rearrange them in the table on page 37 of this paper. As we proceed rightwards in the table, we find cpmplements of more nouniness, and as we proceed leftwards in the table, we find complements of higher sententiality. 4. Conclusion On the basis of Stockwell et al.'s evidence, it seems that Rosenbaum's distinction between NP-COMP and VP-COMP is not a necessary or revealing one. Many of the differences in the form and meaning of nominalizations seem to depend not on arbitrary syntactic features but rather on semantic features in the governing items. There exists a squish of nouniness that orders various complement types dominated by NP, which are taken to have different internal structures within the discrete framework of transformational grammar.

The portrait of a lady에 나타난 Isabel의 suffering

여경우 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1980 국내석사

문법적 변형과 의미보존

김영석 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1985 국내석사

비인칭 주어의 관계 문법적 연구

하대순 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1980 국내석사

1. Introduction. Relational Grammar posits Grammatical Relations such as `subject of and `indirect object of as primitives in linguistic theory. The present thesis is an attempt to lay foundation for the description and explanation of impersonal subject in Relational Grammar. In the earlier period some English verbs expressing feeling come into wider use of impersonal form. Within the present period in many languages the impersonal construction is much used to express weather conditions. There is also an impersonal construction which is found in the passive of verbs that govern intransitive verb. The existence of such impersonal passive is of crucial impotance to the general theory of Relational Grammar. This thesis aims to analyze deletion, promotion up and demotion down of impersonal subject in impersonal passive of such intransitives. 2. Definition of Impersonal Subject. 1. There are two main viewpoints to explain impersonal subject. First, syntactic point of view is that English it and there, the German es, the French il and ce may be found in a subject-prominent language. This is because impersonal subject may fill a subject slot regardless of semantic role. Second, semantic point of view is that impersonal subject seemed more desirable not to express the activity or state, but to direct the attention sorely to the activity, and also used especially with climatic predications. But the impersonal subject is regularly expressed in modern category, which has developed under the domination of formal grammar, which requires a subject for every sentence, hence to use a mere formal subject without meaning rather than to leave the slot entirely without a subject. In this point, we give a definition that impersonal subject is a dummy to fill the subject slot without meaning. 2. How is impersonal subject expressed? Definiteness? or Indefiniteness? Chafe(1976) have presented -definiteness is that I think you already know and identify the particular referent I have in mind". The very common use of impersonal constructions are weather expression, existential construction and some verbs expressing states of the mind or body. Weather expression is one of the construction where the situation makes the thought clear without the aid of a definite subject. Existential sentence is one of the construction introducing new arguments into discourse. Some verbs expressing states of the mind or body call attention merely to an activity as going on in the body or mind without bringing it into a relation to a definite subject. Thus the vague, indefinite expression attaches here to impersonal subject. 3. Relationally based Properties of Impersonal Subject. 1. Relational definition of the passive transformation is relation-changing which alters the grammatical relations of a sentence. Somewhat more formally, we might represent PASSIVE as follows: A relational structure RS for the John cut the meat with a knife is a set {D, Rg, R,}, where D={cut_V, John_N, meat_N, knife_N} (Clearly the v_D='cut' in this case) Rg={Su (John, V_D), DO(meat, V_D)} R.={Agent(John, V_D), Patient(meat, V_D), Inst(knife, V_D)} Passive: {D, R_g, R_s}→{D', R'_g, R'_s} where D: {V, n₁, n₂, … , n_k}→{V, n₁, n₂,..., n_k} Rg: {SU(n_j, v_D), DO(n_j, V_D), X}→{SU(n_j;, v_D), X} R.: {Y₁, Y₂, … , Y_m}→{Y₁,Y₂, … , Y_m} CONDITION: n_i≠n_j, 2. In German and Dutch, intransitive verbs, i. e. those taking an object other than a direct object-and those take no object at all-have only impersonal passives. This construction guite commonly has passives with no surface subject or in such construction impersonal subject can be inserted. In German, impersonal forms are morphologically the same as thirdperson singulars neuter pronoun es 'it'. In Dutch, when the 'agent' is not grammatical subject at all, impersonal subject is introduced with week deictic er 'there'. 3. Relational Grammar have tried to impose on the theory is that there can be no rules of spontaneous demotion. In the derivation of the English passive, for instance, although the subject is demoted, its demotion is a direct result of the promotion of the object: If an object is promoted to subject position, then, given that a sentence can not have two subjects, the old subject must be removed, i. e. deleted or, if not deleted, demoted. Such demotion is thus not spontaneous. However, there are several languages with passives having subject deletion or subject demotion but lacking object promotion such as Spanish, Latin, German, Dutch, Polish, Welsh, and Finnish. In the impersonal passives of these languages, where the underlying subject turns up as an oblique object(X-rated), there does appear to be spontaneous demotion of a subject, not caused by promotion of some other noun phrase to subject. Thus, an impersonal passive will have no derived subjects (direct or not) in the underlying structure, then these will be retained in the derived structure and will not be promoted to subject. Therefore the existence of spontaneous demotion rules should be accepted. 4. The impersonal German es is much used as subject to express phenomena of nature, the time of day. But there is still no es in case of a predicate noun, adjective, or adverb where some other word than es introduces the sentence: Heute ist Sonntag. In this case, the deletion of es is a direct result of the promotion of the adverb `Heute'. If the adverb involves promotion up of the hierarchy of subject, the old subject must be delected. 4. Conclusion Surface syntactic properties of impersonal subject is a formal introduction to conform to the formal type of the sentence without meaning. Hence, it seems to indicate an indefinite property. Relational grammarians present the following law. `If an NP; assumes a grammatical 1 relation j previously borne by NP_i, then NP; ceases to bear any grammatical reation; it becomes a chbmeur.' According to the Relational Annihilation Law, the original subject must be demoted by promotion of some other element to subject. In Spanish, Latin, German, Dutch, Polish, Welsh and Finnish languages, as we have already seen, have no derived subject in the derivation of impersonal passive. In this study, we are convinced that there is spontaneous subject demotion without promotion of the element to the subject slot. Therefore the existence of spontaneous demotion rules should be accepted.

Robert Frost 시의 현대성 : metaphor를 중심으로

손용식 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1984 국내석사

Macbeth에 나타난 암흑의 image

고고림 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1984 국내석사

문장화제의 분석

이종수 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1984 국내석사

영어의 명사수식구조

황대근 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1984 국내석사

D. H. Lawrence 의 The rainbow 와 Women in love 에 나타난 여성의식

정윤 경북대학교 교육대학원 영어교육전공 1991 국내석사