Associations between hourly PM2.5 chemical constituents and emergency department visits for cardiovascular and respiratory disease

엄희상 Seoul National University 2016 국내석사

Introduction : Several epidemiological studies have investigated fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5) has a risk for adverse effects on human health. Previous studies have focused on the risk associated with the total mass of particles, without considering the chemical constituents of them. In this study, the hourly differences between PM2.5 chemical constituents and emergency visits for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease were estimated using time-stratified case-crossover design. Methods: The study periods were from January 1 to December 31, 2013 in Seoul, Korea. Hourly health outcome data on emergency department visits for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease were provided by National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS). Emergency department visits data were classified according to the discharge diagnosis for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease (ICD-10, cardiovascular, I00-I99 and respiratory, J00-J99). Hourly data for PM2.5 mass and chemical constituents were measured by real-time monitoring at one sampling site located at Bulgwang-dong, Seoul (37.36° N, 126.56° E). In this study, PM2.5 mass and only 13 chemical constituents (OC, EC, Cl-, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Ca, Fe, K, Pb, and Zn), were selected after QA/QC procedure. The meteorological data such as hourly mean temperature (℃), relative humidity (%), and air pressure (hPa) were adjusted as confounding variable. Time-stratified case-crossover analysis and conditional logistic regression analysis were used to estimate the adverse health effects of fine air particles and to estimate and adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. The short-term effects were estimated using moving averages in six periods (1-6(h), 7-12(h), 13-18(h), 19-24(h), 25-48(h), 49-72(h)) and adjustments of this association by age (≥ 65 years) and season. Results and Discussion : The strongest adverse effects for cardiovascular disease exacerbations were associated with PM2.5 mass, OC, EC, Cl-, Ca, Fe and Zn after 19-24h lag period and NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- after 25-48h lag period were estimated. The strongest adverse effects for respiratory disease exacerbations were associted with NO3-, K and Pb after short lag periods (0-6h and 7-12h) and PM2.5, OC, EC, Cl-, NH4+, SO42-, Ca, Fe, and Zn after longer lag periods (19-24h and 25-48h). For those older than ≥ 65 years, the strongest adverse effects for cardiovascular disease exacerbations were shown with PM2.5 mass, OC, EC, Cl-, Ca, Fe, and Zn after 19-24h lag period and NO3- after 25-48 h lag period and respiratory disease exacerbations of OC, EC, Fe and Zn after 19-24h lag period were observed. Especially, among PM2.5 chemical constituents, EC showed the strongest association with cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease exacerbations. For all of seasons, significant positive associations for PM2.5 mass and chemical constituents excluding Mg2+ were observed for cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Conclusion : This study found major differences of associations between PM2.5 constituents and emergency visits for cardiovascular and respiratory disease in Seoul. This study will provide robust evidences for the health impacts of PM2.5 chemical constituents.

(The) roles of government in incubating internationally competitive industrial clusters : the case studies of Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) and implications for Cambodia

Pichnorak, Siem Seoul National University 2018 국내석사

Abstract The Roles of Government in Incubating Internationally Competitive Clusters: The Cases of Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) and Implications for Cambodia Siem Pichnorak Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University The importance of cluster effects on improving national competitiveness has been widely acknowledged and thus attracted a great deal of attention from researchers and policy makers. Amongst different actors, government has been recognized as one of the most important actor in the development of cluster, at least at the early stage of cluster evolution. In line with this argument, this thesis seeks to examine the important roles government could play in incubating internationally competitive industrial clusters and draw implications for the future development of industrial cluster in Cambodia. This thesis will be organized into three important discussions. The first discussion revolves around the necessary roles of government in incubating internationally competitive industrial clusters. Second, some implications in terms of the roles of government in incubating Daedeok Innopolis in South Korea and Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan (China) will be discussed. Drawing from the discussion on the roles of government in incubating competitive industrial clusters and the two case studies, the last part will discuss potential lessons from which Cambodian government could learn in terms of cluster development along with some policy suggestions. Keywords: industrial clusters, government, public policy, Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs), national competitiveness, industrialization

Elemental analysis of caries-affected root dentin and artificially demineralized dentin

성영혜 Seoul National University 2016 국내박사

Elemental analysis of caries-affected root dentin and artificially demineralized dentin Younghye Sung Program in Conservative Dentistry Department of Dental Science Graduate School, Seoul National University (Directed by Professor Ho-Hyun Son, D.D.S., M.S.D., Ph.D.) Objectives This study aimed to analyze the mineral composition of naturally- and artificially-produced caries-affected root dentin and to determine the elemental incorporation of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) into the demineralized dentin. Materials and methods Box-formed cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual root surfaces of extracted sound human premolars (n = 15). One cavity was exposed to a microbial caries model using a strain of Streptococcus mutans. The other cavity was subjected to a chemical model under pH cycling. Premolars and molars with root surface caries were used as a natural caries model (n = 15). Outer caries lesion was removed using a carbide bur and a hand excavator under a dying technique and restored with RMGI (Fuji Ⅱ LC, GC Corp.). The weight percentages of calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and strontium (Sr) and the widths of demineralized dentin were determined by electron probe microanalysis and statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Results Demineralized surface was observed under SEM in all samples. Artificial models induced greater losses of Ca and P and larger widths of demineralized dentin than did a natural caries model (p < 0.05). Sr was diffused into the demineralized dentin layer from RMGI. Conclusions Both the microbial and the chemical caries models produced similar patterns of mineral composition on the caries-affected dentin. However, within the limitation of this study, the artificial lesions had a relatively larger extent of demineralization than the natural lesions. Sr from RMGI was incorporated into the superficial layer of the caries-affected dentin.

Community-based health insurance in ethiopia : enrollment, memebrship renewal, and effects on health service utilization

Atnafu, Ayalneh Asmamaw Seoul National University 2018 국내박사

Community-Based Health Insurance in Ethiopia: Enrollment, Membership Renewal, and Effects on Health Service Utilization Ayalneh Asmamaw Atnafu Dept. of Health Care Management and Policy The Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University Background: Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) received a considerable attention as a mechanism of health care financing and a potential alternative for a user fee in many low and middle-income countries. The Ethiopian government has introduced different measures to implement pre-payment schemes including CBHI as of 2010. In this dissertation, three sub-studies were designed and implemented to explore 1) The determinants of CBHI enrollment, 2) the magnitude and factors associated with CBHI membership renewal, and 3) the association between CBHI enrollment and health service utilization in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: The main research design of the study was a case-comparison community based cross-sectional household survey linked to the health facility survey supplemented with a concurrent qualitative component. The study populations were all eligible households for CBHI in 15 selected clusters in five districts. A multi-stage cluster sampling was employed to obtain a representative sample for the three sub-studies. Applying a structured questionnaire, 2,008 households and 7 health centers were surveyed. Additionally, 8 focus group discussions (four with CBHI members and four with non-members) and 5 in-depth interviews were conducted to supplement the quantitative findings. A classical multivariate logistic regression, mixed-effect logistic regression, and bivariate-probit regression along with a thematic analysis of the qualitative data were used for the data analysis. Results: The findings from the enrollment study showed that household-related factors such as age, education, self-rated health status, perceived quality of health services, household size, knowledge and information (awareness) about CBHI were the main influential factors affecting enrollment into CBHI in the study area. Additionally, participation in informal associations, such as local credit associations, and health facility factors in terms of availability of laboratory tests significantly influence probability of enrollment. The findings from the membership renewal study showed that 36% of the participants were not willing to renew their membership for the next period. The results confirmed that once the households are enrolled in CBHI, factors related to institutional trusts, such as trust in public health facilities and trust in CBHI schemes, and inconvenience of the premium collection were the main influential factors to renew membership. Moreover, poor self-rated health status and perceived quality of healthcare services are correlated with membership renewal. Hence, there is a possibility of adverse selection with regard to CBHI enrollment and membership renewal in the study area. The third study revealed that CBHI enrollment is positively associated with adult outpatient use, inpatient care, and sick children health services visits. CBHI membership shows 0.50 (50%), 0.22 (22%), and 0.44 (44%) points higher probability of health service visits for adult outpatient, inpatient, and sick children’s health problem in the study area, respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: The study results in this thesis demonstrated important factors affecting CBHI enrollment and membership renewal. Moreover, it also revealed the link between CBHI enrollment and health service utilization. Therefore, multifaceted policy interventions need to be considered before the nationwide rollout of CBHI and implementation of Social Health Insurance (SHI) in Ethiopia. Strategies such as compulsory enrollment, differential premiums, and group enrollment are essential to tackle adverse selection. Provision of continuous education and social marketing activities to increase enrollment and maintain the sustainability of the schemes are crucial. Policy interventions that enhance the capacity of health facilities and CBHI schemes to provide the promised services to the members and build trust are also necessary. Benefit package expansion and other supply-side interventions are required to strengthen the positive effect of CBHI on health care utilization. Keywords: Adverse selection, Bivariate probit model, CBHI enrollment, Ethiopia, Health care use, Institutional trust, Membership renewal, Mixed-effect model, Mixed method Student number: 2014-31499

Effects of tannic acid on Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in peripheral sensory neurons

김성아 Seoul National University 2019 국내석사

말초 감각신경세포에서 탄닌산이 과분극과 고리형 뉴클레오티드에 의해 활성화되는 이온통로에 미치는 영향 탄닌산 (tannic acid)은 떫은맛을 가지며 수용성인 식물성 폴리페놀 화합물의 일종이다. 탄닌산의 생의학적 효과는 비신경세포에서 연구된 바는 있으나, 말초 감각신경세포에 대한 탄닌산의 영향에 대해서는 알려진 바가 거의 없다. 과분극과 고리형 뉴클레오티드에 의해 활성화되는 이온통로 (HCN 이온통로)는 심장 리듬을 결정하고 신경세포의 전기적 흥분성 조절에 관여한다고 알려져 있으며, 최근 연구에서 HCN 이온통로가 신경병증성 통증에도 중요한 역할을 한다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는, 탄닌산이 마우스 척수 후근 신경절 신경세포의 HCN 이온통로 전류(Ih)에 미치는 영향을 확인하여 탄닌산의 신경병증성 통증을 조절할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 마우스(Adult C57BL/6)의 척수 후근 신경절 신경세포를 단일 세포로 분리한 후, 전-세포 패치 클램프 레코딩(whole-cell patch clamp recording) 기법을 이용하여, 탄닌산 (Tannic acid, T0200, Sigma-Aldrich, m.w. 1701.20)이 HCN 이온통로에 미치는 전기생리학적영향을 관찰하였다. 5 μM 탄닌산은 Ih 전류 크기를 58.9 ± 4.2 %로 감소시켰으며, 전압 sag를 현저히 줄어들게 하였다. 탄닌산 (0.05 ~ 50 μM)은 –120 ~ -50 mV 사이의 모든 전압 범위에서 Ih 전류를 농도 의존적으로 억제시켰다. 억제 중간값 (IC50)은 0.9 μM이었으며, 최대 억제 효과는 78 %까지 보였다. 이러한 TA의 억제 효과는 cAMP 비의존적이었다. 여기서 흥미롭게도, 탄닌산은 작은 크기의 세포에서 Ih 전류를 더 강력하게 억제하는 효과를 보였다. HCN 이온통로 네 가지 아형 중 HCN2는 주로 작은 크기의 통각 수용성 척수 후근 신경절 신경세포에서 가장 높은 발현을 보인다. 그러므로, 탄닌산의 억제 효과는 HCN2에 주로 작용하였을 것으로 보이나, 특정 아형에 대한 특이적 효과가 있는지 확인을 하는 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 이 연구는 척수 후근 신경절 신경세포에 분포하는 HCN 이온통로를 표적으로 작용하는 새로운 약물의 발견으로, 탄닌산이 신경병증성 통증을 차단할 수 있는 새로운 가능성을 확인하였다는 점에서 매우 의미가 있다. ---------------------------------------------------------- 주요어 : 탄닌산(tannic acid), 과분극과 고리형 뉴클레오티드에 의해 활성화되는 이온통로 (HCN channel), Ih, 척수 후근 신경절 신경세포 (DRG neuron) 학 번 : 2000-22805 Effects of tannic acid on hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in peripheral sensory neurons Kim, Seong Ah Major in Neurobiology, Department of Dentistry, The Graduate School, Seoul National University Tannic acid (TA) is an astringent and a type of water-soluble plant polyphenolic compound. The biomedical effects of TA have been demonstrated in non-neuronal cells, however, little is known about its effects on peripheral sensory neurons. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play an important role in regulating neuronal excitability by generating a pace-making current, Ih. In this study, I examined the effect of TA on Ih in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. TA (5 µM) significantly reduced the amplitude of Ih to 58.9 ± 4.2 % and alleviated the voltage sag mediated by HCN channels following hyperpolarization in DRG neurons. In addition, TA (0.05 to 50 µM) inhibited Ih in a concentration-dependent manner over the entire voltage ranges (-120 to –50 mV), with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.9 µM and a maximal inhibitory effect of 78 %. Interestingly, TA had a stronger inhibitory effect on Ih in small-sized DRG neurons through a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-independent pathways. Together, these results suggest that TA could directly block HCN channels in DRG neurons, independent of cAMP signals. These new findings highlight a potential novel drug for targeting HCN channels in DRG neurons. -------------------------------------------------------- Keywords : Tannic acid, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, Ih, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons Student Number : 2000-22805

(The) role of the international criminal court in peace development in D.R. Congo since 2004

Asianande, Thierry Kisukulu Seoul National University 2019 국내석사

논문초록 본 연구는 지각적 측면에서 국제형사재판소의 콩고민주공화국 평화구축과정에대한 역할을 조사하고자 한다. 특히, 본 연구는 콩고의 국내기구 강화를 통한 평화보장에 있어 국제형사재판소의 역할과 영향에 대한 콩고 시민들의 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구의 방법론으로는 양적 및 질적 접근 방법 동시에 사용하는 삼각 측량 설계를 채택하였다. 또한, 인권 운동가, 변호사, 지역 오피니언 리더 및 학생으로 구성된 150 명의 응답자를 샘플링하기 위해 목적 및 층화 샘플링 기술을 조합하여 사용하였다. 수집 된 데이터는 백분율 및 빈도와 같은 설명 분석 통계를 사용하여 분석되었으며 SPSS, 버전 20 소프트웨어의 기여와 함께 그래프 및 표 형식으로 제공되고 국제형사재판소의 대표 및 언론인, 시민단체 대표 등의 인터뷰를 통해 수집된 전문가의 견해에 의해 뒷받침되었습니다. 이 연구의 핵심 연구 결과는 세 가지 가설을 입증했다. 첫째, 콩고 시민의 태도와 국제형사재판소의 역할 사이에 부정적인 관계가 있음을 발견했다. 시민들의 부정적인 태도는 국제형사재판소로부터의 높은 기대와 카빌라 대통령의 권력에 대한 대안으로 간주되는 콩고 인물인 장 피에르 벰바 (Jean Pierre Bemba)를 체포하겠다는 법원의 결정에 기인 한 것이다. 둘째,이 연구는 국제형사재판소의 개입이 평화 보장을위한 국내 기관의 강화에 중요하다는 사실을 발견했다. 국제형사재판소는 콩고의 국내법을 국제형사재판소의 협약에 적용하기 위해 도입 된 다양한 제도 개혁으로 콩고 법령 전체를 수정했다. 마지막으로이 연구는 국제형사재판소가 콩고 민주 공화국에 개입 한 것이 전반적인 평화 구축 과정에 영향을 미쳤음을 입증했다. 군대와 민병대에서 아이들을 사용하는 주요 범죄자들의 체포는 아이들이 군대에 사용되어서는 안된다는 인식을 높이고있다. 따라서 다른 무장 단체 등에서 아동의 사용을 줄이는 데 기여했다. 본 연구의 실질적인 의미는 콩고 민주 공화국의 평화 구축 과정에서 국제형사재판소의 역할이 효과적인지 확인하는 것이다. 실마리어: 국제형사재판소, 평화구축, 분쟁 후 사회 ABSTRACT The Role of the International Criminal Court in Peace Development in D.R. Congo since 2004 Thierry KISUKULU ASIANANDE International Area Studies Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University The purpose of this study was to understand whether or not the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is effective in peace building process in DR Congo. Specifically, the study looked at the attitudes of Congolese citizens towards the work of ICC, the influence of ICC on strengthening domestic institutions to guarantee peace, as well as the overall promotion of peace in DR Congo. The study adopted concurrent triangulation design that promoted the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was used to sample 150 respondents comprising of: human rights activists, lawyers, local opinion leaders, and students. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive analysis statistics like percentages and frequencies, and presented in form of graphs and tables with the contribution of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 20) software, and backed up by views of experts such as representatives of civil society, representatives of ICC, and journalists, collected from interviews. The study key findings proved two hypotheses out of three. Firstly, the study found a negative relationship between attitudes of Congolese citizens and the role of ICC. The negative attitude of citizens was attributed to their high expectations from ICC, and the court’s decision to arrest Jean Pierre Bemba, a Congolese personality considered as the alternative to power of President Kabila. Secondly, the study accepted that interventions by ICC were significant in strengthening domestic institutions to guarantee peace. Further findings revealed that ICC has modified the entire Congolese legal order with a range of institutional reforms, introduced to adapt Congolese law to the agreement of ICC. Finally, the study judged the ICC’s involvement in DR Congo influential in overall peacebuilding processes. It found that arrests of key criminals for use of children in armed forces and militia groups has increased awareness that children should not be used in armed forces; therefore, contributed to narrowing use of children in different armed groups, etc. The substantial implication of this study is the acceptance of the role of ICC as effective in peacebuilding process in DR Congo. Key Words: International Criminal Court, Peace Development, post-conflict Society

(A) study on the marine prokaryotic diversity and antibiotic resistome using high-throughput sequencing and functional metagenomic analysis

장광일 Seoul National University 2016 국내박사

Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) play a significant role in global biogeochemical flux of biologically important elements in marine ecosystems. It has been firmly established that prokaryotes are major primary producers and heterotrophic consumers. Despite prokaryotes have significant roles in the biogeochemical flux in marine environmets, it has been estimated that more than 99% of the bacteria are non-culturable, leading to limited information of prokaryotic diversity because of an inability to mimic proper environmental niches. The relation between prokaryotic communities and their roles in the biogeochemical cycle is a topic of central research in environmental microbiology. Knowledge of the prokaryotic community compositions has rapidly increased due to development of molecular techniques based on amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and sequencing. This thesis includes studies on i) seasonal and spatial distribution of diversity of marine prokaryotes in the East Sea using pyrosequencing, ii) marine bacteria can be dispersed in the atmospheric environments, and iii) diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in the water column of the East Sea using the functional metagenomics approach. i) To understand in-depth prokaryotic diversity using high-throughput sequencing technique, we applied a pyrosequencing approach to study spatial and seasonal distribution of prokaryotes in the East Sea during 2011-2014. This study demonstrates that bacterial and archaeal communities varied along horizontal scale from coastal to offshore as well as vertical scale along depth, and furthermore their distribution patterns were different between seasons. Bacteroidetes, Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria dominated from epipelagic to mesopelagic zones in the East Sea. However, the discrepancy must be resulted from the low coverage of used primer for a major Alpha-proteobacteria group (SAR11). Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were dominant archaea in the epipelagic zone (0-100 m). Euryarchaeota decreased gradually with increasing depth. We found that dominant archaeal groups such as Nitrosopumilaceae and Halobacteria were more dynamics of distribution patterns in the epipelagic zone than in the mesopelagic zone. ii) Rainwater is an important natural resource to study airborne marine bacteria. Rainwater samples were collected during three heavy rain events at a suburban site in Seoul. Bacterial community compositions (BCCs) of rainwater samples, analyzed by using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing, differed considerably among the three rain events. Presumable marine bacterial OTUs which formed a robust clade with marine bacteria Lacinutrix spp. were at high concentrations in rainwater in April, likely reflecting origin from saline environments. Most of the Flavobacteria sequences were unusually high in April rainwater, which presumed to be of marine origin. Thus, these results suggest that some marine bacteria can be disseminated as aerosol particles and precipitated on land via rain. iii) The antibiotic resistance (AR) issue has critically increased. With the increasing use of antibiotics, resistance to antibiotics is developed by bacteria having AR mechanisms to defend themselves and survive from the antibiotic-polluted environments. Functional metagenomic approach is more useful to discover novel AR genes and resistance mechanisms rather than culture-dependent approaches, PCR and sequencing methods. We found a variety of AR genes conferring resistance to ampicillin, polymyxin B, rifampicin, fosfomycin and gentamicin in the East Sea. Among antibiotics, the majority (53.4%) of the cloned resistant genes was resistant to ampicillin, 18.8% to polymyxin B, 16.1% to rifampicin, 7.2% to fosfomycin and 4.5% to gentamicin. The source of host organisms inferred from the annotated AR genes was mainly marine bacterial taxa. This thesis suggested that bacteria might play a more significant role in marine environments. Bacterial community compositions in the East Sea varied across space and seasons. Furthermore, some marine bacteria can disperse in the atmospheric environments. Marine environments may be potentially global reservoir of AR genes.

Observation of energy and baseline dependent reactor neutrino disappearance in the RENO experiment

최원국 Seoul National University 2016 국내박사

The Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO) began gathering data in August, 2011. The RENO is designed to measure the neutrino mixing angle Theta13 and mass squared difference |Delta m^2_ee| which is the electron neutrino weighted average mass square difference |Delta m^2_31| and |Delta m^2_32|. The experimental site of RENO is the Hanbit nuclear power plant, which is 280 km away from the capital city of Koera, Seoul. There are 6 reactors in the Hanbit nuclear power plant, equally spaced in a single line. The Experiment used two identical detectors. The near detector (far detector) is located at 294 m (1384 m) from the cen- ter of this six reactor array. and the flux-weighted average distance between the reactors and the far (near) detector is 408.6 m (1444.0 m). The experimental has analyzed about 500 live days of data in the period between August 2011 and January 2013. In this period, the far (near) detector observed 31541 (290775) electron antineu- trino candidate events with a background fraction of 4.9% (2.8%). The measured prompt spectra has an excess of reactor e of approx- imately 5 MeV relative to the prediction from the most commonly used model. The excess is proportional to reactor thermal output power, therefore the excess is the neutrino signal coming from reac- tor cores and not a background. To aviod this problem, the data are analysed based on the measured far-to-near ratio of prompt spectra. A clear energy and baseline dependent disappearance of reactor e is observed in the decit of the observed amount of e. From this decit, we can determine sin^2 2theta_13 = 0.082 +- 0.009(stat.) +- 0.006(syst.) and |Delta m^2_ee| = 2.62+0.21-0.23(stat.) +0.12 - 0.13(syst.) (X10^-3eV^2) based on a rate and spectra analysis. The precise measurement of Theta_13 would be a important milestone in determination of the leptonic CP phase if combined with a result of an accelerator neutrino beam experiment.

Comparative research on copyright protection of reality television programs in China and Korea

치신 Seoul National University 2017 국내석사

ABSTRACT Comparative Research on Copyright Protection of Reality Television Programs in China and Korea Qi Xin College of law, law The Graduate School Seoul National University With the fast development of Television broadcast and Internet technologies, there are various ways provided for people to enjoy interesting TV programs. Nowadays, it shows an increasing demand of people for high-quality TV shows. Both China and Korea governments are encouraging and promoting culture and entertainment industries by setting political strategies and legislation. On one hand, highly developed contents industry can bring a thriving and happy mental life for people and make a country identical and reputable in international societies. On the other hand, compared to manufacture industry, with a comparatively low invest, a highly developed contents industry brings out huge monetary benefits for one country in a very environmental-friendly way. It’s said by a research institute that contents industry is one of the most promising industry in near future days. As a country which has a relatively strong and developed contents industry, Korea manufactures and exports to other countries movies, dramas and TV programs every year. The legislators and policy makers paid attention to and made related laws and policies to support entertainment industry of Korea. The main laws are as below: Copyright Law(저작권법); Contents Industry Promotion Law(콘텐츠산업 진흥법); Culture Industry Promotion Basic Law(문화산업진흥 기본법) and so on. China is really a huge market for TV broadcasting operators with a large number of population and a wide land. But in the aspect of protection of TV programs, the law is vague and uncertain. Copyright Law or Unfair Competition Law is the main tool for TV program producers to seek protection for their works. In recent years, especially from 2013, china TV broadcasting stations begin to buy the license of copyright of Korean TV programs. In 2014, Chinese TV stations imported nearly 70 foreign TV shows, among which Korean TV shows charge 10, nearly 15% of the total amount. <Running man><I’m a singer><Where are you going, dad> and other TV programs made great success and became the hottest TV shows in China. As the show is getting more and more popular, the copyright license royalty is also increasing. As reported, before 2014, the license fee to Korean stations is usually between 10 to 30 thousands US dollars per episode. After a big success, some TV programs even cost as expensive as 10 times. China has the condition to buy copyrights, whereas Korea aims at the huge market of China, both of which contribute to the explosive growth of copyright transaction. In this thesis, I will concentrate on arguing the following things. Firstly, I will analysis the definition and legal character of format. Should it be protected by copyright law? Secondly, I introduce the situation of legal protection of format in China, Korea and U.S. Lastly I will provide some practice strategy for format holders to protect the format besides the Copyright Law.

(A) study on the evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of long-term large-scale government energy and environmental R&D programs

조인경 Seoul National University 2019 국내박사

본 논문은 대형 우리나라 정부의 장기 연구개발사업의 성과 평가 시스템의 개선 방안을 모색하고 검증하는데 목표를 두었다. 국내 및 해외의 연구개발 성과평가 과정들과 관련 선행연구들의 문헌분석을 통해, 현행 국내 성과평가 시스템의 개선에 효과적인 효율성과 효과성 평가 틀을 제안하였다. 또한 제안한 틀을 대표적 정부 장기연구개발사업인 21세기 프론티어사업 중 에너지 및 환경 분야의 두 연구사업인 이산화탄소 저감 및 처리기술개발 사업과 수자원의 지속적 확보기술개발 사업을 대상으로 실증 분석을 수행하였다. 대형연구개발사업은 자원의 투입이 대규모로 이루어질 뿐만 아니라 사회경제적 파급이 광범위하다는 점에서 효율적 운영과 성과에 대한 정확한 평가가 요구된다. 본 연구는 연구성과의 평가결과의 활용 및 환류 기능의 측면에서의 성과평가 시스템의 보완 방안을 모색하였다. 이와 관련하여, 다음과 같은 두 가지 실증분석을 수행하였다. 첫 번째 실증분석은 에너지・환경 연구개발사업의 운영 효율성을 평가하였다. 효율성 평가는 자료포락분석 (data envelopment analysis)의 잔여기준측정모형 (slack-based measure model)을 이용하였으며, 종합적 효율성과 참여기관 유형 (산업계, 학계, 연구계) 및 연구수행 형태 (단독연구, 공동연구)에 따른 효율성을 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 두 사업 모두 공통적으로 낮은 수준의 효율의 보였다. 즉, 전체 연구기간 동안 투입된 자원으로 그에 부합되는 성과를 발생시키지 못한 것으로 평가되었다. 한편, 학계가 산업계 및 연구계에 비해 상대적으로 효율적 연구개발 수행을 한 것으로 분석되었다. 두 번째 실증분석은 에너지・환경 연구개발사업의 효과성을 지식확산을 관점에서 분석하였다. 연구개발사업을 통해 발생된 기술 지식의 흐르는 특성을 고려하기 위해 사회 네트워크 분석 (social network analysis)과 기술순환주기 (technology cycle time)를 이용하였으며, 종합적 효과성과 지식 확산에 활발히 기여하는 주요 기술의 순서와 지식 확산 속도가 빠른 기술의 순서를 도출하였다. 특히, 1차 확산 (연구개발사업으로부터 직접 확산)뿐만 아니라 2차적 확산 (1차 확산된 기술로부터 추가적으로 확산)까지 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 이산화탄소 저감 및 처리기술개발 사업은 지식 확산 효과가 매우 좋았으며, 수자원의 지속적 확보기술개발 사업은 좋지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 즉, 이산화탄소 저감 및 처리기술 개발 사업에서 발생된 기술지식은 충분히 활발한 확산이 이루어졌으나 수자원의 지속적 확보기술개발 사업의 기술지식은 거의 확산이 이루어지지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 한편, 지식 확산에 활발히 기여하는 주요 기술의 순서와 지식 확산 속도가 빠른 기술의 순서는 모두 다르게 도출되었다. 본 연구는 정부 주도의 장기대형연구개발 평가에 효율성 및 효과성의 평가가 추가적으로 반영되어야 하는 당위성을 제안하고, 이들을 정부 연구개발사업 평가에 반영할 경우 정책의 개선을 위한 적절한 피드백을 제공받는 것에 기여함을 실증적으로 확인하였다. 효율성과 효과성에 대한 평가에서 도출되는 결과는 평가 고유의 기능을 수행할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 유사/후속사업의 기회에 반영할 수 있는 구체적 형태의 정보로 산출됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구가 시사하는 바는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구는 연구개발사업을 통해 발생된 특허기술의 지식 성과가 확산되는 방향과 시간에 대한 분석 결과를 포함하고 있다. 이러한 분석 결과는 정부 연구개발사업의 과제 구성 시, 과제의 추진으로 인한 지식의 확산 방향과 시간을 미리 예측 가능하게 한다. 이들을 고려한 사업 추진을 함으로써 특정 분야에 대한 지식 성과의 확산 효과를 증대시킬 수 있다. 특히, 연구기관이 보유한 특정분야 기술(특허 등)을 필요로 하는 기업 등에 연계하는 이른바 기술사업화 사업을 추진함에 있어 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 연구과제를 통해 발생되는 특허 기술의 지식이 확산되는 시간에 대한 정보를 제공함으로써, 기술의 사업화 전략 수립 시 성공 가능성을 높일 수 있다. 둘째, 장기적으로 추진된 대형연구개발사업의 경우, 전주기 성과와 효율을 모니터링하고 다시 그 결과를 피드백 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 분석 대상 연구개발사업의 전주기 데이터를 활용하여 분석하였으며, 발생된 성과의 흐름 또는 과제의 유형 등에 따른 결과의 추측을 가능하게 한다. 정부 주도의 연구개발사업의 성과의 활용 및 확산에 대해 모니터링 함으로써 향후 동분야 대형연구개발사업의 추진에 있어 정책적으로 활용할 수 있는 모델로 활용이 가능하다. 마지막으로, 연구개발 기획 및 예산 배분 등에 있어 연구수행 기관의 유형이나 수행 형태 등에 따른 연구개발 효율성 또는 지식의 확산효과가 다르다는 점을 반영해야 한다. The purpose of this study is to examine frameworks to improve large-scale government R&D performance evaluation systems. This study proposed a framework with evaluations of efficiency and effectiveness in order to improve Korean government’s performance evaluation system by analyzing domestic and overseas R&D performance evaluation systems and related literatures. To this end, empirical analyses on two long-term, large-scale government R&D programs in the fields of energy and environment, Carbon Dioxide Reduction & Sequestration R&D Program (CDRS) and Sustainable Water Resources Research Program (SWRRP), were conducted. Large-scale R&D programs require an accurate evaluation of utilization and performance because not only significant resources were invested in them, but they also have extensive socioeconomic impacts. This study sought to supplement the performance evaluation system in terms of utilizing the evaluation of R&D performance. For this objective, two empirical analyses were performed. The first empirical study evaluated the operational efficiency of energy and environmental R&D programs. A slack-based measure model of data envelopment analysis was used for the analysis. The overall efficiency was evaluated, and the efficiency by organization (industry, academia, and research institute) and conducting (single and collaborative research) types was analyzed. The analysis showed that both programs had low R&D efficiency in common. That is, the programs were evaluated as failing to produce performance that corresponds to the amount of resources invested during the entire research period. Academia was analyzed as performing R&D more efficiently than industry and research institute. The second empirical study analyzed the effectiveness of energy and environmental R&D programs from the perspective of knowledge diffusion. Social network analysis and technology cycle time were employed to reflect the characteristics of technological knowledge diffusion. The overall effectiveness was evaluated, and the orders of the key technologies that actively contribute to knowledge diffusion and that are rapidly diffused were derived. In particular, this study analyzed not only the first diffusion—direct diffusion from R&D programs—but also the secondary diffusion, which additionally diffused from the first diffusion of technology. The results of the analysis showed that the CDRS had a strong effect on knowledge diffusion, whereas the SWRRP had a weak effect on knowledge diffusion. The technological knowledge created through the CDRS was sufficiently actively diffused but that of the SWRRP was evaluated as having little diffusion. The order of the key technologies that actively contribute to knowledge diffusion and that are rapidly diffused were derived differently. Results of this research suggest that evaluations of large-scale government R&D programs should reflect efficiency and effectiveness of the programs. It was verified empirically that reflecting them to government R&D program evaluations can contribute for the adequate feedback for policy improvements. That is, it was confirmed that the evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness was not only able to perform its inherent functions, but it was also derived as concrete form of information for planning follow-up programs or related policies. The implications of this study are as follows. First, this study includes an analysis of the direction and time required for technological knowledge diffusion generated through R&D programs. These results enable policymakers to predict the direction and time of knowledge diffusion resulting from program implementation when designing government R&D programs. By taking into account these factors, it is possible to increase the diffusion effect of knowledge performance in specific research areas. In particular, doing so may provide useful information when designing technology commercialization projects that link research institutions that own the technologies—the patents—to companies that need technology in specific areas. By providing information on the time at which technological knowledge through R&D programs is diffused, the possibility of success for technology commercialization strategies increases. Second, the overall performance and efficiency of large-scale R&D programs have not been monitored in the past. The analysis in this study used data from the entire cycle of R&D programs, and the results according to the performance flow or the project type can be estimated. This finding can be used to develop a policy model for implementing future large-scale R&D programs by monitoring the utilization and diffusion of the performance of government-led R&D programs. Finally, R&D planning and allocation should include feedbacks from the concept that the R&D efficiency and knowledge diffusion effects differ according to organization and conducting types.