강경애와 장아이링 소설에 나타난 가족윤리의 변화양상 연구

ZHANG HUIRU 경희대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

A study on the changing aspects of family ethics in the novels of Kang Kyeong-ae and Jang Ai-ling by ZHANG HUIRU Master of Philosophy in Korean Language and Literature Graduate School of Kyung Hee University Advised by Dr. Seo Deok-soon In this paper, author Kang Kyeong-ae's novels 「Mother and Daughter」, 「Human Problems」, 「Salt」, 「Underground Village」, and 「Manuscript Li Baek-won」 and Zhang Ailing's 「Yujeong」, 「Bansaengyeon」, 「Gyeongseongjiyeon」, 「Geumseogi」, 「Flower and Bird」 etc. were used as research subjects to trace the changes in family ethics shown in the works and to understand the changes. The purpose is to explore social and literary meaning. Kang Gyeong-ae (1906-1944) was known to the public as a KAPF writer with socialist ideological tendencies. She began her writing career in earnest with her full-length novel Mother and Daughter in 1931. During her short career of only 10 years, she wrote 21 medium and short stories, including the unfinished work 「Negro」, 2 full-length novels 『Mother and Daughter』 and 『Human Problems』, about 27 reviews and essays, and 9 poems. created. From the beginning of her career, Zhang Ailing (1920 ~ 1995) attracted the attention of readers at the time with her unique creative techniques and aesthetic consciousness. Throughout her life, Zhang Ailing created many literary works, including novels, prose, film scripts, and literary treatises. Her representative works include 「Geumsaegi」, 「Yujeong」, 「First Road Hyang」, 「Red Rose and White Rose」, 20 short and medium-length novels including 『Bansaengyeon』 and 『Resentful Women』 Four full-length novels, including 13 movie screenplays, and the author's correspondence with others were also considered important in the study of Jang Ailing's literature. At the same time, Zhang Ailing lived the life of a scholar, contributing to the development of flamingos by conducting research on the ancient Chinese novel 『Dream of Red Mansions』. The two artists gained a lot of attention for their distinct realism colors revealed in their works. Until now, research on Kang Kyung-ae and Jang Ai-ling literature has mainly started from the perspective of creative subjects, character figures, feminism, comparative literature, and discrete literature, and papers that have studied works from an ethical point of view are still rare. Although the two authors have different nationalities and families of origin, their shared experiences of unhappy childhood and marriage allowed them to reveal a similar sense of family in their works. Both Kang Kyung-ae and Jang Ai-ling's creative activities occurred from a special social and historical background, and "deficiency" is revealed as a common feature of their work. The unhappy family life of childhood influenced them from the beginning of their character formation. The lack of family love also left a psychological wound, and not only distorted the definition of family, but also prevented the two writers from properly establishing a relationship with the opposite sex after adulthood. The ethical consciousness of family and marriage revealed in the creation of the two writers later is not irrelevant to their early life experiences and life experiences. Most of them leave the male patriarch's role vacant in their work, revealing a feminized family unit in which only single mothers and children live together. In addition, it exposes the pressure and exploitation experienced by otherized women in feudal society from colonialism, patriarchy, and men, and depicts the critical attitude of unreasonable institutions and morality they suffered. In addition, the male figure image that shook the traditional idea in the two authors' works was actually a projection of the psychological epiphany of men due to the fall of the feudal subordinate system, so we found the need to consider the meaning of the times. This paper conducted a comparative study on the novels of Kang Kyung-ae and Jang Ai-ling as follows. As an introduction to this paper, Chapter I examined the research purpose, meaning, research method, and prior research of this study, and at the same time presented in detail a literary criticism method called literary ethics criticism that is more unfamiliar to Korean scholars adopted as a methodology in this study. The text is divided into Sections 1 and 2. First, in Section 1, the growth experiences, family atmosphere, and historical background of Kang Kyung-ae and Jang Ai-ling were examined, and the relationship between the two writers' sense of writing and their creative motivation was revealed. In the case of Kang Kyung-ae, after losing her father early, she was abused by her stepfather, stepbrother, and step sister for a long time after marrying as a stepfather, and was not protected by her weak mother, causing anxiety about her family. Therefore, the experience of failing to pay tuition even during the growth period hurt Kang Kyung-ae's pride as a child, and at one point, her obsession with money was misleading. On the other hand, the birth background of a fallen aristocrat caused Zhang Ai-ling to experience the darkness and falsehood of humanity at an early age, and her parents' unhappy marriage caused her to lose serious skepticism about marriage and family. I look at life pessimistically through the experience of not being gentle as a boy. Through the description of the plot and characters, the two writers show their ethical consciousness toward their families. Section 2 returned to the historical scene of work creation and focused on family relations in three aspects: marital relations, parent-child relations, and sibling relationships from an ethical perspective at the time. In addition, by analyzing the changes in family ethics included in the novels by the two authors, we tried to summarize and compare the characteristics of changes in family ethics in both Korea and China in the 1930s and 1940s, and explored the social and literary implications of the changes. Key words Kang Kyeong-ae, Jang Ailing, colonial period, family ethics, literary ethics criticism, ethical predicament, ethical choices. 본 논문에서는 작가 강경애의 소설 「어머니와 딸」,「인간문제」,「소금」,「지하촌」, 「원고료이백원」과 張愛玲(장아이링)의「留情(유정)」,「半生緣(반생연)」,「傾城之戀(경성지연)」,「金鎖記(금쇄기)」, 「花凋(화조)」등을 연구대상으로 삼아 작품에 나타난 가족윤리 변화양상을 추적하여 그 변화의 사회적·문학적 의미를 탐구하는 데 목적을 둔다. 강경애(1906~1944)는 사회주의적 사상 경향을 띤 카프 작가로 사람들에게 알려졌다. 그녀는 1931년 장편소설 『어머니와 딸』로 본격적으로 작품활동을 시작했다. 10년에 불과한 짧은 활동 동안 그녀는 미완성작품인 「검둥이」를 포함하여 중·단편 소설 21편과 장편소설 『어머니와 딸』과 『인간문제』 2편, 평론과 수필 약 27편, 시 9편을 창작했다. 장아이링(1920~1995)는 등단 초기부터 독특한 창작기법과 미적 의식으로 당시 독자들의 주목을 받았다. 장아이링은 일생동안 소설, 산문 영화 각본 문학 논서 등을 포함한 많은 문학작품을 창작하였는데, 대표작 「金鎖記(금쇄기)」, 「留情(유정)」, 「第一爐香(제1로향)」, 「紅玫瑰與白玫瑰(홍장미와 백장미)」, 「傾城之戀(경성지연)」을 비롯한 중·단 편 소설 20편, 『半生緣(반생연)』과 『怨女(원녀)』 등 장편소설 4편, 그리고 13편 영화 각본 등 있고 작가가 다른 이와 주고받은 서신 역시 장아이링 문학 연구에 중요하게 다루어졌다. 동시에 장아이링은 중국 고대소설 『紅樓夢』에 대한 연구도 진행함으로써 紅學(홍학)의 발전에 성과를 기여하여 학자의 삶을 살았다. 두 작가는 작품에 드러난 뚜렷한 현실주의 색채로 사람들의 관심을 많이 얻었다. 현재까지 강경애와 장아이링 문학에 대한 연구는 주로 창작 주체, 인물상, 여성주의, 비교문학, 이산문학 등의 관점에서 출발한 것이며 윤리적 관점에서 작품을 연구한 논문은 아직 드문 편이다. 비록 두 작가는 국적과 출신 집안이 다르지만, 불행한 어린 시절과 결혼생활이라는 공통된 경험은 그들이 작품에 유사한 가족의식을 드러내게 하였다. 강경애와 장아이링의 창작활동은 모두 특수한 사회사적 배경에서 발생했으며, '결핍'은 그녀들의 작품 공통적인 특징으로 드러난다. 어린 시절의 불행한 가족생활은 그녀들이 인격 형성의 초기부터 영향을 미쳤다. 가족애의 결핍도 심리적 상처로 남았으며 두 작가를 가족에 대한 정의를 왜곡시킬 뿐만 아니라 성인 이후 이성과의 관계 맺음을 제대로 수행 못하게 하였다. 훗날 두 작가의 창작에서 드러난 가족과 결혼에 대한 윤리 의식은 모두 그들의 초기 생명 체험과 인생 경험과 무관치 않다. 그들의 작품에서 남성 가장의 역할을 공석으로 두게 대부분이며, 독신의 어머니와 자녀만이 함께 생활하는 여성화된 가족 단위를 드러낸다. 또한, 봉건사회 속 타자화된 여성들이 식민주의, 가부장제와 남성으로부터 겪은 압박과 착취를 폭로하며, 그들이 겪은 불합리한 제도와 도덕에 대한 비판적 태도를 그려낸다. 아울러 두 작가 작품에서 나타난 전통관념을 뒤흔든 남성 인물상은 사실 봉건적 종법 제도의 몰락으로 인한 남성들의 심리적 이화를 투영한 것이기에 그 시대적 의미를 고찰할 필요를 발견했다. 본 논문은 다음과 같이 강경애와 장아이링의 소설에 대해 비교 연구를 진행하였다. Ⅰ장은 본고의 서론으로 본 연구의 연구목적과 연구의미, 연구방법 및 선행연구에 대해 본 동시에 이 연구에서 방법론으로 채택한 한국 학자에게 보다 낯선 문학윤리학비평이란 문학비평방법을 자세히 제시하였다. 본문은 제1절과 제2절로 나뉜다. 우선 제1절에서 강경애와 장아이링의 성장 경험, 가족 분위기, 시대적 배경을 살펴보았으며 두 작가의 작가의식과 창작 동기간의 관련을 밝혔다. 강경애의 경우, 일찍 아버지를 잃은 그녀가 재가한 어머니를 따라 의붓아버지로 시집간 뒤로 오랫동안 의붓아버지와 의붓오빠, 의붓언니에게 구박받았고 약한 어머니에게 보호받지 못해 가족에 대한 불안감을 가지게 되었다. 따라서 성장기 중에도 학비를 내지 못한 경험은 어린 시절 강경애의 자존심을 상하게 했고, 한때 그녀가 돈에 대한 집착을 오인 요인이 되었다. 한편으로, 몰락한 귀족의 자손이라는 출생 배경은 장아이링을 어린 나이에 인간성의 어둠과 거짓을 경험하게 했고, 부모의 불행한 결혼은 그녀가 결혼과 가족에 대한 심각한 회의를 라지게 했다. 소년 시절 순하지 않은 공부의 체험으로 인생을 비관적으로 바라본다. 두 작가가 줄거리와 인물에 대한 묘사를 통해 두 작가가 가족에 대한 윤리의식을 그대로 보여준다고 본다. 제2절에서는 작품창작의 역사적 현장으로 돌아가 당시의 윤리적 관점에서 가족관계를 부부관계, 부모-자녀 관계와 형제·자매 관계 등 3가지 측면으로 주목하였다. 또한, 두 작가가 소설에 담아낸 가족윤리의 변화양상을 분석함으로써 1930~1940년대 한·중 양국의 가족윤리 변화의 특징을 요약하고 비교하고자 했으며 그 변화의 사회적·문학적 의미를 탐구했다.

Does public diplomacy work? : Korean media’s framing of 2020 Tokyo Olympics and the national image of Japan

Zhang Huiyi Sungkyunkwan University 2022 국내석사

Despite Japan's public diplomacy and the national image having achieved great success in recent years, it does not seem to have changed the anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea. Thus, in contrast to scholarly claims that public diplomacy helps domesticate the clash of national egos and improve international relations, this thesis examines the strategic planning of the Japanese government and how Korean media frame it during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Thus, this study elaborates upon four frames in Korean media and explains the failure of Japan's Olympics diplomacy. This thesis argues that media framing has become a dynamic process. The host of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics has been closely associated with the issues of nationalism and identity, international and intra-regional rivalry, and domestic politics. Lastly, this thesis attempts to provide suggestions for policy-makers regarding the better exercise of public diplomacy. 공공외교란 다른 국가 국민을 대상으로 직접 소통하며 국가 긍정적인 이미지를 만들어 나간다는 역할을 수행하고 있는 외교활동을 말한다. 학자들이 공공외교의 효과 및 기능에 대해서 격렬한 토론을 진행해왔고, 동아시아 지역에서 공공외교가 제대로 적응이 될 수 없다는 의견들이 나왔다. 일본은 여러 가지 수단을 통해서 공공외교를 꾸준히 시행해왔고, 전세계적으로 좋은 이미지를 구축할 뿐만 아니라 많은 성과를 얻게 되었다. 하지만, 최근 10년 간 한 일 상호인식 여론조사에 따르면 80%를 넘는 한국응답자들이 한일 관계나 일본에 대해 부정적인 태도를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타난다. 즉 일본의 공공외교 전략은 한국인의 대일 인식이 바람직한 방향으로 나가지 못한 것은 사실이다. 그러면, 일본의 공공외교는 왜 한국에서 작동되지 않는가? 따라서, 공공외교가 국가 간의 외교관계를 증진시키는 관점과 달리, 본 논문은 도쿄올림픽을 케이스로, 일본 정부가 공공외교를 시행함으로써 어떤 국가 이미지를 축구해야 한다는 점에서 출발하여, 한국언론은 어떻게 보도하고 수용했는지에 대해 검토하고자 한다. 연구 결과에 따르면 <조선일보> <한겨레>를 비롯한 한국언론 매체는 총 넷 가지 프레임을 구조하여, 공공외교를 작용한 과정에서 중요한 일환이 되었다. 이 논문에서 주장한듯이 2020 도쿄 올림픽은 한국 언론에서 비친 민족주의, 정체성, 국내 정치, 동아시아 국가 간의 경쟁 등에서 벗어나지 못한 결과 부정적인 프레임 동태 과정을 형성할 수밖에 없었다. 마지막으로, 본 본문은 더 효율적인 공공외교를 위해 정책 계획자에게 몇 가지 제안을 제시하였다.

Development of effective chiral ligands for catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation

Zhang, Weicheng The Pennsylvania State University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis summarizes the author's graduate research on catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation at Penn State. The first chapter gives a brief review of ligand development in asymmetric hydrogenation, with a focus on the long-term effort of the Zhang group in this area. Several important factors for ligand design are discussed, including steric hindrance, electronic control, and practical considerations. Chapter 2 delineates the development of a novel triphosphorus bidentate phosphine-phosphoramidite ligand with pseudo C2-symmetry, from initial design, through ligand synthesis and characterization, to its application in asymmetric hydrogenation. A major success of this ligand is highlighted in asymmetric hydrogenation of ortho substituted alpha-arylenamides with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99.6% ee), which had not been possible prior to this work. In Chapter 3, the development of conformationally rigid spirocyclic monodentate phosphoramidite ligands is discussed. A highly efficient, large-scale route for the synthesis of chiral spirocyclic diol is presented, followed by the discovery of an interesting acid-mediated rearrangement of spirocyclic backbones. These spirocyclic ligands are applied in highly enantioselective catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and asymmetric conjugate addition reactions.

NDNFit: An Open mHealth Application Built on Named Data Networking

Zhang, Haitao ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

Inspired by the Open mHealth application architecture, which emphasizes user-controlled data security, reusable common modules and inter-operability among different mHealth applications, this dissertation introduces NDNFit, a mobile health (mHea. During the design and implementation process of NDNFit, we identified and solved five problems. First, because NDN mandates that all data packets be authenticated, NDNFit builds a namespace and certificate management system to manage identity an. The NDNFit design illustrates that NDN's data-centric approach to networking -- naming and securing data directly, and sharing namespace between application layer and network layer -- provides a superior solution over the existing TCP/IP based s. At the end of this dissertation, we present the initial implementation of NDNFit as well as its demonstration on NDN testbed. Experimental results show that NDNFit design works well, and the lessons we learned from NDNFit design and development.

Named, Secured Data: A Fundamental Building Block for Secure Networking

Zhang, Zhiyi ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

Side-Channel Threats on Modern Platforms: Attacks and Countermeasures

Zhang, Xiaokuan The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

Side-channel attacks are attacks that make use of peripheral information, e.g., timing, power, etc., to infer private information. Recent studies have shown that attackers can learn sensitive information (e.g., cryptographic keys) through side channels, which jeopardizes the user's security and privacy. In this work, we aim to 1) study the recent advances of side-channel attacks on modern platforms (e.g., smartphones), 2) propose mitigation mechanisms to close the network side channels.In particular, to study the side-channel attack vectors on smartphones, first, we present a systematic study of Flush-Reload side-channel attacks on ARM processors and show that the attacks can be constructed in a return-oriented fashion. We also demonstrate practical attacks on Android systems. Second, we present the first exploration of OS-level side channels on iOS, which are side channels exposed by public APIs. We show three categories of side-channel attacks on iOS to demonstrate that iOS is also vulnerable to such attacks. Our proposed mitigations have been integrated into the recent versions of iOS/MacOS.Besides investigating the attack vectors, we also propose defense mechanisms to defeat network side-channel attacks. We show how to adopt adversarial machine learning and differential privacy to defeat streaming traffic analysis attackers.

Domain-Specific Solid-State Data Storage Systems Design

Zhang, Xuebin ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Rensselaer Polytec 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

The steady bit cost reduction over the past decade has enabled NAND flash memory to play an increasingly important role in numerous applications from enterprise data centers to portable mobile devices. As the society enters the big data era, it is imperative to take advantage of low-cost, high-speed NAND flash memory to optimize the design and implementation of storage systems. Nevertheless, bit cost reduction of flash memory inevitably couples with raw storage reliability degradation and limited lifespan, which causes serious challenges and meanwhile brings opportunities for research innovations. This thesis presents design solutions that address these challenges for different application domains, which share the common theme of cohesively exploiting domain-specific system-level characteristics and flash memory design. Aiming to facilitate the use of flash memory for video caching in content delivery systems, this thesis presents a set of orthogonal design techniques that leverage the characteristics of video coding to optimize flash memory fault tolerance. Motivated by the observation that general-purpose flash-based storage devices provide a finer-than-necessary data access granularity for video storage, this thesis presents a more flexible ECC (error correction coding) scheme to improve the lifetime of flash-based video storage. On the other hand, this thesis further explores control-stream assisted transcoding strategy to reduce the video data storage space overhead. Moreover, a reliability-aware data placement strategy is presented to further eliminate the storage overhead of control stream. The developed techniques can improve the overall lifetime of flash memory by more than 60% for video data storage. In computing systems, data being written to the storage devices could exhibit strong temporal redundancy, especially for hot data that are frequently updated over a short period. Such temporal data content redundancy leads to excessive write amplification, which essentially wastes the limited lifetime of flash memory. Due to the out-of-place update mechanism of NAND flash memory, this could further leads to large storage space utilization. To alleviate this storage space waste and improve the lifetime, this thesis presents an opportunistic in-place delta compression for NAND flash memory. Leveraging the progressive-programming feature of SLC-mode flash memory pages, this thesis proposes a design solution that can apply delta lossless compression to minimize write amplification caused by temporal redundancy and meanwhile simplify the data management of deltas storage. Experiments show that the developed design solution can reduce up to 80% write stress with almost negligible latency overhead. Transparent compression is also an effective means to reduce the data amount written into flash memory. Nevertheless, transparent compression is not widely applied in commercial mobile devices because of the latency penalty. In conventional practice on implementing transparent compression, read latency overhead comes from two aspects, including read amplification and decompression computational latency. This thesis presents cross-layer design solutions to eliminate the read amplification at the file system level and eliminate the computational latency overhead at the computer architecture level. To demonstrate its practical feasibility, this thesis first implements a prototyping file system to empirically verify the realization of transparent compression with zero read amplification. This thesis further demonstrates that the OS/Apps footprint can be reduced by up to 39% on a Nexus 7 tablet installed with Android 5.0, and Apps' launching time could be reduced by over 26%. Through ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) design, this thesis shows that the proposed computer architecture level design solution can eliminate the decompression latency overhead with very small implementation cost.

벤자민 브리튼의 《전쟁 레퀴엠 Op. 66》(1962)에 관한 연구

ZHANG HONGTAO 삼육대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

本杰明.布里顿《战争安魂曲》 Op. 66(1962) 的分析研究 HONGTAO ZHANG 三育大学研究生院 综合艺术学院全球人才 艺术学 音乐专业 本研究分析了布里顿的《战争安魂曲》,作品66,以确认为何该作品被视为20世纪合唱音乐的领导作品之一,以及本杰明·布里顿为何是英国代表性作曲家。 英格兰最知名的作曲家之一是亨利·普赛尔(1659-1695)。普赛尔之后,出现了爱德华·埃尔加(1857-1834)、拉尔夫·沃恩·威廉姆斯(1872-1958)和古斯塔夫·霍尔斯特(1874-1934)。他们的继任者,本杰明·布里顿(1913-1976),获得了全世界声誉。从对《战争安魂曲》,作品66的构成技术、使用人声和合唱,以及歌词分析,从形式、结构和音乐元素的角度得出以下结论。 从形式和结构角度看,1)六部曲展示了传统和新概念同时存在的各种形式结构。2) 根据管弦乐元素以及是拉丁语歌词还是英语歌词进行划分。在女高音独唱、男童合唱和混声合唱中演唱拉丁歌词,以及在男高音和男中音独唱中演唱英语歌词的歌唱者中划分作品形式结构。3)特定短语或旋律的动机和重复,给整个作品赋予了统一性。 从分析音乐元素的角度看,1)音乐表达是通过结合从过去到现在的各种作曲技巧来实现的,如中世纪的教会调式、巴洛克时期的赋格和复调技术以及现代音乐的和声。2) 该作品展示了偏离传统和声和调性概念的现代音乐特征。3)在节奏和节拍系统中尝试了现代技术,如频繁变换节拍和复杂节拍。另外,布里顿对每个部分都使用了不同的节拍。4) 通过像低声歌唱一样的音色效果,以及使用不和谐和超过八度的音程,找到了一种现代的声乐技术。5) 管弦乐队与声乐和合唱声部具有同等重要性。 关键词:英国音乐,本杰明·布里顿,安魂曲,合唱乐,教会调式,巴洛克时期的赋格和 复调技术,现代音乐的和声。 This study of Britten's War Requiem, Op. 66 was analyzed to confirm why the work can be pointed out as one of the leading repertoires of choral music in the 20th century and that Benjamin Britten is a representative Britsh composer. One of the most famous composers representing England is Henry Purcell (1659-1695). After Purcell, Edward Elgar (1857-1834), Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), and Gustav Holst (1874-1934) appeared. Their successor, Benjamin Britten (1913-1976), attained worldwide fame. Analyzing the composition technique, use of vocal and chorus, and lyrics for War Requiem, Op. 66, the conclusions from the perspective of form, structure, and musical elements were as follows. From a view of form and structure, 1) The six pieces showed various formal structure in which traditional and new concepts are simultaneous. 2) The form was divided according to the orchestral elements and whether it was Latin lyrics or English lyrics. A singing voice who sang the Latin lyrics within a Soprano solo, Boys choir, and a mixed chorus and who sang the English lyrics within a Tenor and Baritone solo divided formal structure of works. 3) Leitmotiv and repetition of specific phrase or melodies gave unity to the whole pieces. From a perspective of analyzing musical elements, 1) Musical expression was achieved by combining various compositional techniques from the past to the present, such as church mode in the Middle Ages, fugue and contrapuntal techniques in the Baroque period, and harmony in modern music. 2) This piece showed the characteristics of modern music that deviated from the traditional concept of harmony and tonality. 3) Modern techniques such as frequent change meter and complex meter were attempted within rhythm and meter system. Also, Britten used a different meter for each part. 4) It was able to find a modern aspect technique of vocal that is singing like a whisper for timbre effects, and that use dissonance and the interval over the octave. 5) The Orchestra had the same importance as the vocal and choral voices. Key words : england music, benjamin britten, requiem, choral music, leitmotif, contrapuntal techniques, modern technique. 본 논문은 벤자민 브리튼의 《전쟁 레퀴엠 Op. 66》(War Requiem, Op. 68, 1962)을 분석연구하여 작품이 20세기 합창 음악의 주요 레퍼토리 중 하나로 지목될 수 있는 이유와 그가 영국을 대표하는 작곡가임을 알아본 연구이다. 또한 브리튼이 영국 음악의 합창음악 전통을 이어받아 20세기에서 중요한 위치를 차지하며, 다양한 시대적, 지역적 음악을 자신만의 음악 어법으로 소화해내고 보수적, 진보적, 진취적 음악성과 예술성을 보여 주는지 밝히는데 목적이 두었다. 영국을 대표하는 가장 유명한 작곡가로 헨리 퍼셀(Henry Purcell, 1659-1695)을 손꼽을 수 있다. 헨리 퍼셀 이후 에드워드 엘가(Edward Elgar, 1857-1834)와 본 윌리암스(Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1872-1958), 홀스트(G. Holst, 1874-1934)가 등장하게 된다. 그들을 이은 벤자민 브리튼(Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976)은 세계적인 명성을 얻는다. 《전쟁 레퀴엠 Op. 68》의 작곡 기법, 성악과 합창의 사용, 가사를 분석하여 형식 및 구조, 음악 요소의 측면에서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 형식 및 구조의 측면에서 1) 《전쟁 레퀴엠 Op. 68》의 6개 악곡은 전통적 개념과 새로운 개념이 공존하는 다양한 형식 구조를 보였다. 2) 형식은 관현악적 요소와 라틴어 가사인지 영어 가사인지에 따라서 구분 되었다. 라틴어 가사는 소프라노, 소년합창, 혼성합창 중 누가 노래하는지, 영어 가사는 테너와 바리톤 독창자 중에서 누가 노래하는지에 따라 형식이 구분되었음을 알 수 있었다. 3) 라이트모티브의 개념은 악곡 전체의 통일성을 부여하기 위해 활용하였고 특정 악구나 선율을 반복하였다. 음악 요소의 측면에서 1) 음악 표현은 중세시대의 교회선법, 바로크 시대의 푸가와 대위법적 기법, 현대 음악의 화성 등 과거부터 현대까지 다양한 작곡 기법의 결합으로 이루어졌다. 2) 이 작품은 전통적인 화성과 조성의 개념에서 벗어난 현대음악의 특징을 보였다. 3) 리듬과 박자에서는 변박과 복합박자의 빈번한 사용으로 현대적 기법을 시도하였다. 또한, 브리튼은 성부별 다른 박자 체계를 사용하였다. 4) 성악 연주법은 음향적 효과를 위해 속삭이듯 노래하는 창법의 활용과 불협화 음정과 완전 8도를 넘나드는 도약 음정 진행으로 현대적인 모습을 찾을 수 있었다. 5) 관현악 성부가 성악 및 합창 성부와 동등한 역할을 하였다. 주요어 : 영국음악, 벤자민 브리튼, 레퀴엠음악, 합창음악, 라이트모티브, 교회선법, 대위법적 기법, 현대적 기법

Asymmetric Causal Relationship Through Cumulative Explained Variability with Continuous Piecewise Affine Function

Zhang, Siyu ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Causal relationships among brain regions have played an essential role in scientific brain functionality studies. Numerous research results have been published, and significant findings in brain functions have enhanced the understanding of brains and the quality of life of humans. Still, there are many unknown issues arising in brain studies. There have also been existing significant uncertainties from published brain research results involving the study designs, experiments, and statistical methods used. Considering the asymmetric and nonlinear functional connectivity between brain regions, we introduce a new type of asymmetric and nonlinear conditional causal relationship, what we call weighted conditional network causality, ’WeCon cause,’ by cumulative explained variability (CEV). Furthermore, a new estimation approach for CEV is proposed, using continuous piecewise affine function (CEV-PWA) properties. Besides, two alternative methods for estimating CEV have included: the combination of leave-one-out strategy and principal component analysis (CEV-PCA)/ partial least squares regression (CEV-PLS). The superior performance of CEV-PWA approach, as well as asymmetric causal relationship analysis, is illustrated in various simulations. The comparison between CEV-PWA and two alternative approaches, CEV-PCA and CEV-PLS, has proven that the CEV-PWA method achieves the best result through simulation and real data studies. The application of EEG data concerning visual categorization and Parkinson’s disease (PD) leads to identifying several influential brain channels through causal analysis. In addition, the research on major depressive disorder (MDD) based on resting-state fMRI data shows the differences in brain activity in several regions between MDD patients and healthy control subjects by causal connectivity obtained from CEV-PWA, CEV-PCA, and CEV-PLS methods.

Investigating the Effects of Industrial Structure Optimization, Technological Progress and Carbon Intensity in 31 Provinces of China

Xinyue ZHANG 우송대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사