A Republic of Lost Peoples: Race, Status, and Community in the Eastern Andes of Charcas at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century

Weaver Olson, Nathan Weaver ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Minn 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

THE PHOTOJOURNALISM OF THE VIETNAMESE CONFLICT AS RELIGIOUS ART (ART, TILLICH PAUL)

WEAVER, JANN CATHER Graduate Theological Union 1992 국내박사

(The) Impact of Economic Development on Families and Society in south Korea

Weaver, Damien Ernest James 세종대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

Abstract While Koreans vary demographically in their religious affiliations, the underlying culture that has effectively bound Korean society historically is distinctly Confucian. Although Confucianism originated in China nowhere else in the world have the values taken deeper root. In accordance with one of Confucianism's most defining traits, collectivism, Koreans experience shame-based pressure to conform to societal norms. This is in contrast to the West, where inward-looking guilt has been the more primary moral mechanism. While different in kind, until the recent past, the socializing forces of Confucian shame in Korea, and Christian guilt in the West have accomplished the cultural task of endowing private behaviour with larger meaning. Traditionally, stable families became the building blocks of a good society for Christians as well as Confucians because having one’s identity defined within the context of a family was both practically and biologically beneficial. Practically speaking, families bring meaning to an individual’s life while instilling order to the chaos of public life, while from a biological perspective, a stable family provides an ideal environment for the physical and psychological development of children who are expected to someday become parents themselves and contribute to society. While it’s easier to compare the differences between Western and Asian cultures, the forces responsible for the breakdown of marriage in both the West and the East as well as the vast intergenerational differences in attitudes across developing Asia, particularly in Korea, are illustrative of this greater phenomena, post-materialism. According to Inglehart and Wertzel, post-materialism, through the release of individual passions and a new focus on self-expression, transforms the world views of modern individuals. This culminates in a new quest for self-actualization and as a result marriages suffer as husbands and wives become less willing to make the sacrifices necessary to ensure their strength and stability. Korea has experienced some of the fastest growth recorded in modern times they and has one of the most significant intergenerational rifts in the world. When it comes to divorce, the differing opinions clearly divide into the traditional, older generation and the younger, modern one. As a result, Korea has seen their divorce rate rise faster than any other country following the tremendous economic growth in the latter decades of the 20th century. Once a bond held firm by societal pressures to conform and the desire of children to fulfill family responsibilities to their ageing parents, Koreans too are no longer prepared to sacrifice their individual happiness. To a degree, the socializing force of Korean culture has been lost. Similar to the situation in the West, the objective concern of society or even the extended family has been replaced by the subjective view of the individual. In Korea, over the course of only a few decades, a traditional, in this case, communitarian-based culture has moved rapidly in the direction of self-expressive, post-materialist values. This new generation is slowly replacing parents and grandparents of mostly agrarian backgrounds who were taught the importance of social harmony through individual subordination and a strict conformity to hierarchical relationships. Marriages are seen less as traditional bonds between families, securing the wealth and prosperity of future generations and more like the utility-based contracts between individuals less willing to sacrifice their individuality or happiness for the larger, shared goals of family. What I will argue over the course of this paper is that while the collectivist foundation of Korean culture may slow down the decline of marriage and rise of individualism, post-materialism is currently and will continue to erode these bonds in Korea. This is already evident in economic indicators, like lower rates of saving, a focus on the here and now instead of past and future generations; a decline in the respect for authority, including the elderly and the loosening of family ties; the improved rights of animals; a strengthening of democratic values and the rights of women; the abolishment of laws that had once guarded the traditional ideal of relations between men and women; changing attitudes towards suicide and euthanasia; and finally in the current dating behaviour and sexual activity of young people.

Every good boy does fine: Policy ecology, masculinity politics, and the development and implementation of Australian policy on the education of boys, 2000--2005

Weaver-Hightower, Marcus B The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

In 2002, the Australian Government released the world's first national level policy on the education of boys, in the form of a report, Boys: Getting it Right. This dissertation examines the report, its production, and its implications over five years, along with the report's uniquely Australian cultural underpinnings, its conservative political contours, its resulting initiatives, and its application in select schools. Specific focus involves critically scrutinizing the strongly conservative politics of Boys: Getting it Right. Through analysis of interviews, public hearings, written submissions, and references, the study shows that recuperative masculinity politics were highly represented on the committee that produced the report, among the witnesses and experts relied on most, and in the resulting initiatives. I also develop a metaphor for understanding policymaking contexts as "policy ecologies" and argue for the report itself as a policy. Then, applying methods of critical qualitative research and analysis, I explore the international, national, and local contexts of the policy-report. In the international context, Boys: Getting it Right participates in a general "boy turn" in gender and education research and practice. Its national roots include Australia's colonial history; size, population, and geography; dynamics of gender, race, and class; and its particular, mythical brand of masculinity. The policy-report's local implications are examined in two case studies. One describes a cluster of schools conducting a Boys' Education Lighthouse Schools grant project, an initiative following from Boys: Getting it Right. The other investigates a private religious school, one with policy independence, to determine the ways it approached boys' education and the report. Using these cases, I discuss reasons educators pursue boys' education or do not and the ways in which they approach these issues. The study also considers the (pro)feminist resistance to the policy, and it offers suggestions for empirical hope and "situated strategizing" for progressive groups in the face of strong contextual shifts in favor of conservative boy advocates. Then, finally, the comparative lessons of Australia's boys' education policy and the policy ecology metaphor are applied to the United States, where boys' issues, by contrast, are more diffuse, localized, and structurally limited.

The Impact of Mycotoxins on Growth and Health of Swine

Weaver, Alexandra Clare North Carolina State University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Mycotoxins, fungal secondary metabolites, cause serious problems for producers of crops and animals. Pigs are known to be particularly affected by mycotoxins, but questions exist on how low to moderate concentrations impact these animals, or if there are reliable ways to reduce the adverse effects. Since the impact of mycotoxins begins with consumption, the first objective of this project was to investigate conditions promoting mycotoxin development. In Experiment 1, data was collected from corn tested for aflatoxin (AF) in North Carolina over 8 years to determine AF occurrence and development. Aflatoxin contamination over 20 mug/kg was observed in 43.7 % of samples (n=469), with an 8 year average of 110 mug/kg. Spring conditions were most influential in AF formation, with warm temperatures, low precipitation, and drought increasing the probability of higher levels. After examining conditions promoting mycotoxin occurrence, the second objective of this research was to determine mycotoxin impacts on pigs of varying ages, and to determine methods to reduce effects. In Experiment 2, the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) at 3.0 mg/kg was investigated. By restrictively feeding control pigs to the level of feed consumed by mycotoxin fed animals, the impact of reduced feed intake was eliminated. The most notable impact of DON was on the jejunum, which showed localized gut inflammation due to an increase in the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, along with a reduction in villus height and increased crypt depth. This response appears to be a direct effect of damage by DON, rather than a response to reduced feed intake. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 further investigated the impacts of AF, DON, and fumonisin (FUM) on sows, nursing piglets, and pigs at nursery and growing stages. These mycotoxins reduced nursery pig performance and caused tissue damage. The reproductive performance of sows fed low AF and FUM was not affected, nor was growth of their piglets. However, AF was transferred into milk as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) at rates similar to ruminants. These experiments also investigated the ability of traditional and alternative ingredients to reduce mycotoxins. Yeast based additives provided a method to reduce some effects of DON. A clay additive was tested with sows, but conclusions could not be drawn on efficacy because AF and FUM did not severely impact sows or piglets. However, this additive did not eliminate AFM1 from milk. Finally, spray dried plasma protein (SDPP) was tested to reduce AF and FUM. Although this ingredient is commonly used in pig diets, it is not thought of as a product to reduce the impact of mycotoxins. However, pigs fed 6 % SDPP directly after weaning were minimally affected by subsequent consumption of AF and FUM. This response may be due to reduced weaning stress and improved gut health prior to the mycotoxin challenge. As shown in Experiment 2, the gut is a target of mycotoxins and SDPP may reduce the impacts at this location. In the last experiment, data from 7 studies was combined to make final conclusions on the impact of AF, DON, and FUM on pigs. Through statistical modeling, equations were developed to predict the effects of mycotoxin co-contamination on pig performance and health. Collectively, this series of experiments showed that mycotoxins have adverse effects on pigs at low to moderate concentrations, and that co-contamination may further increase the impacts. This project addresses the problem of mycotoxins in the swine industry in two ways: first, by modeling the climatic conditions that influence AF formation allowing the industry to predict when crops may be contaminated, and secondly through the investigation of feed additives that can reduce mycotoxin effects on pigs.

An intervention to increase staff promotion of healthy eating and physical activity in out-of-school-time-programs

Weaver, R Glenn University of South Carolina 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Frontline-staff are critical to achieving standards related to child physical activity and nutrition (PAaN) in out-of-school-time-programs (OSTP). This research project encompasses four studies. The first study fills the gap between policy mandates and staff behaviors by describing the development of the System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN) in OSTP. SOSPAN items were aligned with existing OSTP policies. Reliability and validity data of SOSPAN were collected across 8 OSTP: 4 summer day camps and 4 afterschool programs. Validity of SOSPAN staff behaviors/management of PA was established using the percent of children active measured concurrently via direct observation. A total of 6,437 scans were performed. Inter-rater percent agreement ranged from 74-99% across PAaN behaviors. Children's activity was associated with staff facilitative behaviors/management, such as playing with the children and providing two or more activities for children to choose, while prohibitive behaviors/management, such as waiting-in-line were related to increased sedentary behavior. Staff nutrition behaviors were observed in less than 0.6% of scans. SOSPAN was found to be a reliable and valid tool to assess staff behaviors/management of PAaN in OSTPs. The purpose of the second study was to evaluate a comprehensive intervention designed to support staff and program leaders in the implementation of the YMCA of USA Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (HEPA) Standards for their afterschool programs (ASP, 3-6pm). Utilizing a pre (Fall 2011) and post (Spring 2012) assessment no control-group design, four large-scale YMCA ASPs serving approximately 500 children were included in this study. Professional development training founded in the 5Ms (i.e. Mission, Model, Manage, Monitor, Maximize) and LET US Play principles (i.e. lines, elimination, team size, uninvolved staff/kids, and space, equipment and rules), on-site booster training sessions, workshops, and ongoing technical support was provided for staff and program leaders from January to May 2012. The main outcome measure was the System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN). Multilevel mixed effects linear (i.e., staff behaviors expressed as a percentage of the number of scans observed) and logistic regression was used to examine changes in staff behaviors. A total of 5328 SOSPAN scans were completed over the two measurement periods. Of the 20 staff behaviors identified in HEPA Standards and measured in this study, 17 increased or decreased in the appropriate direction. Comprehensive professional development training and ongoing technical assistance can have a sizable impact on key staff behaviors identified by HEPA Standards for ASPs. Similarly the YMCA of USA adopted Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (HEPA) Standards for summer-day-camps (SDCs). The purpose of the third study was to evaluate a comprehensive intervention designed to support staff and program leaders in the implementation of the YMCA of USA Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (HEPA) Standards for their SDCs. Four large-scale YMCA summer-day-camps serving ~800 children per week participated in this no control group pre/post pilot study. Professional development training founded in the 5Ms (Mission, Model, Manage, Monitor, Maximize) and LET US Play principles (lines, elimination, team size, uninvolved staff/kids, and space, equipment and rules) were delivered to staff. Outcomes were staff promotion behaviors and child activity assessed with established systematic observation instruments. Twelve of 17 HEPA staff behaviors changed in the appropriate direction from baseline to post-assessment. The percentage of girls and boys observed in moderate-to-vigorous-physical-activity increased from 15.3% to 18.3% and 17.9% to 21.2% whereas sedentary behavior decreased from 66.8% to 59.8% and 62.3% to 53.6%, respectively. Evidence suggests that the professional development training designed to assist SDCs to meet the HEPA Standards can lead to changes in staff behaviors and children's physical activity. The fourth study was conducted to provide feedback to the YMCA ASPs attempting to implement physical activity standards. Factors affecting implementation of standards were examined via semi-structured and informal interviews and observations in 4 ASPs across one year. Perspectives from three levels of the organizational structure of the ASPs (i.e., branch directors, ASP leaders and frontline-staff) were collected. Data were analyzed via modified analytic induction where themes were mapped onto the Framework for Effective Implementation (FEI). Themes were compared between and within organizational levels. Themes represented sixteen factors in the FEI. Within and across organizations, participants working at different ASP levels had different perspectives of how certain factors affected the implementation of the standards. For example, there were differing views of the influence of parents on standards implementation. Branch directors and ASP leaders saw parents as barriers to implementation (believing parents mainly prioritized their children's homework completion) whereas frontline staff saw parents as enablers (believing parents mainly wanted their children to be "worn out" by the end of the ASP). During the study, participants' communicated that their beliefs changed in ways that enabled standards implementation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

The hypocrisy of international organizations: The rhetoric, reality, and reform of the World Bank

Weaver, Catherine Elizabeth The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

How do we explain the apparent hypocrisy and resistance to change that we observe in international organizations (IOs) today? Traditional international relations theory, focused on the variables of state interest and power, provide few clues. Scholars seeking to understand the apparent deviant behavior of IOs look towards sources of autonomy and influence that infer a ‘self-interest’ and basis of independent behavior for IOs that allow for a distinction between principal state demands and IO responses. However, this tells us little about the actual content of IO behavior and the actual process and outcome of IO change. This dissertation looks towards sociological studies of organizations, specifically the study of organizational culture, to fill this critical gap. Engaging an interdisciplinary and synthetic approach focused on the key factor of organizational culture this dissertation examines the question of IO behavior, hypocrisy and change in case study of the World Bank.

Semiparametric methods for continuous outcome regression models with covariate data from an outcome-dependent subsample

Weaver, Mark Alan The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Many epidemiologic observational studies seek to relate a continuous outcome variable to an environmental exposure and other covariates through a specified regression function indexed by a set of unknown parameters. While observations on the outcome are often easy or cheap to obtain, measuring the exposure can prove to be more difficult or expensive; in these situations, the outcome will often be observed for each member of a finite study population, whereas exposure measurements will only be obtained for a subsample from this population. When selection into the subsample depends upon the observed outcome values, this situation is referred to as outcome-dependent sampling (ODS). Under ODS, the marginal distribution function of the covariates, <italic> G_X</italic>, acts as an infinite-dimensional nuisance parameter and is indelibly tied into the likelihood function. In this dissertation, we consider two semiparametric methods for estimating the regression parameters that do not require specifying a parametric form for <italic>G_X</italic>. The first method is a semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator which is a direct extension of recent work by Lawless et al. (1999, <italic>J. Roy. Statis. Soc. B</italic>); the second method extends the estimated likelihood methods developed by Pepe and Fleeting (1991, <italic> J. Amer. Statis. Assoc</italic>.). Both of these methods incorporate data observed for members of the study population that were not selected into the subsample and for which measurements on the exposure are missing. It is the primary goal of this research to show that this additional data can be utilized to obtain more efficient parameter estimates. We show that both estimators are consistent and have asymptotic normal distributions, and we develop consistent estimators for the corresponding asymptotic variance matrices. Through the use of simulated data, we study the small sample properties of both estimators and we compare the proposed methods to several other estimators which could be applied to the ODS problem. We also apply the proposed methods to data from a large environmental epidemiologic study. The results of these applications support the claim that significant efficiency gains can be achieved by incorporating all available data into the parameter estimates.

The rudiments of eloquence: Pedagogy and literary practices in the English Renaissance

Weaver, William P Columbia University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation studies a group of exercises at the center of Renaissance literary practice, from the elementary study of Latin and Greek to the higher achievements of vernacular imitation. By documenting the influence of an extraordinary chapter of Quintilian's Institutio oratoria, partly through the humanist reception of Aphthonius' Progymnasmata, I show that a series of grammar school exercises called the "rudiments of eloquence" was foundational in sixteenth-century literary education. The rudiments furthermore demonstrate a vital interdependence of pedagogy and poetry, and several poems of the late sixteenth century show how central the school was in the way English poets imagined their literary work. At the core of these exercises were three genres that greatly illuminate Renaissance methods of imitation: animal fable, verse maxim, and poetic narrative. In the exercise of "reading aloud," the animal fable was a basic means of developing purity of style and introducing character-based decorum. In the more advanced exercise of "paraphrase," describing the characters of animal fables was a means of creating pleasure and vividness, that all-important element of persuasion. Sharing the moral content of fables, verse maxims likewise played a crucial role in perfecting literary style and exerted particular influence because of humanist methods of teaching Greek by "translation." As I argue in a final chapter on "refutation," the exercises in reading aloud, paraphrase, and translation developed skills that were requisite for advanced forms of academic controversy. Because of their technical situation on the threshold between the grammar school and the school of rhetoric, and between childhood and young adulthood, the rudiments had an important social as well as theoretical dimension in Renaissance literature. Spenser's "Februarie" eclogue from The Shepheardes Calender and Virgils Gnat, his translation of the Virgilian Culex, Marlowe's Hero and Leander, and Shakespeare's Lucrece show a common interest in the school exercises as means of both literary and social development. The rudiments of eloquence are key to understanding sixteenth-century literary practice, from developing skills in the grammar school to advertising those same skills to a potential employer or patron.

The impact of neighborhood problems and economic hardship on psychosocial maladjustment on low-income, urban black and Hispanic young adolescents: The mediating influences of maternal psychological distress and family functioning

Weaver, Scott R State University of New York at Albany 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Informed by the family stress model of economic hardship (R. D. Conger et al., 1992) and the transactional model of neighborhood influences (M. W. Roosa, et al., 2003), the present study examined a hypothetical model of the influences of mothers' perception of neighborhood problems and financial strain on concurrent levels and subsequent change in adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptom levels. Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three City Study and advanced structural equation modeling techniques, maternal internalizing symptomatology, authoritative and disengaged parenting styles, mothers' knowledge of children's activities, and family routines were examined as putative mediators in a sample of 1037 low-income, urban Black and Hispanic young adolescents and their mothers. Measurement invariance and equivalence of hypothesized structural relations were investigated across ethnic/gender subsamples. Although a few hypothesized relations either were not observed or were of opposite valence, the hypothesized model was generally supported by the data. The pattern of relationships varied across ethnic/gender subsamples in both expected and unexpected ways. Mothers' internalizing symptoms emerged as an important mediator for all subsamples. Although each family and parenting construct emerged as a salient mediator, the salience of each construct depended on outcome factor (delinquency or internalizing symptoms) and on the ethnicity and gender identification of the adolescent. Potential explanations for the unexpected findings, directions for future research, and possible implications for preventive interventions are discussed. Major contributions of this study to the scientific literature include a focus on a Hispanic sample, which is vastly underrepresented among studies testing similar models, and inclusion of two constructs (notably, perceived neighborhood problems and family routines) that have been given mention in the theoretical literature but rarely examined empirically.