Aesthetics of tension : a study of Peter Shaffer's plays

김옥희 Sogang Univ. 1996 국내박사

RECREATING THE PAST : AACHEN AND THE PROBLEM OF THE ARCHITECTURAL "COPY" (CHARLEMAGNE'S CHAPEL, GERMANY, ARCHITECTURAL COPIES)

SHAFFER, JENNY H Columbia University 1992 국내박사

THE POETICS OF EKPHRASIS IN WALTER PATER'S PAINTED PROSE

SHAFFER, DIANA LOUISE Texas Christian University 1995 국내박사

A treatment of presuppositional phenomena in natural languages

Shaffer, David E 조선대학교 대학원 1989 국내박사

전제에 대한 개념은 철학은 물론이고 형식논리, 그리고 언어학에서 폭넓게 다루어왔다. 특히 전제에 대한 논의는 형식 의미론과 일반적인 언어 이론에서 많은 논란이 되어왔던 문제였다. 전제라는 개념은 Frege에서 처음으로 사용되기 시작한 이래 Russell과 Strawson을 거치는 동안 동일한 하나의 의미 현상을 두고 전제냐 아니면 함의냐의 논의는 많은 논란이 되어왔던 것이 사실이다. 종래의 분석의 초점은 형식의미론적 분석에서부터 순수 화용론적 분석 그리고 고전적 2치 논리적 분석및 다치논리에 의한 분석이 시도되었으나 어떤 분석도 전제에 대한 명료한 설명을 하지 못했던 것이다. 나아가서는 전제란 독립된 의미 개념이 아니라 파생 개념으로 다루려고 했던 것이다. 본고에서는 전제가 실제로 분명한 언어적 개념임을 밝히고 만일 이 개념이 언어 독립적 개념이라면, 그것이 자연 언어의 논리적 개념으로서 형식화 될 수 있음을 논의하였다. 특히 종래의 전제에 대한 논의 가운데 전제가 어떤 환경에서 취소될 수 있고, 비논리적, 화용론적 현상이 전제에 어떻게 포함될 수 있으며, 만일 형식화 하는데 있어서 함의 관계는 전제와 어떻게 구분하여야 할 것인가에 대한 논의를 통하여 종래의 전제에 대한 논의의 문제점을 지적하였다. 특히 전제는 독립된 의미적 개념이 아니라는 종래의 주장이 부당함을 밝히기 위해서 논리적 참의 문제를 다치논리의 모형에 따라 전제를 분석하였다. 참은 믿음과 사실과 상응한다는 사실로부터 참에 대한 대응이론, 참에 대한 검증설정, 그리고 참은 어떤 진술과 다른 진술과 일관성이 있다는 일관성이론, 또한 참은 믿음이나 생각의 증명에 있다는 과학적 방법을 동입하고 있는 화용론, 마지막으로 '참인 문장' 이라는 술어가 상위언어에서 정의 될 수 있는 의미적 이론임을 논의하였다. 이러한 논의를 통하여 참에 대한 의미이론이 자연언어 현상을 기술하는 데 있어서 합당한 의미 표현 체계임을 보였다. 본고의 제 2장과 3장에서는 전제를 논의하기 위한 논리, 언어 이론을 검토하고 전제를 기술하기 위한 모형으로서 다치논리 체계를 도입하였다. 제 4장에서는 전통적 2치 논리와 상치되는 진리치 간극 (truth value gap)의 문제와 진리치 간극에 의하여 전통적인 진리치에 의한 전제기술의 문제점을 해결하였다. 특히 긍정극와와 부정극의 상호 작용을 통하여 부정은 두가지 의미적 요소를 가지고 있음을 지적하였다. 이러한 논의를 통하여 두개의 거짓과 두개의 부정과 함께 전제에 대한 다치분석이 가능하게 되었다. 제 5장에서는 부정의 모호성을 논의하였다. 부정의 분석은 부정에 대하여 두개의 범주를 설정함으로써 그 하나의 부정은 전제를 유지하는 경우이고, 또 하나의 다른 부정은 전제를 취소하는 경우로서 진리치 간극의 문제가 야기된다. 이러한 분석상의 결점은 다치 논리에 의하여 규명될 수 있다. 제 6장은 자연언어에 있어서의 전제 현상에 대한 결론을 검토 요약하였다.

Peter Shaffer 작품에 나타난 갈등의 양상

김소연 한국외국어대학교 대학원 1995 국내석사

디오니소스적 저항을 통한 실존 탐구와 한계 : 피터 쉐퍼의『 에쿠스 』

김민주 부산대학교 2005 국내석사

Competition, quality and neonatal intensive care in California, 1986-1997

Shaffer, Ellen Ruth The Johns Hopkins University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

<italic>Problem</italic>. Regionalized systems of perinatal care have been shown to reduce neonatal mortality, particularly for low birth weight neonates and others at high risk. Regional systems were designed to direct high-risk births to high volume neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) at the tertiary level of care (Level III). This study examines the relationship between particular competitive factors related to maternity care, the availability of lower level NICUs across distinct regions in California over time, and risk-appropriate admissions to tertiary level NICUs. <italic>Results</italic>. Findings suggest that competitive factors including an increasingly wide distribution of perinatal discharges, and declining hospital occupancy rates, were significantly associated with increasing numbers of lower level NICUs, and with greater availability of lower level NICU beds expressed as a smaller number of births per NICU bed. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. These findings suggest that the availability of lower level NICUs is not related to need, but is a response in part to competition among hospitals. Price competition through private sector HMOs failed to reduce availability or to improve risk-appropriate deliveries, although MediCal coverage was associated with improvements in both measures. The regional system for assuring the optimal distribution of high quality neonatal care is not performing up to potential. Availability of NICUs is consistent with the theory that hospitals in a price competitive environment may compete for market share by offering specialized services to differentiate themselves from competitors, and also to attract insured maternity patients. <italic>Implications for policy, delivery or practice</italic>. Over 500,000 women a year give birth in California, up to 24% of whom may be at risk for complications. Since competitive factors are related both to greater availability of lower level NICUs and to the rate of risk-appropriate admissions, policy interventions to mitigate the effects of competition may be considered. These interventions could include developing and enforcing uniform standards for NICUs at each level, incorporating volume as well as staffing levels in the standards, requiring that all NICUs meet the standards as a condition of operation and in order to receive reimbursement from any source, reinforcing the regional approach to configuring perinatal services in order to provide optimal neonatal survival, and strengthening Healthy People 2010 goals for risk-appropriate admissions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Bilingual Latino High School Boys' Reading Motivation: Seven Case Studies Examining Factors that Influence Motivation to Read

Shaffer, Shelly Arizona State University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This qualitative case study examines seven bilingual Latino boys who were motivated readers. Several theories were examined in relationship to the study: sociocultural theory, reading motivation theories, and gender schema theory. Prior studies involving reading motivation of boys and Latinos showed a gap between boys and girls in reading achievement, high school completion, and college enrollment. Studies about reading motivation included choice in books, reading amount, social context of reading, habitual reading habits, and out-of-school reading as important factors that influence reading motivation. Additionally, Latino cultural factors such as machismo and familismo were examined as factors that influence motivation to read. The study participants attended a large, urban school in Arizona and were selected from senior English classes after completing a participant selection survey. On the participant selection survey, boys self-identified their gender, language, and ethnicity; by several questions about attitudes toward reading and reading amount rated on a 10-point Likert scale gauged reading motivation. Each participant participated in an individual interview, completed a 60-question questionnaire/survey, and either attended a group interview or a second individual interview. Data were triangulated by using data from these three sources and was coded as it was collected using Nvivo qualitative coding software. Coding began with five, basic categories derived from the study questions: motivation, home experiences, school experiences, school performance, and attitude toward reading. As coding continued, the coding categories expanded to include categories such as location of reading materials, access to books, choices in reading, format of texts, and many others. Eventually, there were four distinct categories that stood out in the findings: reading self-perception, purposes, preferences, and practices. The findings have a correlation to previous studies about reading motivation, but also add to the growing field of literature in the area of Latino boys' reading motivation. Keywords: reading, motivation, self-efficacy, situational interest, Latino, boys, high school, gender, types of reading, reading purposes.

Engineering the pregnane X receptor and estrogen receptor alpha to bind novel small molecules using negative chemical complementation

Shaffer, Hally A Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that play significant roles in various biological processes within the body, such as cell development, hormone metabolism, reproduction, and cardiac function. As transcription factors, nuclear receptors are involved in many diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and arthritis, resulting in approximately 10-15% of the pharmaceutical drugs presently on the market being targeted toward nuclear receptors. Structurally, nuclear receptors consist of a DNA-binding domain (DBD), responsible for binding specific sequences of DNA called response elements, fused to a ligand-binding domain (LBD) through a hinge region. The LBD binds a small molecule ligand. Upon ligand binding, the LBD changes to an active conformation leading to the recruitment of coactivator (CoAC) proteins and initiation of transcription. As a result of their involvement in disease, there is an emphasis on engineering nuclear receptors for applications in gene therapy, drug discovery and metabolic engineering. The original focus of this work was to use chemical complementation to engineer a nuclear receptor to bind and activate transcription in response to a novel small molecule, specifically the following beta-lactam antibiotics: penicillin G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, or nafcillin. The first target nuclear receptor to engineer to activate transcription in response to the beta-lactam antibiotics was the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor involved in xenobiotic metabolism. A PXR library toward the antibiotics was designed based on crystal structure analysis as well as amino acid sequence alignments. The PXR library was assessed in the chemical complementation system using selective plates containing the antibiotics. All of the variants obtained were constitutively active, meaning they grow without the presence of an exogenous small molecule. To overcome the constitutive activity, three different approaches were taken. First, a knockout yeast strain was developed that could remove any potential endogenous ligands in the yeast that could be activating PXR in chemical complementation. Second, the nuclear receptor was changed to the human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha). Lastly, a selection system called negative chemical complementation was utilized to remove the constitutively active variants from a library of nuclear receptor variants. Yeast steroid metabolism is different from mammalian cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, to develop a knockout strain, the ERG24 gene, involved in the yeast steroid biosynthetic pathway, was replaced by a Kan selection marker, which renders yeast resistant to the antibiotic geneticin. Removing the ERG24 gene removes steroid metabolites that could be causing the constitutive activity observed with PXR. The knockout strain was engineered; however, a pure knockout strain was not obtained. The engineered strain contained both the parent genome and the ERG24 knockout. This strain was therefore not used to engineer nuclear receptor variants. The second approach was to design a library of hERalpha variants to be activated by the beta-lactam antibiotics. The residues chosen to mutate in the hERalpha library was based on modeling the antibiotics into the pocket of the crystal structure with the natural ligand 17-beta estratiol (E2). The mutations were chosen to introduce hydrogen bonding potentials into the ligand binding pocket (LBP). When put through selection, the hERalpha library produced functional variants that were activated by E2, however none were activated by the beta-lactam antibiotics. The rational library produced three variants that contain a point mutation at residue L346: L346M, L346V, and L346E, which displayed varying levels of sensitivity toward E2. Therefore, this position was saturated to investigate the role this residue has in ligand binding and activity and to determine if changing the chemical properties at position 346 would cause the variant to bind a different steroid molecule. The last approach taken to overcome constitutive activity in chemical complementation was to use negative chemical complementation, a selection system that uses the URA3 selection marker. In negative chemical complementation when a ligand activates the nuclear receptor and the URA3 gene is expressed in media containing 5'fluoorotic acid (5'FOA), the toxin 5-fluorouracil (5'FU) is produced, leading to cell death. To engineer a nuclear receptor to be activated by the beta-lactam antibiotics, a random mutagenic library of hERalpha was put through selection in media containing 5'FOA to remove the constitutively active variants from the library. This method removed most of the constitutively active variants and produced functional hERalpha variants, but none of the variants were activated by the antibiotics. Negative chemical complementation can also be used in a high-throughput method toward drug discovery applications. Various ligands function as nuclear receptor activators or repressors, known as agonists or antagonists. hERalpha was therefore tested with the current drugs 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (OHT) and the potent antagonist Fulvestrant to assess the use of this system for drug discovery of potential antagonists. Growth above basal was not observed in the negative selection system using uracil selective media with 5'FOA with an antagonist. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Ranging Behavior, Group Cohesiveness, and Patch Use in Northern Bearded Sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in Guyana

Shaffer, Christopher A Washington University in St. Louis 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

I conducted a 15 month study of the activity patterns, diet, ranging behavior, and group cohesiveness of northern bearded sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in a continuous lowland rainforest in southern Guyana. My study combined observational data with a novel GIS-based method for assessing food patch quality to assess how bearded sakis adjusted their ranging and grouping patterns in response to changes in resource quality. My study group consisted of at least 65 animals, making it the largest group of Chiropotes yet reported. Bearded sakis were highly active, spending most of their time traveling (40% of activity) and feeding (35% of activity). Compared to other platyrrhines, they spent relatively little time resting. Sakis changed their activity patterns monthly, increasing foraging effort when fruit was most abundant, and increasing resting when fruit was most scarce. Consistent with their dental adaptations for seed predation, seeds made up 75% of feeding time. Sakis consumed over 215 plant species during the study period, including many types of dry and fleshy fruits. Due to their ability to exploit food items of varies states of maturity, sakis often used the same tree species for three months or more. Monthly seed consumption was correlated with fruit availability. When seeds became scarce seasonally, they incorporated a high percentage of insects, flowers, and mature fruit in their diet. The study group had home and day ranges that were larger than previously reported for Chiropotes anywhere in its geographic range. Sakis exhibited a highly fluid social structure that likely mitigates the effects of intragroup feeding competition despite their large group size. Throughout much of the year, the group moved like an amoeba through their home range, with expansions and contractions dictated by intragroup social dynamics and not changes in food patch quality. When resources became scarcer, and food patch quality was lower, the group divided into smaller, independently functioning foraging parties. The results of this study suggest that their unique sclerocarpic seed predator niche may necessitate bearded sakis range over large areas to balance the effects of seed secondary compounds. High predation pressure may explain the large group sizes of the genus.