Bertrand Russell의 倫理思想에 관한 硏究

김춘태 嶺南大學校 1986 국내박사

Operator state estimation for adaptive aiding in uninhabited combat air vehicles

Russell, Christopher A Air Force Institute of Technology 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Chris Russell's research, sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate, demonstrated significant improvement of mission effectiveness using adaptive automation and the operator's mental workload in Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) missions. His work is the first example of closing the loop between the human and the machine by using mental workload based on physiological signals from the operator to adapt the system. Implementation of his research is being demonstrated in a variety of applications, including the Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle control workstation, Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System, and the Objective Force Warrior Program.

Styling blackness: African American hair styling practices in late twentieth century America and the phenomenology of race

Russell, Paitra Denise The University of Chicago 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation investigates the relation between hair texture and hair styling in contemporary African American efforts to construct individual and collective identities. Using the quotidian contexts in which black Chicagoans deal with and talk about hair, this investigation shows the ways that race remains morally and ontologically central in the lives of African Americans as racially marked people. Four broad themes are discussed: the taxonomy of terms Americans use to assign symbolic value to hair texture, the relation between ideas of modernity and bodily representation, the ongoing struggles to re-evaluate traditional ideologies about hair texture, and the intersection of modern American consumer culture and hair practices. Historical and anthropological consideration of these issues shows how hair texture has emerged as a dominant organizing principal in racial ideologies, such that race and racism continue to be very much grounded in ideas about the body and particular physical attributes. Bodily referents play a crucial role in the panoply of terms through which Americans continue to understand and advocate “difference,” and physiological racial markers continue to factor strongly in the material and oppressive power relations that give race continued life in America. As well, the effects of racism are shown to include economic as well as corporeal material components, which work together to delineate subjugation. Black hair styling practices, then, as a mode of cultural and political identity production, also strongly allude to social relations of power as they are ordered and negotiated under modern capitalism. Broadly speaking, then, this dissertation presents an exploration of how hair works as a key component in the construction and maintenance of African American racial identity in contemporary American contexts. The research argues that the history and culture of hair are very much implicated in the racialized power struggles that characterize contemporary American life, and are especially relevant to philosophical and political discussions of race and the endurance of racism in America.

Analyticity, meaning and paradox

Russell, Gillian Kay Princeton University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Some philosophers have claimed that sentences like all bachelors are unmarried are analytic, where this is to say that they are true in virtue of meaning, and that anyone who understands one can know that it is true. Some have claimed in addition that the notion of analyticity can be used to solve problems in epistemology. However, in the last century the work of Quine and Putnam led many to doubt such claims, and to suspect that there is no analyticity, only an illusion of analyticity to be explained. I think that there is something to Quine and Putnams objections. Moreover, I think that they are of help in formulating a better account of analyticity. The core of this dissertation is an account of the analytic/synthetic distinction which uses recent developments in the philosophy of language-including Russellian semantics, distinctions between different kinds of meaning, two-dimensional modal logic and the distinction between analyticity, necessity and a priority---to defend a theory which covers both the traditional necessary analytic truths such as all vixens are female and Kaplans examples of the contingent analytic such as I am here now, dthat □ = and Snow is white iff actually, now, snow is white. This account is used to provide solutions to problems in philosophical logic concerning the correct accounts of vagueness, inconsistency and modality. I also show how it can be used to provide a solution to the Liar paradox.

Development of molecular tools for the study of intestinal and probiotic lactobacilli

Russell, William Michael North Carolina State University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Molecular tools were developed for the genetic characterization of intestinal and probiotic lactobacilli with an emphasis on <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus </italic> and closely related species. A gene, <italic>gusA</italic>, encoding a new β-glucuronidase gene from <italic>Lactobacillus gasseri</italic> ADH was cloned by complementation of an <italic>Escherichia coli gus</italic> mutant. The <italic>L. gasseri</italic> GusA protein shared 39% identity with GusA from <italic>E. coli</italic> K-12. An analysis of other lactobacilli identified β-glucuronidase activity and <italic>gusA</italic> homologs in other <italic>L. gasseri</italic> isolates, but not in other <italic> Lactobacillus</italic> species tested. Overexpression of GusA was achieved in a β-glucuronidase-negative <italic>L. gasseri</italic> strain and preliminary characterization of the GusA protein from crude cell free extracts revealed that the enzyme was active across an acidic pH range and a broad temperature range. Comparisons of <italic>L. gasseri</italic> β-glucuronidase with <italic>E. coli</italic> β-glucuronidase showed that the <italic> Lactobacillus</italic> enzyme functions better at lower pH ranges than the <italic> E. coli</italic> enzyme, a beneficial characteristic for a reporter for acidifying bacteria. In order to assess the utility of <italic>gusA</italic> as a reporter gene, transcriptional fusions to the promoterless <italic>gusA</italic> gene were used to characterize three <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> promoters in six lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In addition, inducible expression of <italic> gusA</italic> was achieved in <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> using the lactococcal <italic>nisA</italic> promoter. In order to facilitate strategies for gene disruption, gene deletion, and chromosomal stabilization of expression cassettes, an efficient method was developed for the generation of site-specific chromosomal integrations in <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> and <italic>L. gasseri</italic>. The strategy is an adaptation of the lactococcal pORI system (Leenhouts, K., G. Venema, and J. Kok. 1998. Methods Cell Sci. 20: 35–50) and relies on the simultaneous use of two plasmids. The functionality of the integration strategy was demonstrated by the insertional inactivation of the <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> NCFM <italic> lacL</italic> gene encoding β-galactosidase and the <italic>L. gasseri </italic> ADH <italic>gusA</italic> and <italic>rmlA</italic> genes. Because the tools are based on broad-host-range plasmids and <italic> Lactobacillus</italic>-derived components, it is expected that they will greatly facilitate the study of other intestinal and probiotic lactobacilli.

Investigation of mantle structure above the core-mantle boundary and beneath northeast Africa

Russell, Sara Ann University of California, Santa Cruz 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Using high quality digital broadband waveforms, I present constraints on mantle structure in three geographic regions: the lower mantle beneath the central Pacific and Central America and the upper mantle beneath northeast Africa. Highly variable <italic>ScS</italic> travel times, amplitudes, waveforms, and shear wave splitting indicate that the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific is heterogeneous both laterally and radially. Beneath the central Pacific, <italic> ScSH-SH</italic> differential travel times are larger than predicted by PREM due to delayed <italic>ScS</italic> arrivals and reveal a spatial trend in D<super>″</super> of decreasing shear velocity to the northeast. <italic> ScS</italic> splitting reveals the presence of lower mantle anisotropy and spatial variations in the fast polarization direction. These trends suggest lateral gradients in shear flow that may be related to the root of the Hawaiian plume. Stacking of <italic>S</italic> and <italic>P</italic> waveforms reveals the presence of a discontinuity 230 km above the core-mantle boundary with a 1.7% increase in shear velocity and a 0.75% increase in compressional velocity. Beneath Central America, positive and negative <italic>ScSH-SH</italic> residuals are measured. Negative residuals are segregated to the western portion of the region and correspond to a lateral decrease in D<super>″</super> shear velocity southward. Positive residuals are located in the east due to fast <italic>S</italic> arrivals which may be caused by mid-mantle heterogeneity. Stacking of shear waveforms shows evidence for two discontinuities above the CMB in the northern subset of data, with no evidence for the presence of any discontinuity in the southern region. Complete waveform modelling of 3-component seismograms provides constraints upon the crust and upper mantle structure beneath northeast Africa. The best-fit model for the Nubian shield contains a thick 38 km two-layered crust with Vp = 6.3 and 7.0 km/s respectively and lid Vp = 7.9 km/s; this correlates well with modelled structure beneath the Arabian shield. Modelling the Red Sea rift zone shows evidence for a 17 km thick crust with Vp = 6.5–6.7 km/s underlain by anomalously low upper mantle velocities (Vp = 7.7 km/s) and 3–4% upper mantle anisotropy (SH > SV) that points to a fast anisotropic polarization axis parallel to the rift's spreading direction.

Models to Inform the Safe Collection and Transfusion of Donated Blood

Russell, William Alton ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

Donated blood is a critical component of health systems around the world, but its collection and transfusion involve risk for both donors and recipients. Transfusion-transmitted diseases and non-infectious adverse events pose a risk to transfusion recipients, and repeat blood donation can cause or exacerbate iron deficiency among donors. This dissertation describes four decision-analytic modeling projects that inform blood safety policy. In Chapter 2, I integrate epidemiological, health-economic, and biovigilance data to estimate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a 2016 policy mandating that all blood donations are screened for Zika virus in the U.S. The analysis uses a novel microsimulation of individual transfusion recipients that captures the relationship between disease exposure risk and the number and type of blood components transfused. In Chapter 3, I develop the first health-economic assessment of whole blood pathogen inactivation. The analysis is for Ghana and improves on prior blood safety assessments for sub-Saharan Africa by considering the likelihood and timing of clinical detection for chronic viral infections. In Chapter 4, I develop an optimization-based framework for identifying the optimal portfolio of blood safety interventions that overcomes some limitations of traditional cost-effectiveness analyses for blood safety. By applying this framework retrospectively to evaluate U.S. policies for Zika and West Nile virus, I show that the optimal policy can vary by geography, season, and year. Chapter 5 focuses on how frequently donors are allowed to give blood. I develop a machine learning-based decision model that tailors the inter-donation interval to each donor's risk of iron-related adverse outcomes to balance risks to donors against risks to the sufficiency of the blood supply. Together, these model-based analyses introduce novel methods and provide guidance for efficient and effective use of resources for blood safety.

Vertical Evaporative Assembly and Double Replication of Unary and Binary Silica Colloidal Crystal Films

Russell, Jennifer L ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The Pennsylvania S 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

As the field of nanomaterials expands, the pursuit of smaller dimensions necessitates the ability to both synthesize nanoscale building blocks and also control their spatial arrangements. In a size regime where dimensions and structure may dictate material properties, colloidal nanoparticles are versatile nanoscale building blocks with the ability to order into diverse periodic arrangements, called colloidal crystals. There have been tremendous advancements in the area of colloidal crystal fabrication over the past few decades, but new syntheses and assembly techniques continue to develop in order to unite scale and desired material structure. In this dissertation, I describe my work from three different projects: silica binary colloidal crystal assembly, the use of colloidal crystal films in template replication synthesis, and silica nanoparticle morphological changes during assembly.In Chapter 1, I introduce colloidal crystals and review synthetic methods for silica colloid synthesis and techniques for their assembly into colloidal crystals. I also discuss template replication synthesis and provide an overview of the projects detailed in the remaining chapters. I will discuss my first project in Chapter 2, in which the phase behavior of 36 nm and 22 nm silica binary colloidal crystal films was mapped over a range of compositions and temperatures in order to optimize AB2-type binary colloidal crystal film growth. While thermodynamic phase diagrams can serve as a guide in selecting binary systems based on size ratios and what phases are energetically favorable, they do not account for the intricacies of experimental non-equilibrium conditions. Therefore, this systematic experimental approach to determining growth conditions was employed. We found that low temperature (30-35°C) film growth and a range of excess 22 nm silica produced the largest, most widespread AB2 domains in film samples. I present the phase mapping results and discuss the possible reasons for the deposition conditions-dependent phase behavior and how it might extend to future binary colloidal crystal film studies.In Chapter 3, I describe double replication of silica colloidal crystal films with the use of contracting polymers. I quantify the lattice contraction of several polymer inverse replicates of the silica colloidal crystal films through the extensive use of electron microscopy. I discuss lattice contraction as a function of colloidal template size and also polymer elastic moduli using AFM nanoindentation. It was discovered in this project that polymer inverse opal lattices reexpand upon filling with inorganic oxide sol gels. This finding negates the use of double replication for shrinking periodic structures with these contracting polymers; but the results are still interesting for double replication methodology and presented evidence of the role of surface energy in the polymer contraction/expansion process. Finally, I extended the method to double replication of binary colloidal crystal film templates of silica nanoparticles <50 nm, which produced second-generation binary colloidal crystal films in silica as well as in titania.In Chapter 4, I discuss my investigation into the shape-shifting character of L-arginine stabilized silica nanoparticles during evaporative self-assembly. First, I describe the phenomenon observed in previous experiments, which appear to be due to a combination of solution chemistry and interfacial tension factors. In order to deconvolute the many solution components possibly involved, I performed comparison analyses of purified and unpurified colloidal sols based on composition via solid-state NMR, as well as electron microscopy studies of dried sols. I systematically added reactive components to the unpurified and purified sols then evaporated them into colloidal crystal films for characterization by electron microscopy. I discuss the findings, which reveal a tendency for silica nanoparticle dissolution in L-arginine, as well as encapsulation of L-arginine and under-condensed silicate groups during silica nanoparticle synthesis. The findings suggest silica nanoparticle “softness” in solution that could ease capillary-driven deformation during drying. Additionally, results of additions of L-arginine and silicate precursor to depositing solutions are discussed and how the presence of these components contributed to morphological changes by shape-ripening during evaporative film deposition.

Numerical and experimental investigations into the aerodynamics of dragonfly flight

Russell, David Baker Cornell University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Dragonflies are one of the most manueverable of the insect flyers. They are capable of sustained gliding flight as well as hovering, and are able to change direction very rapidly. Exactly how they use their wings to generate aerodynamic forces remains unknown. A new method was developed for solving 2D incompressible viscous flow problems [46] in order to numerically model the fluid response and forces generated by multiple flapping wings. This finite difference scheme uses the streamfunction-vorticity formulation on a regular grid, and handles multiple moving irregular boundaries. To test the usefulness of this model, dragonflies were tethered to a vertical force sensor and filmed using high-speed digital video. This allowed the correlation of specific wing kinematics to the vertical force generated, so that when these kinematics are modeled numerically the forces calculated can be compared with experiment. The results include detailed descriptions of two distinct wing kinematic patterns, out of four observed. These kinematics resemble motions described by previous researchers in free flight conditions except for the phase between the fore and hind wings. The forces calculated from applying the numeric method to a 2D approximation of these movements compare well to measured forces. The differences seen can be attributed to 3D effects and to the simplified wing cross-section used in the model. We show that wing inertia is a large component of the instantaneous forces experienced by a dragonfly, and that the dragonfly generates productive force during both the downstroke and the upstroke. The counter-stroking behavior seen in free flight is shown to require less power than the in-phase motion observed in the tethered dragonfly, while producing the same average vertical force. We also show evidence suggesting that during hovering flight wing rotation is passively driven by fluid forces, while during forward flight rotation at the end of the downstroke is actively driven by the dragonfly. Finally, the effectiveness of applying such a 2D model to the problem is examined, and suggestions are made for future research to improve modeling ability.

Imaging Cellular Metabolism With Timelapse Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

Russell, John C Harvard University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Cellular metabolism depends on the intricate coordination of many biochemical processes across space and time.While many of these processes are well understood on a chemical level, it has been much more challenging to see them play out in single cells. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy is an imaging technique that has great potential for metabolic imaging due to its sensitivity to the vibrational energy levels of molecules. Previous advancements in SRS imaging have increased spatial resolution and focused on large samples such as tissues or organisms. Here, I describe experiments that push the boundaries of SRS microscopy to enable dynamic metabolic imaging of growing microbes. My work demonstrates that SRS microscopy can image hundreds of small cells over long periods of time while collecting many images per cell division, opening up an exciting new regime of potential applications for SRS microscopy in biological imaging. I developed a novel computational approach that corrects for non-uniform backgrounds in SRS images and enables the extraction of small SRS signals. With this approach, and taking advantange of the unique capability of SRS to detect isotopically-labeled compounds, I report the first timelapse SRS measurements of glucose consumption in single budding yeast cells. Combining SRS imaging with bright field and fluorescence modalities, I investigate the production of biomass in different subpopulations of cells and directly observe that mother cells preferentially retain older biomass though cell division. Furthermore, I show how net glucose uptake dynamics in cells expressing a single glucose transporter are different from those of wild type cells, suggesting that SRS may offer insights into the transport rates of individual proteins in the cellular context. Together, these results establish timelapse SRS microscopy as a powerful tool for measuring cellular metabolism.