The effects of state anxiety, arousal, and emotion regulation on a facial working memory task with unpleasant distracters

Richards, Anne Laurel University of California, Davis 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

The goal of this study was to examine factors responsible for the effects of unpleasant and neutral distracters on working memory. Experiment 1 showed that unpleasant distracters improved working memory accuracy but slowed reaction times. The improvement of working memory accuracy by unpleasant distracters correlated negatively with state anxiety and positively with arousal measured by skin conductance response. Experiment 2, an fMRI study using the same task, showed that prefrontal activity positively correlated with improvement of working memory accuracy on trials with unpleasant distracters compared to neutral distracters. Exploratory correlation analyses from Experiment 2 also revealed that fMRI activity resulting from a contrast between unpleasant and neutral distracters correlates negatively with state anxiety in pontine locus coeruleus and vlPFC (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)---a possible neural mechanism for the effects of anxiety on working memory. Emotion regulation instructions did not affect working memory accuracy but did increase sustained activity in superior frontal, inferior temporal, and cerebellum and decrease sustained activity in the parahippocampus.

Revolt and Reform in Architecture's Academy: Columbia and Yale in the 1960s

Richards, William Charles, IV University of Virginia 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

A critical reassessment of the scope and mission of architecture and planning education in the United States occurred between 1950 and 1970. In this period, a small but significant number of students and faculty at Columbia University and Yale University perceived design's dominant pedagogies to be outmoded and inflexible legacies of the Bauhaus and Beaux-Arts institutions. They identified campus expansion, race, and the "urban crisis" as the principle, if unexplored, concerns facing architectural practice by the late-1960s, which pedagogy and practice were loath to address. Through protests and curricular reform, students and faculty members ultimately founded an advocacy model for design practice, which engaged the contemporary and contextual issues that have become central to its academy today. Among urban universities, Columbia and Yale represented compelling cases of how urban history and architectural education intersected. The theory and practice of urban renewal took a specific form that students analyzed---first to replicate and then to critique. As urban violence peaked and riots transformed neighborhoods across the United States, it did not take long for even the most sheltered student to feel the effects. Ultimately, calls for reform in city planning, matched calls for reform in architectural education against social injustice, university "imperialism," and the irrelevance of outmoded ideas about design.

The religion of Calvin and the philosophy of whitehead : by Waldo Sumn er Richards

Richards, Waldo Sumner The University of Chicago 1930 해외석사

The approximation modality in models of higher-order types

Richards, Christopher D Princeton University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

In this thesis we advance the state of the art in intensional type systems for low-level code. The need for powerful, carefully designed type-systems for low-level code is well-documented. We argue for an intensional , or semantic, such system, one which is distinguished by the use of a modality of type approximation to solve the problems of self-reference that arise in the models of recursive types, impredicative type quantification, and unrestricted mutable references.

The effect of hospital financial distress on immediate breast reconstruction

Richards, Catherine A Columbia University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

Hospital financial stress is a common problem. From 1995--2010 15--30% of hospitals every year were classified as financially distressed based on a negative total profit margin. However, very few studies to date have assessed the impact of hospital financial distress on quality of care indicators or patient outcomes. A comprehensive and systematic literature review was conducted to assess the state of the science on hospital financial distress and quality of care or patient outcomes. A total of three peer-reviewed articles were found that used a measure of hospital financial distress as an exposure with a quality of care indicator or health-related factor as an outcome. However, despite the limited research on this topic, the evidence suggested there was an important relationship between hospital financial distress and patient outcomes. What became clear after the systematic literature review was that not only had very few studies ever assessed the relationship between hospital financial distress and patient outcomes, but there was also limited evidence on the validity of various measures of hospital financial distress. An analysis conducted as part of this dissertation assessed the validity of profit margin, as well as two composite measures, the Financial Strength Index and the modified z-index, to see how well they predicted hospital closure. Overall, despite the added complexity of the Financial Strength Index and the modified z-index compared to profit margin, all three measures performed similarly with respect to predicting hospital closure. Finally, profit margin, as a measure of hospital financial distress was used to predict the receipt of immediate breast reconstruction. Women undergoing mastectomy at hospitals under high levels of hospital financial distress were significantly less likely to receive immediate breast reconstruction compared to women treated at hospitals under minimal to no financial distress, adjusting for important confounders. This means hospital financial distress is an important, although unwarranted, determinant of breast cancer care.

Constraint theory : an approach to policy-level modeling

Richards, Laurence Dale University of Pennsylvania 1980 국내박사

Imaging the political: El Taller de Grafica Popular in Mexico, 1937--1949

Richards, Susan Valerie The University of New Mexico 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examines the political and cultural history of mid-twentieth century Mexico through a case study of a group of political artists, the Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP). From 1937–1949, this collectively organized association of graphic artists melded artistic achievement and political activism in poster art designed for public display and consumption. Espousing the politics of the left, the TGP was increasingly restricted during the 1940s, as Mexico's political environment became rightist. The group's tenacious endurance in an increasingly hostile ideological environment is the focus of this study. TGP survival in the 1940s can be attributed to a process of adaptation within the Taller, led by the charismatic and talented Leopoldo Méndez. Under his leadership, the group withdrew from frank advocacy of a communist Mexico, and expanded its patronage options. To improve the workshop's financial solvency, the TGP obtained funding from official Mexican channels and from art enthusiasts in the United States. As a result, the TGP lost its focus and momentum in the 1940s, shifting from artistic production that addressed smoldering Mexican social issues to producing graphic art that celebrated Mexican history and society, and idealized the global spread of communist ideology. By 1949, the TGP no longer posed a threat to the Mexican political system, and signaled the end of an artistic era with its collective memoir. This dissertation broadens historical analysis of the political left in Mexico during the 1940s, a much neglected subject in Mexican history. Also, the study expands interpretations of the Taller de Gráfica Popular and its artistic output using both organizational records and graphic work as primary source materials. It documents the TGP's evolution from strident leftist advocacy to a moderate public political position that was palatable to Mexico's conservative ruling regimes of the 1940s.

Interplay of martensitic phase transformation and plastic slip in polycrystals

Richards, Andrew Walter California Institute of Technology 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Inspired by key experimental and analytical results regarding Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), we propose a modelling framework to explore the interplay between martensitic phase transformations and plastic slip in polycrystalline materials, with an eye towards computational efficiency. The resulting framework uses a convexified potential for the internal energy density to capture the stored energy associated with transformation at the meso-scale, and introduces kinetic potentials to govern the evolution of transformation and plastic slip. The framework is novel in the way it treats plasticity on par with transformation. We implement the framework in the setting of anti-plane shear, using a staggered implicit/explict update: we first use a Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) solver based on an Augmented Lagrangian formulation to implicitly solve for the full-field displacements of a simulated polycrystal, then explicitly update the volume fraction of martensite and plastic slip using their respective stick-slip type kinetic laws. We observe that, even in this simple setting with an idealized material comprising four martensitic variants and four slip systems, the model recovers a rich variety of SMA type behaviors. We use this model to gain insight into the isothermal behavior of stress-stabilized martensite, looking at the effects of the relative plastic yield strength, the memory of deformation history under non-proportional loading, and several others. We extend the framework to the generalized 3-D setting, for which the convexified potential is a lower bound on the actual internal energy, and show that the fully implicit discrete time formulation of the framework is governed by a variational principle for mechanical equilibrium. We further propose an extension of the method to finite deformations via an exponential mapping. We implement the generalized framework using an existing Optimal Transport Mesh-free (OTM) solver. We then model the α-γ and α-ϵ transformations in pure iron, with an initial attempt in the latter to account for twinning in the parent phase. We demonstrate the scalability of the framework to large scale computing by simulating Taylor impact experiments, observing nearly linear (ideal) speed-up through 256 MPI tasks. Finally, we present preliminary results of a simulated Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment using the α–ϵ model.

Gender, desires, and intimacies in the films of Park Chan-wook

Richards, Eva Graduate School, Yonsei University 2024 국내석사

This thesis examines the filmography of director Park Chan-wook, utilizing close reading and feminist film studies approaches to explore the evolution of gender, intimacy, and desire across his works. Analysing his films both as individual pieces and collectively, the study reveals complex narratives about male roles, sexuality, and intimacy. Park’s films have been criticized as misogynistic and lauded as feminist, yet a holistic view presents more intricate narratives and anxieties related to masculinity and the depiction of women navigating misogynistic environments. The research is structured into three main chapters, each reflecting a distinct phase of Park's career. The initial chapter focuses on his early films up to 2005, focusing on JSA: Joint Security Area (2000) and Oldboy (2003), highlighting the emotional dynamics among male characters. The subsequent chapter examines middle-era works, such as Sympathy for Lady Vengeance (2005) and The Handmaiden (2016), which shift the focus to female protagonists and their intimate connections amidst violence and oppression. The final chapter discusses his latest film, Decision to Leave (2022), which revisits masculinity and intimate relationships within a heterosexual context. His portrayal of gender dynamics allows women some agency and justification, yet portrays male desires as uniquely dangerous. Park's oeuvre is argued to convey deep-seated anxieties about male intimacy, positioning male desire as a corrupting force that ultimately harms women. Instead of assessing his success or failure as a 'male feminist,' the thesis proposes that his films fundamentally depict a complex, often highly critical view of masculinity and male desires, making it a significant subject for feminist film analysis. 이 논문은 박찬욱 감독의 영화 필모그래피를 연구하여 그의 작품 전반에 걸친 성별, 친밀감, 욕망의 진화를 탐구하기 위해 정밀 분석과 페미니스트 영화 연구 방법론을 활용한다. 개별 작품과 전체적으로 그의 영화를 분석하면서 남성 역할, 성욕, 친밀감에 관한 복잡한 서사를 드러낸다. 박 감독의 영화는 여성 혐오적이라는 비판과 페미니스트적이라는 찬사를 받았으나, 전체적인 관점에서 보면 남성성 및 여성의 억압적 환경에서의 대응에 관한 더 복잡한 서사와 불안이 나타난다. 이 연구는 박 감독의 경력에서 각기 다른 단계를 반영하는 세 개의 주요 장으로 구성된다. 첫 번째 장은 2005년 이전의 초기 작품인 <공동경비구역 JSA> (2000)와 <올드보이> (2003)를 중심으로 남성 캐릭터 간의 감정적 역학을 강조한다. 두 번째 장은 <친절한 금자씨> (2005)와 <아가씨> (2016)와 같은 중기 작품을 분석하여 여성 주인공과 그들의 친밀한 관계, 그리고 폭력과 억압 속에서의 대응을 집중 조명한다. 마지막 장은 최신 영화인 <헤어질 결심> (2022)을 다루며, 이성애적 맥락에서 남성성 및 친밀한 관계를 재조명한다. 이 연구는 박 감독의 독특한 시각이 한국 현대 영화 및 페미니스트 담론에 기여하는 바를 깊이 이해하고자 하며, 그의 성별 역동성 묘사는 여성에게 일부 에이전시와 정당성을 부여하는 반면 남성의 욕망은 독특하게 위험한 것으로 묘사된다는 점을 시사한다. 박 감독의 작품은 남성 친밀감에 대한 깊은 불안을 전달하며, 남성의 욕망을 궁극적으로 여성에게 해를 끼치는 부패한 힘으로 묘사한다. 그를 '남성 페미니스트'로서의 성공이나 실패를 평가하는 대신, 이 논문은 그의 영화가 남성성 및 남성 욕망에 대한 복잡하고 종종 매우 비판적인 견해를 묘사한다고 제안한다. 이러한 이유로 박 감독의 작품은 페미니스트 영화 분석에 중요한 주제로 다루어져야 한다.

Effects of molecular mass of a priming resin on bond strength to dentin

Richards, Nicola Dean University of Florida 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation analyzed one of the factors that enhance the strength of the bond to dentin of polymeric composite restorative materials. It was hypothesized that increasing the molecular mass of the primer would increase the strength of the bond between tooth and composite restorative material. The objective of the research was to synthesize an oligomer with similar side groups and to vary the molecular mass of this oligomer. The first step in this project was the synthesis of a novel oligomer for use as a primer (initial polymeric component applied to the tooth to enhance bonding). The oligomer synthesized can be altered by increasing the molecular mass or by changing the number of side groups that are attached to the oligomer. The general reaction involves two steps. The reaction is the copolymerization of maleic anhydride and tert-butyl methacrylate. The second step is the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate across the anhydride ring. The effects of molecular mass of the primer were examined by changing the number of units that are polymerized before the primer is placed on the tooth. The relative (to polystyrene standards) molecular masses of 886, 998, 3366, 4556 and 5862 were tested in a standard dentin bonding test (shear). There was not a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the two larger molecular masses and there was no statistically significant difference between the samples with mean molarcular mass of 886 and 3366 (p ≤ 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the all other pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05).