Systematics and molecular phylogeny of Cylindrolebrididae (Ostracoda, Myodocopa) from East Asia

Pham, Huyen Thi Minh 한양대학교 대학원 2022 국내박사

While extensive studies have been conducted worldwide on the Cylindroleberididae, they still remain classified as unexplored taxa in East Asia. Compared to the total of 229 species belonging to 33 genera recorded worldwide, only a small fraction of that (26 species) has been recorded from East Asia and none from Korea. For this Ph.D. thesis, 22 sampling sites from South Korean and Japanese waters were surveyed as a part of the national project “Discovery of Korean Indigenous Species”, Japanese Association for Marine Biology (JAMBIO) projects, and the training and research vessel (TRV) Toyoshio-maru (Hiroshima University). As a result, collected cylindroleberids were examined and identified to genus and/or species level. A total of 22 cylindroleberid species belonging to 2 subfamilies, 11 genera were recorded. One new genus, Toyoshioleberis Pham, Jöst, and Karanovic, 2021, four new Parasterope Kornicker, 1975 species, three new Xenoleberis Kornicker, 1994 species are described. In addition, I re-describe Xenoleberis yamadai Hiruta, 1979 previously unrecorded from South Korea. An identification key to all representatives of Xenoleberis and the East and Southeast Asian Parasterope are provided. A total of 859 sequences belonging to 228 Myodocopa species have been used for the calculations of the genetic distances. As a result, an overview of the intrageneric and intrafamily DNA distances of two mitochondrial markers (16S rRNA and mtCOI) and three nuclear markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and internal transcribed spacer - ITS) is provided. A concatenated alignment of 16S and 18S of all available cylindroleberid sequences is used to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree with the aim to assess the position of the new taxa within the family and resolve the currently polyphyletic nature of some cylindroleberid systematic units. Cylindroleberididae 과에 대한 연구는 전 세계에서 광범위하게 수행되었지만 동아시아와 한국에서는 부족한 상황이다. 현재까지 전 세계적으로 보고된 종은 33 속 229 종이고, 동아시아에서 보고한 종은 25 종이다. 국내에서 보고된 종은 아직 없었다. 본 학위논문을 준비하기 위해 국책과제인 “자생생물 조사∙발굴 연구 무척추동물분야”, 일본해양생물학회(JAMBIO) 사업, 연구선(TRV) Toyoshio-maru (Hiroshima University)에서 2014 년부터 한일수역 총 22 개 장소에서 조사를 하였거나, 시료를 제공받았다. 확보한 cylindroleberids 를 분석한 결과 총 2 아과 11 속 22 종으로 구분하였으며, 신속, 신종 미기록종을 보고하였다: 신속 Toyoshioleberis Pham, Jöst, and Karanovic, 2021; Parasterope Kornicker, 1975 에 속하는 4 신종, Xenoleberis Kornicker, 1994 에 포함되는 3 신종. 그리고 Cylindroleberidinae 아과에 속하는 미기록종인 Xenoleberis yamadai Hiruta, 1979 를 고해상도 삽화와 함께 재기재 하였다. 게다가, 동아시아 남아시아에 서식하는 Xenoleberis 와 Parasterope 의 동정 분류키를 함께 제공하였다. 근병아강에(Myodocopa) 속하는 228 종의 총 859 개의 염기서열을 유전적 거리 계산에 사용하였다. 그 결과 2 개의 미토콘드리아 마커(16S rRNA 및 mtCOI)와 3 개의 핵 영역 마커(18S, 28S rRNA, 내부 전사된 Spacer - ITS)의 속(genus), 과(family) 내의 DNA 거리에 대한 개요를 제공하였다. 그리고, 사용 가능한 모든 cylindroleberids 의 16S, 18S 정렬된 염기서열을 이용 분자계통수를 재구성하여 과내 새로운 분류군의 위치를 평가하고 일부 cylindroleberids 의 다계통 특성을 해결하였다.

Regulatory Risk Management System for Vietnamese Life Insurance Companies

Pham Thi Ngoc Lan 숭실대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

Regulatory risk management system is a major concern of not only regulators but also of insurers. A regulatory risk management system that is reasonable and that could quantify the risk of insurance companies adequately is basis for sound development of life insurance industry. It will contribute to the sustainability of insurance industry and it provides information important for decision making of insurance companies as well as regulators. This thesis reviews current regulatory risk management system for life insurance companies in Vietnam to identify problems and limitations of it. For that purpose evaluated results for three life insurance companies based on current Vietnamese system and Korean RBC system are compared. Ways to improve current Vietnamese system and a roadmap for future development of the system are suggested. 리스크관리 규제 시스템은 감독당국뿐만 아니라 보험사들의 주요 관심사이다. 리스크에 대한 적정한 평가 결과를 제공하는 합리적인 리스크관리 시스템은 생명보험 산업의 건전한 발전을 위한 기초이다. 적절한 리스크관리 시스템은 보험산업의 지속가능성 측면에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 감독당국과 보험사의 주요 의사결정을 위한 정보를 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 베트남의 현행 리스크관리 규제 시스템에 대해 검토하였다. 현행 시스템의 한계와 문제점을 파악하기 위한 목적이다. 이러한 목적을 위해 베트남에서 사업을 영위하고 있는 세 개 생명보험사들에 대해 베트남의 현행 리스크관리 규제 시스템과 한국의 RBC 시스템을 적용한 결과를 비교, 평가하였다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 베트남의 현행 리스크관리 규제 시스템을 개선하는 방안과 바람직한 앞으로의 개선 일정을 제시하였다.

Effects of herbal drug extracts on Memory and neurotransmitter levels in mice and rats / : Pham Tuan Linh

Pham Tuan Linh 충남대학교 대학원 2002 국내석사

Computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulation of amine absorber with structured packing for CO₂separation

Pham, Dung A Hankyong National University 2015 국내석사

Balancing and Transferring Controls of the Ridable Ballbot

PHAM DINH BA Kyung Hee University - Graduate School 2018 국내박사

This thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a ridable ballbot and application of control methodology to control the ridable ballbot. The control methods, which include linear double-loop control and the nonlinear control techniques, such as partial feedback linearization (PFL) and sliding mode control (SMC), are designed based on two versions of the mathematical models of the ridable ballbot system: one describes the two-dimensional (2D) motions of ridable ballbot and the other is extended for its two and half-dimensional (2.5D) motions. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed control methods and accuracy of the mathematical models are demonstrated by both simulation and experiment. The simulation is realized in the PC using Simulink Matlab. The real ridable ballbot is installed for experiment with Visual Studio C++. Generally, a ridable ballbot has a body that balances on top of a ball and forms an underactuated system. The robot has more degrees of freedom (DOF) than independent control inputs. The ridable ballbot accelerates by leaning, but cannot directly control its tilt angles. The body is kept upright at approximately its unstable equilibrium point by only maneuvering the ball, similar to controlling an inverted pendulum. The controllers are first designed for the planar ridable ballbot then improved for the spatial motion of ridable ballbot system. The proposed control scheme concurrently implements three main tasks: balancing, transferring, and rotating a ridable ballbot on the floor. Based on the application of multi-loop control, linear quadratic regulator (LQR), PFL, and SMC techniques, this study proposes one linear optimal double-loop controller and six types of nonlinear controllers represented as follows. (i) Linear double-loop control system with LQR outer-loop and proportional-integral(PI)-plus-feedforward inner-loop controllers. This study proposes a linear double-loop control system based on planar ridable ballbot models. These planar models are linearized around an equilibrium point where the ridable ballbot is in an upright position and stationary. The double-loop control system includes two controllers: one is a PI-plus-feedforward inner-loop controller and the other is an LQR outer-loop controller. The double-loop control system allows the ridable ballbot to overcome the hindrance caused by its heavy weight and bulk and eliminate most of the uncertainties of system parameters, modeling, friction and external disturbances. (ii) The PFL based controller for planar ridable ballbot motion and its extended version for spatial motion. The PFL controller is designed to control balancing and transferring of the ridable ballbot. The planar dynamics of the ridable ballbot is formulated with highly nonlinear second order differential equations. This planar dynamics involves the ball state and body state driven by only one torque input. First, its system dynamics should be divided into ball subsystem model and body subsystem model. Next, two PFL laws are proposed; one is determined by the ball subsystem and the remaining law is got from the feedback linearization of the body subsystem. Considering the body state as the primary system output, the PFL control input is proposed to balance and track the position of the ball to the desired reference trajectory. Because this nonlinear control law does not guarantee the convergence of the overall state variables, the structure of the controller should be modified to satisfy the stability condition of the full state variables. The modification is a linear combination of two components: one is received from feedback linearization of the ball dynamics and body dynamics. Then the proposed controller asymptotically pulls all system responses to the desired values. Improving the aforementioned proposed controller for the spatial ridable ballbot motion, another nonlinear controller is considered for the robot in the case of the most complicated tasks in which the ball, three omnidirectional wheels, and body motions are simultaneously operated. The control structure is designed based on the nonlinear feedback of the ball and body states. First, system dynamics of ridable ballbot composed of four highly nonlinear second-order differential equations are created. Because the ridable ballbot is a second-order underactuated system with non-holonomic velocity constraints and input coupling case, its system dynamics should be separated into ball and body subsystems. Next, the two sub-systems are linearized by using the nonlinear feedback technique. Afterward, considering states as system outputs, a nonlinear controller of the ball subsystem is proposed to track output positions of the ball on the floor to the desired path while another nonlinear controller of the body subsystem is proposed to keep the body at the vertical position. The stability analysis of the two subsystems and the overall system is given to prove the convergence of the system states. Finally, the performance of the proposed nonlinear control method is simulated and experimentally tested for self-balancing and station-keeping, transferring, and robustness against external disturbances. (iii) The hierarchical SMC based controller for the planar motion of the ridable ballbot and its extended version for the spatial motion. SMC is a robust technique applied widely in nonlinear systems to implement and insensitive with external disturbances and uncertainties of system parameters, friction, and modeling. It is especially suitable for underactuated systems, such as ballbot system. The goal of SMC approach is to determine an asymptotically stable surface so that all state trajectories are attracted to this surface and slide along until reaching their desired values. As mentioned, the ridable ballbot is an underactuated system containing uncertain components, such as system parameters, friction factors, and model. Therefore, SMC technique is a proper selection in this study. Two hierarchical SMC schemes are discussed. One is for the planar motion of the ridable ballbot system and the other is improved for the spatial ridable ballbot system. Based on this physical structure, the hierarchical structure of the sliding mode surfaces (SMS) is designed as follows. At first, the SMS of every subsystem is defined. Then the SMS of one subsystem is defined as the first layer SMS. The first layer SMS is used to construct the second layer SMS with the SMSs of another subsystem. This process continues till the SMSs of the entire subsystems are included. According to the hierarchical structure, the total control law is deduced by the Lyapunov theorem. In theory, the asymptotic stability of the entire system of SMSs is proven and the parameter boundaries of the subsystem SMSs are given. (iv) PFL and SMC combination based control scheme for the planar and spatial motion of the ridable ballbot. An improved nonlinear control scheme for the planar motion of the ridable ballbot is proposed applying a combination of two nonlinear control techniques. The first step in combined control design is to decompose the ridable ballbot system into ball and body subsystems. Next, using the PFL technique, the body subsystem control is constructed to control balancing of the robot. The ball transferring control is designed based on the SMC technique and ball subsystem. In the final step, the balancing and transferring control laws are merged to stabilize overall state variables of the ridable ballbot system. Improving the aforementioned controller for the spatial motion of the ridable ballbot, the control scheme is divided into two parts in which each of them implements a particular duty. PFL controls the balance of the body while SMC controls the position of the ball on the floor. A combined nonlinear controller is proposed by integrating PFL based scheme into SMC based structure.

Enavogliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, Improves Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet

Pham Thi Minh Phuc 강원대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a progressive disease caused by a build-up of fat in the liver, onsets with simple steatosis and potentially advances to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the presence of inflammation and fibrosis, severely leading to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. There is increasing cumulative evidence indicating that sodium-glucose cotransport 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor agents efficaciously alleviate NASH in a mouse model, but there is lack of research mentioning the effect of enavogliflozin on liver disease. Consequently, in this present study, I investigated the impact of this sodium-glucose cotransport 2 inhibitor on high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC)-diet induced NASH mice. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal chow diet (CD), HFHC diet, or HFHC diet with enavogliflozin for 12 weeks. Enavogliflozin was administered at a dose of 1.28 mg/kg/day in these experiments. In vitro, LX-2 cells and HepG2 cells were treated with enavogliflozin and different pathological factors. Results: HFHC induced excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, immune cell infiltration, and severe fibrosis. Enavogliflozin administration not only ameliorated hepatic steatosis and fibrotic condition but also suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β). Similar outcomes were observed in in vitro experiments, where enavogliflozin not only hindered the activation of hepatic stellate cells but also mitigated lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. The potential pathway through which enavogliflozin attenuated liver fibrosis development may be associated with the TGF- β1/Smad signaling pathway. Conclusion: My results suggest that enavogliflozin shows efficacy in a mouse model of NASH by attenuating hepatic steatosis, suppressing inflammation, and improving liver fibrosis. Keywords: Enavogliflozin; HFHC diet; Hepatic Stellate Cells; HepG2 cells; Liver Fibrosis; NAFLD; NASH

이온성 액체의 생분해성과 생태 독성효과

Pham Thi Phuong Thuy 전북대학교 대학원 2007 국내석사

이온성 액체는 휘발성 유기용매를 대체할 수 있는 청정용매로, 여러 공정에 이용할 수 있는 액체상태의 소금이다. 이온성 액체는 구조를 변화시키거나 양이온과 음이온의 구성을 바꿈으로써 산업공정의 사용에 적합하도록 화학적, 물리학적 특성을 변화 시킬 수 있다. 이렇게 합성된 이온성 액체가 지속 가능한 화학물질이 되기 위해서는 이온성 액체의 생물학적 행동에 대한 평가가 반드시 수행되어야 한다. 그러므로 본 연구자는 전세계적으로 데이터가 미흡한 이온성 액체의 생태독성과 생 분해성에 대한 조사를 실시 하였다. 음이온으로 bromide 결합하고 각각 알킬 체인의 길이가 3, 4, 6, 8개인 양이온 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-alkyl-3-methylpyridinium, 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium의 독성을 측정하기 위하여 미세 녹조류 (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)를 선정하였다. 독성 측정방법으로는 OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] 와 EPA [Environmental Protection Agency]에서 참조된 성장반응 실험이 실시 되었으며, 조류의 광합성 특성을 기초로 고안된 독성 측정장치를 통해 이루어졌다. 실험결과 두 가지 실험 방법에서 양이온의 종류에 관계없이 알킬 체인의 길이가 증가할수록 독성이 증가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 양이온의 종류에 따른 독성 평가 경우, imidazolium과 pyridinium이 pyrrolidinium보다 독성이 더 강하게 측정되어서 실험된 이온성 액체 중 pyrrolidinium이 가장 친환경적 화학구조를 가진 것으로 판단할 수 있었다. 폐수나 하수 처리공정에서 이온성 액체의 처리 가능성과 분해과정을 확인하기 위하여 생 분해성 실험을 실시하였다. 활성오니는 전주시 하수처리장에서 채취하였으며 2 달간의 시간 동안 이온성 액체의 생 분해성 과정을 HPLC와 LC-MS로 측정하였다. 실험결과 dialkylimidazolium과 dialkylpyridinium 염은 각기 다른 알킬 체인 부분의 산화 과정을 통해 생 분해 된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. Imidazolium염의 경우 1-(1-hydroxybutyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(3-hydroxybutyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-hydroxymethyl imidazolium, 1-methyl-3-(3-oxobutyl)imidazolium, methylimidazole, butylimidazole의 중간체를 관찰할 수 있었으며, pyridinium의 경우 1-hydroxybutyl-3-methylpyridinium, 1-(2-hydroxybutal)-3-methylpyridinium, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylpyridinium and methylpyridine의 중간체를 확인할 수 있었다.

(The) method of identifying competition restraint agreements in United States and European Union : experience for Vietnam

Pham, Hoang Huy TLBU Graduate School of Law 2019 국내석사

A study on the development of Vietnamese container ports and their relative efficiency

LY PHAM THI HOAI 한국해양대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사

Currently, there are very few studies about container ports in Vietnam. Of those that have, several of them evaluate the efficiency of container ports located in the North of Vietnam; others focus on comparing all types of ports in Vietnam with regard to the differences in efficiency scores when applying different methods to evaluate efficiency. There are few studies specifically analyze the whole Vietnamese container ports system or compare Vietnamese container ports with those of other countries in terms of efficiency. To draw an overall picture about Vietnamese container ports in respect of their development process and their efficiency, firstly HI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index) and SSA (shift-share analysis) applied to analyze the concentration trend and shifting in the container ports’ market share; then, 21 major Vietnamese container ports and 7 major Korean container ports are selected to examine their level of efficiency in 2016 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This paper applies both constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS) to explore the differences among overall technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of container ports under evaluation, also indicate slacks and set the projection for inefficiency ports.

Design, Synthesis, and SAR Studies of Novel Scaffolds for Drug Discovery

Ngoc Pham, Tuan-Anh Kangwon National Univ 2013 국내박사

SECTION 1 Design, Synthesis, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Novel Unnatural C-S-C and C-NH-C Linked Biflavones Biflavonoids are polyphenolic molecules which belong to flavonoid family and consist of a dimer of flavonoids linked to each other by either a C?C or a C?O?C covalent bond. Many different chemical structures of biflavonoids have been isolated from plants and found to possess interesting biological properties. Ochnaflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid mainly found in the medicinal plant Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae), strongly exhibit anti-inflammatory activity through multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, several synthetic approaches yielded a series of C-C and C-O-C linked biflavonoids with anti-inflammatory potential. Therefore, biflavonoids might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs. As a part of continuing structural elaboration and searching more potent anti-inflammatory agents, a series of unnatural C-S-C and C-NH-C linked biflavones were designed, synthesized and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities. By using transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, a series of unnatural C-S-C and C-NH-C linked biflavones including 4 analogues of ochnaflavone and 17 basic biflavones possessing a different array of flavone-flavone linkage were generated successfully. The initial anti-inflammatory activities of ochnaflavone analogues showed promising results relate to iNOS-mediated NO production inhibition. Especially, penta-O-methyl C-S-C linked ochnaflavone analogue (BFO-1) possesses a dual strong inhibitory activities against COX-2-mediated PEG2 and iNOS-mediated NO production. To date, BFO-1 is the only synthetic biflavone having a dual promising PGE2 and NO inhibitory activities. This novel scaffolds might provide a basis for further SAR studies. Keywords: unnatural biflavone, ochnaflavone, anti-inflammatory activity, C-S-C linkage, C-NH-C linkage, cross-coupling reaction. SECTION 2 Novel Scaffolds With Potent GPR119 Agonistic Activity: Design, Synthesis, and SAR Study GPR119 is a G-protein-coupled receptor predominantly express on pancreatic beta cells and intestinal enteroendocrine cells. GPR119 can be actived by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), oleoylethanolamine (OEA), N-oleoyldopamin (OLDA), ovalnil and OEA most probably represents the endogenous ligand. GPR119 agonist stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion in vitro and lowers an elevated blood glucose level in vivo. Furthermore, they have been demonstrated to stimulate the release of the incretin (GLP-1 and GIP). Therefore, GPR119 agonist has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity by improving glucose homoeostasis while concurrently slowing gastric emptying, reducing food intake and promoting weight loss. To date, several candidates have been entered clinical trials for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diverse fused aromatic heterocycle scaffolds were found in the precedent literatures and patents of GPR119 agonists. As a congener of bicyclic heterocycle scaffolds, we were interested in quinazoline and purine heterocycle since they have emerged as promising scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and drug development. We have synthesized and characterized a series of novel 2,4-disubstituted quinazolines. We found that the analogues bearing (2-fluoro-4-methylsulfonyl)phenylamino and azabicyclic amine groups with N-Boc (12a, 12c and 12g) exhibited better EC50 values than that of OEA even though they appeared to be partial agonists. Recently, a SAR study with purine scaffold to discover more potent GPR119 agonists is under progress. A series of purine analogues possessing (2-fluoro-4-methylsulfonyl)phenylamino group and aza(bi)cyclic alcohol or aza(bi)cyclic amine groups were generated. Their human GPR119 agonistic activities will be shown in a near future. Keywords: GPR119 agonist, type 2 diabetes, quinazoline, purine, azabicyclic amine, azabicyclic alcohol