Public health, morality, and commercial free expression: Efforts to control cigarette and alcohol marketing, 1950s--1980s

Pennock, Pamela Ehresman The Ohio State University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

While most Americans never seriously considered going so far as to ban the sale and use of alcoholic beverages or cigarettes in the last fifty years of the twentieth century, many expressed concern about the public health or moral consequences of the widespread consumption of these substances. The chief approach used by national policymakers to discourage alcohol and cigarette consumption was to control the marketing of these products. This included efforts to require warning labels, control advertising content, and ban advertising from certain media. These two groups of products are unique in that, historically, they have been regarded as both sinful and unhealthy. Public policy responses to alcohol and tobacco were linked throughout the postwar era. Because I examine policy debates over the marketing of controversial products, this is, at base, a study of Americans' dilemmas about their consumer culture and government regulation. I analyze the interaction between consumerism, science, morality, and politics in the second half of the twentieth century. The dissertation explores three marketing control movements. The first, in the late 1940s and 1950s, was led by the lingering temperance movement and sought to ban all alcohol advertising. It was morally motivated and employed mass pressure tactics, appealing mainly to Protestant church members across the country. Although it failed, it did win nine congressional committee hearings and alarmed the alcoholic beverage industries. Second, I examine the controversy in the 1960s over cigarettes and their marketing. During this period, only a handful of policymakers in the federal government as well as scientists across the nation led the anti-smoking movement. Although it operated from a scientific and secular orientation, this movement shared with the earlier temperance movement many of the moral concerns about the promotion of a harmful substance. Third, a revived movement during the 1970s and 1980s sought to curtail the marketing of alcohol. Often called the new temperance movement, its advocates were diverse, ranging from religious conservatives to liberals concerned with consumer rights. This movement borrowed elements from the first and second movements because it employed both mass-based and technocratic strategies and both scientific and moral approaches.

The economics of enterprise transformation: An analysis of the defense acquisition system

Pennock, Michael J Georgia Institute of Technology 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

Despite nearly 50 years of attempts at reform, the US defense acquisition system continues to deliver weapon systems over budget, behind schedule, and with performance shortfalls. A parade of commissions, panels, and oversight organizations have studied and restudied the problems of government acquisition with the objective of transforming the defense acquisition enterprise, yet the resulting legislative and procedural changes have yielded little, if any, benefit. Thus, the obvious question is why has acquisition reform failed? Three potential contributors were identified in the literature: misalignment of incentives, a lack of a systems view, and a lack of objective evaluation criteria. This dissertation attempts to address each of these problem areas. First, I consider the issue of incentivization in the context of defense technology policy. A frequent criticism of defense acquisition programs is that they tend to employ risky, immature technology that increases the cost and duration of acquisition efforts. To combat this problem the Department of Defense rewrote their acquisition regulations to encourage a more evolutionary approach to system development. Nominally, this requires the use of mature technologies, but studies have revealed that acquisition programs continue to use immature technologies in spite of the new policies. To analyze this issue, the defense acquisition cycle was modeled as a stochastic process. Then, assuming that each acquisition program serves a diverse set of stakeholders, game theory was applied to show that the stable solution is to employ immature technology. It turns out that there is a tragedy of the commons at work in which the acquisition program serves as the common resource for each of the stakeholder groups to achieve its objectives. Since there is no cost to using the resource, there is a tendency to overexploit it. The result is an outcome that is worse than if there had been a coordinated solution. Thus, the rational actions of stakeholders will lead to a contradiction of acquisition policy. Consequently, if the Department of Defense expects adherence to its evolutionary acquisition policy it must either strictly enforce technology maturity requirements or else realign incentives with desired outcomes. Second, I evaluate cost and performance implications of the most recent defense acquisition transformation initiative, evolutionary acquisition. Proponents suggest that evolutionary acquisition will lower acquisition program costs, shorten delivery times, and improve the performance of fielded systems through the use of shorter and more incremental acquisition cycles. Supporting arguments focus on the impact of evolutionary acquisition on individual programs but fail to consider the defense acquisition enterprise as a system. To address this shortcoming, I analyze the impact of evolutionary policies through the use of a discrete event simulation of the entire defense acquisition system. It was found that while there should be an increase in the performance of fielded systems under evolutionary acquisition policies, the cost of operating the defense acquisition system as a whole does not inherently decrease. This is because the shorter acquisition cycles created by evolutionary polices mean that the overhead costs of each acquisition cycle are incurred more frequently. If these overhead costs do not decline sufficiently, the net cost to operate the acquisition system rises. This finding demonstrates the importance of considering the entire acquisition system before implementing a new policy. Finally, I address the lack of objective evaluation criteria by developing a method to value acquisition process improvements monetarily. This is accomplished through the combination of price indices and options analysis. Since the US government is a non-profit entity, traditional cash flow based valuation methods are not applicable. Instead, the use of price indices captures the changes in the government's buying power induced by acquisition reforms. This may be converted into an equivalent augmented budget stream that allows traditional investment evaluation tools to be applied. An additional advantage of the buying power method is that it captures the impact of the economies of scale inherent in the production of military systems. The augmented budget stream serves as the basis for applying options analysis, which properly accounts for the risk mitigating effects of staging. A comparison of this new method with more traditional methods reveals that only considering cost savings can significantly undervalue acquisition improvement opportunities, and even small improvements can have large returns.

The causes and consequences of inequality: Land distribution, diversity, and social outcomes

Pennock, Andrew Stephen The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Understanding the organizational ability of groups in society is essential to understanding political outcomes. Land distribution and ethnic diversity both affect the ability of groups to organize effectively and influence policy. Using a three-article format, I employ a newly released land inequality dataset to show that powerful landowners are able to influence education attainment, that ethnic diversity has a strong, negative cross-national effect on social spending, and large landowners have a moderating effect on economic inequality during industrialization.

Barriers encountered in the instruction of students who have sustained brain injuries: An instructional curriculum to assist in eliminating the barriers

Smith, Susan Pennock Wayne State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Passage of the seat belt law in the 1970s, advances in medical care that have saved more people with traumatic brain injuries, and emphasis on full inclusion of children with disabilities in classrooms have led to a need for specialized training for teachers. The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of different rehabilitation and educational disciplines in regards to instruction for children with mild to moderate head injuries when they re-enter their classrooms following injury. Further, this study attempted to validate a curriculum that could provide a place to begin when developing a university-based curriculum for teacher education. Two hypotheses provided the basis for the development of this study. The first hypothesis was analyzed using qualitative analyses, with descriptive statistics (frequency distributions) used to address the second hypothesis. As a result, any discussion regarding the statistical significance of the findings is inappropriate. A qualitative analysis, including comments from the five experts in TBI was completed following the experts' review of the curriculum. Four of the five participants agreed with the contents of the curriculum. The fifth expert made comments on possible changes to the structural aspects of the curriculum, but provided no recommendations for substantial changes to content areas. Frequency distributions addressing the second hypothesis were obtained by sending out forty surveys (questionnaires without the curriculum) to participants with expertise in medicine, neuropsychology, education, and speech and language pathology. The participants also completed a short demographic survey that provided information regarding their backgrounds. The majority of participants answering the survey had not read the curriculum, but their responses reflected the comments of the five participants who had read the curriculum. The majority of respondents agreed to the items on the survey. The consensus among the participants representing a myriad of rehabilitation professionals and educators on the survey questions indicated that a university curriculum could provide the necessary framework to prepare teachers to provide instruction for students with mild to moderate head injuries.